川芎嗪在严重烧伤大鼠延迟复苏中的作用及调控

目的：探讨川芎嗪在烧伤休克延迟复苏大鼠中的抗渗作用及对肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、白介素-6（IL-6）的调控。方法：选用SD大鼠制备烧伤和烧伤休克延迟复苏模型，随机分为假烫组、烫伤组及治疗组，伤后24h检测肺脏、肝脏及肠的含水量及血管通透性，血浆中TNF—α、IL-1β及IL-6的浓度。结果：与烫伤组相比，治疗组大鼠的肺脏、肝脏及小肠的含水量及血管通透性均显著降低，血浆中TNF-α、IL—1β及IL-6的浓度显著降低。结论：大鼠严重烧伤后，早期使用川芎嗪，能下调TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6在血浆中的总体水平，控制烧伤后过度全身炎症反应，有助于减轻脏器水肿，减轻烧伤早期脏器损害。     

急性肺损伤大鼠TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-1ra mRNA的表达及药物干预

目的观察急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-1受体拮抗剂（IL-1ra）mRNA的动态表达及白介素-10(IL-10)、地塞米松(Dex)对TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-1ra的干预作用。方法气道内滴注内毒素(LPS)10mg／k建立大鼠ALI模型。72只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、损伤组、LPS加IL-10组、LPS加Dex组，每组18只(2、6、24h各6只)。采用RTPCR方法检测肺组织TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-1ra mRNA的表达水平，光镜下观察肺组织病理改变。结果损伤组肺组织TN-α mRNA表达2h达高峰，随后迅速下降；IL-βmRNA表达2h显著升高，6h达高峰，随后迅速下降；IL-1ra mRNA表达6h开始升高，且为峰值，24h仍高于对照组。IL-10及Dex可明显抑制肺组织TNF-α及IL-1βmRNA的表达，但对IL-1ra mRNA表达无明显影响。肺组织病理检查见IL-10组、Dex组的肺损伤较损伤组明显减轻。结论急性肺损伤时，TNF-α及IL-1βmRNA表达明显早于IL-1ra mRNA，提示ALI早期存在炎症介质／抗炎介质失衡。IL-10、Dex可明显抑制TNF-α及IL-1βmRNA的表达，但不影响IL-1ra mRNA的表达，这有利于炎症介质／抗炎介质平衡的重建，减轻大鼠ALI。     

蝮蛇抗栓酶对烧伤早期组织细胞损伤的影响

本研究针对烧伤后血液呈高凝状态,加重组织损害的特点,利用家兔25％TBSAⅢ°烫伤模型,采用蝮蛇抗栓酶治疗,观察脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）及血清酶学变化,结果显示：蝮蛇抗栓酶能明显减轻烧伤早期脂质过氧化损害;对烧伤后继发性组织损伤有保护作用。     

阿托伐他汀对急性脑出血患者的脑保护作用

目的观察阿托伐他汀对急性脑出血患者血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）、IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、一氧化氮（NO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及丙二醛（MDA）水平的影响,探讨阿托伐他汀对急性脑出血患者的脑保护作用。方法 51例急性脑出血患者均进行常规临床治疗,其中27例在常规治疗基础上,加用阿托伐他汀治疗（阿托伐他汀组）,余24例为常规治疗组,比较两组治疗后5、10、15和20 d时血清CRP、IL-1β、TNF-α、NO、MDA含量及SOD活性,并进行神经功能缺损评分（NIHSS）。结果治疗后第5、10 d,阿托伐他汀组CRP、IL-1β、TNF-α、NO、MDA含量低于常规治疗组（P〈0.05）,SOD活性高于常规治疗组（P〈0.05）;第15、20 d时,两组患者血清CRP、IL-1β、TNF-α、MDA、NO含量及SOD活性无显著差异（P〉0.05）;第20 d时,阿托伐他汀组NIHSS评分低于常规治疗组（P〈0.05）。结论阿托伐他汀早期可通过抑制炎症反应和脂质过氧化反应对急性脑出血起保护作用。     

火药爆炸复合烧伤大鼠BALF中巨噬细胞与肺TNF-α含量的变化

目的：探讨烟花火药爆炸复合烧伤大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中巨噬细胞(PAM)计数及肺组织肿瘤坏死因子α含量的变化。方法：Wistar大鼠96只，随机分为正常对照组(n＝6)、烧伤组(n＝30)、爆炸伤组(n＝30)和复合伤组(n＝30)，分别致伤形成大鼠20％体表面积Ⅲ度烧伤、火药爆炸伤及两者复合伤。动态观察大鼠伤后1、3、6、12、24小时肺组织肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量，支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中PAM计数变化。结果：复合伤组较单因素致伤组大鼠BALF中PAM分类计数增高明显，肺组织TNF-α呈类似变化。PAM计数与TNF-α有相关性。结论：烟花火药爆炸复合烧伤对大鼠肺脏的损伤较单纯烧伤或爆炸伤更为严重，提示后两者有协同致伤作用；巨噬细胞的激活起启动作用，释放大量的细胞因子、炎症介质、可能是烟花爆炸复合烧伤肺脏继发性损伤的重要机制之一。     

