枕下乙状窦后小骨窗开颅切除桥小脑角肿瘤

近3年来,我院对传统的枕下乙状窦后入路切除桥小脑角肿瘤的方法进行了改良,采用乳突后小骨窗开颅、游离骨瓣和肿瘤切除后骨瓣复位的方法;通过临床实践表明,改良方法在肿瘤切除效果和面、听神经解剖保留方面效果均满意,报告如下。     

大中型听神经鞘瘤的显微手术治疗

目的总结应用显微外科技术切除大中型听神经鞘瘤的治疗效果及手术体会,探讨如何全切听神经鞘瘤并妥善保护面神经,减少术后并发症。方法30例大中型听神经鞘瘤均采用枕下-乙状窦后入路,显微外科切除肿瘤,严密缝合硬脑膜,骨瓣复位。结果26例肿瘤全切除,3例肿瘤近全切除,1例肿瘤大部切除,保留面神经解剖23例。结论通过枕下-乙状窦后入路,利用显微外科技术,可以达到全切肿瘤、保留面神经解剖和功能之目的;缝合硬脑膜及骨瓣复位可明显减少术后脑脊液漏及皮下积液等并发症。     

枕下乙状窦后小骨窗入路切除听神经瘤62例手术体会

目的 总结枕下乙状窦后小骨窗入路切除听神经瘤的手术经验.方法 采用枕下乙状窦后小骨窗入路对62例听神经瘤进行手术切除.距乙状窦后缘内侧1.5 cm作直切口,骨窗直径2.5～3.0 cm,暴露横窦与乙状窦交汇处.对小于3 cm的肿瘤先磨开内听道,切除内听道内肿瘤并分离出内听道端面神经及前庭蜗神经后,逐步切除颅内肿瘤;对超过3 cm的肿瘤先分块切除颅内肿瘤,找到脑桥端面神经后再逐步将面神经从肿瘤上分离,最后磨开内听道,切除其内肿瘤.术毕骨瓣复位固定.结果 本组听神经瘤全切48例,次全切14例;46例面神经解剖保留,10例听力保留;脑脊液漏2例,无死亡病例.术中无一例输血,无皮下积液.结论 枕下乙状窦后小骨窗入路可提供足够的手术空间进行听神经瘤切除,明显减少了医源性损伤,具备微创性、安全性和有效性.     

45例经乙状窦后入路切除大型听神经瘤治疗体会

听神经瘤起源于内听道内的听神经鞘膜,是常见的桥小脑角区肿瘤,发病率占颅内肿瘤的8%～10%[1].大型听神经瘤直径>3cm,由于肿瘤体积大,与脑干关系密切,术中易损伤局部颅神经及重要的血管,全切肿瘤困难,故手术风险较大,并发症多.我科于2008年9月—2014年5月对45例患者经乙状窦后入路切除大型听神经瘤,取得满意的效果,现报告如下.     

听神经瘤的脑干听觉诱发电位分析

听神经瘤易于漏诊和误诊,桥小脑角MRI检查对其诊断最为明确,但费用昂贵,作为筛选听神经瘤的一种较经济而有价值的方法是脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)测定.本科1999年3月至12月共收治11例听神经瘤,均经手术切除证实,现将BAEP测定结果报道如下.     

桥小脑角非听神经瘤病变的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨桥小脑角非听神经瘤病变的诊断及其手术治疗.方法 回顾分析2001年1月至2006年3月27例桥小脑角非听神经瘤的病史资料,其中后组颅神经鞘瘤9例,三叉神经鞘瘤4例,脑膜瘤4例,胆脂瘤4例,蛛网膜囊肿2例,海绵状血管瘤1例,恶性肿瘤3例.所有病例均接受手术治疗,术前诊断和手术径路根据术前MRI检查结果确定.结果 所有肿瘤均全切除,术后随访中2例恶性肿瘤患者死亡,1例胆脂瘤复发.结论 MRI对桥小脑角病变具有诊断价值,根据术前MRI结果选取手术径路是获得最佳治疗效果的保证.     