烧伤患者血清内毒素对外周血单个核细胞中4种细胞因子的影响

目的探讨烧伤患者血清内毒素对正常机体外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs)中4种炎性细胞因子的影响。方法以正常人外周血单个核细胞为受试对象,以烧伤患者血清为刺激因素。根据18例烧伤患者与6名健康志愿者血清内毒素水平将其分为对照组(6名健康志愿者,血清内毒素为0 U/mL)、实验组A(6例烧伤患者,血清内毒素为0~0.2 U/mL)、实验组B(6例烧伤患者,血清内毒素为0.2~0.4 U/mL)、实验组C(6例烧伤患者,血清内毒素0.4 U/mL)。用4组血清分别刺激正常人PBMCs不同时间后,用放射免疫分析法测定每组细胞培养上清液中的肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6及IL-12的浓度,并进行数据分析。结果 TNF-α和IL-6在不同时间,被不同浓度血清内毒素刺激后均显著增加;随着刺激时间的延长,IL-1β和IL-12才显著增加。结论 TNF-α和IL-6为内毒素介导的烧伤炎症中重要的炎性介质,其浓度可随着时间的延长或内毒素浓度的升高而增加,但IL-1β和IL-12的浓度不随内毒素剂量的变化而变化,而是随着刺激时间的延长逐渐增加。     

亚低温对重型颅脑伤患者血清细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨亚低温治疗对重型颅脑损伤患者血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-6、IL-8的影响及临床意义。方法 选择符合条件的重型颅脑损伤患者[格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）3～8分]共23例，于伤后24h内行亚低温治疗，控制直肠温度33～35℃，持续5d；对照组20例（GCS3～8分）。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）监测两组患者外周血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8在伤后第1，2，3，4天的动态变化。结果 亚低温治疗组患者血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8浓度较常规治疗组明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论 亚低温通过降低重型颅脑损伤患者血清中细胞因子的水平，减少了患者多器官功能障碍综合征的发生。     

复方丹参对失血性休克大鼠早期炎症反应影响的研究

目的 通过观察复方丹参对失血性休克大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)表达水平的影响,探讨复方丹参是否能抑制休克后早期炎症反应,从而防止失血性休克后多器官功能衰竭综合征的发生.方法 30只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,每组10只,分别为对照组(A组)、失血性休克组(B组)和失血性休克丹参组(C组),采用ELISA法测定血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量;采用化学反应法测定SOD活性及MDA含量.结果 失血性休克组血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及MDA浓度均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),SOD活性明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).而丹参治疗组与失血性休克组比较,丹参治疗组血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及MDA浓度显著降低(P均＜0.05),而SOD活性显著升高(P＜0.06).结论 复方丹参能有效抑制失血性休克后早期炎症因子的表达,增强SOD的活性,从而抑制休克后早期炎症反应.     

炎性介质在冠状动脉斑块形成中的作用机制研究

 目的 探讨冠心病患者血清中炎性介质IL-6、TNF-α、CRP水平和白细胞表面CD11b/CD18双阳性百分率表达.方法 76例冠心病患者分为单支病变组、双支病变组和多支病变组,用放射免疫法测定IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、CD11b/CD18水平.结果 IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、CD11b/CD18双阳性百分率随病情加重而升高,多支病变组高于单支病变组,Ⅱ型病变高于Ⅰ、Ⅲ型病变.结论 炎性介质IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、CD11b/CD18在冠心病患者冠状动脉斑块的形成中有一定的作用.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗对MODS患者血浆前炎症细胞因子清除的观察

目的：观察多器官功能障碍综合症（MODS）患者在连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）过程中血浆4种前炎症细胞因子（TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8）的变化情况，探讨CRRT清除细胞因子的机制及其临床意义。方法：选择MODS患者65例，其中大器官移植术中及术后41例，重大手术后15例，肝肾综合征9例。CRRT方式为连续性静脉-静脉血液透析滤过（CVVHDF）。分别于治疗前、治疗后1、2、3、6、12h取血，并收集超滤液，ELISA法检测血浆及超滤液中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8浓度。结果：全部病例CRRT期间生命体征平稳，电解质及动脉血气明显改善；肾功、血钾及总胆红素明显降低。所有患者的4种细胞因子在各时间段的血浆浓度均非常显著地高于正常对照；TNF-α在CRRT开始1h呈轻度升高趋势，后逐渐下降，3h时下降32．18％，6h浓度最低，下降44．10％。IL-1β、IL-6及IL-8浓度在治疗后均逐渐下降，在6h时下降至最低水平。统计学分析TNFα的变化与IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8呈显著正相关。结论：前炎症细胞因子在MODS发病机制中具有重要意义；CRRT对于救治3个以下器官功能障碍的MODS患者具有十分明显的临床作用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）