显微镜下经枕下乙状窦后入路切除听神经鞘瘤38例体会

目的:总结经枕下乙状窦后入路显微镜下切除听神经鞘瘤的经验及技巧,以提高肿瘤的全切率和面神经的保留率。方法:回顾性分析显微镜下经枕下乙状窦后入路切除的38例听神经鞘瘤患者的临床资料。结果:听神经鞘瘤全切除率81.5%、面神经解剖保留率86.8%。术后无重残及死亡。结论:显微镜下经枕下乙状窦后入路切除听神经鞘瘤是一种安全有效的方法。对桥小脑角区解剖的熟悉和熟练的手术技巧是术中保留面神经的关键。     

锁孔手术切除桥脑小脑角肿瘤

目的　探讨锁孔手术理念在桥脑小脑角肿瘤手术中的应用价值。方法　经乙状窦后锁孔入路开颅 (切口长 6cm ,骨窗约 2 .5cm× 3 .0cm大小 )显微手术切除一侧桥脑小脑角肿瘤 3 6例 ,观察肿瘤显露和切除效果。结果　术中肿瘤显露满意 ,无 1例切除外侧小脑半球。显微镜下全切除肿瘤 11例 ,近全切除 2 0例 ,部分切除 5例。无手术死亡及严重并发症。结论　乙状窦后锁孔入路显微手术是治疗桥脑小脑角肿瘤的一种较理想的微创手术方式。     

前庭及听功能检查在内听道、脑桥小脑角肿瘤诊断中的意义

目的研究前庭功能及听功能检查在内听道、脑桥小脑角肿瘤诊断中的临床意义.方法随机选取2例内听道小听神经瘤、2例脑桥小脑角听神经瘤、1例脑桥小脑角其他类型肿瘤患者的临床诊断资料,分析前庭功能及听功能.结果2例内听道听神经瘤、3例脑桥小脑角肿瘤患者中DPOAE检测、ABR测定均不正常,纯音测听不正常3例,4例镫骨肌反射检查异常,5例前听功能检查异常.结论前庭功能及听功能检查可以显著提高内听道、脑桥小脑角肿瘤诊断率.     

桥小脑角非听神经瘤病变的诊断与治疗

目的探讨桥小脑角非听神经瘤病变的诊断及其手术治疗。方法回顾分析2001年1月至2006年3月27例桥小脑角非听神经瘤的病史资料,其中后组颅神经鞘瘤9例,三叉神经鞘瘤4例,脑膜瘤4例,胆脂瘤4例,蛛网膜囊肿2例,海绵状血管瘤1例,恶性肿瘤3例。所有病例均接受手术治疗,术前诊断和手术径路根据术前MR I检查结果确定。结果所有肿瘤均全切除,术后随访中2例恶性肿瘤患者死亡,1例胆脂瘤复发。结论MR I对桥小脑角病变具有诊断价值,根据术前MR I结果选取手术径路是获得最佳治疗效果的保证。     

Removal of vestibular schwannoma and facial nerve preservation using small suboccipital retrosigmoid craniotomy

Background  Vestibular schwannoma, the commonest form of intracranial schwannoma, arises from the Schwann cells investing the vestibular nerve. At present, the surgery for vestibular schwannoma remains one of the most complicated operations demanding for surgical skills in neurosurgery. And the trend of minimal invasion should also be the major influence on the management of patients with vestibular schwannomas. We summarized the microsurgical removal experience in a recent series of vestibular schwannomas and presented the operative technique and cranial nerve preservation in order to improve the rates of total tumor removal and facial nerve preservation. 
Methods  A retrospective analysis was performed in 145 patients over a 7-year period who suffered from vestibular schwannomas that had been microsurgically removed by suboccipital retrosigmoid transmeatus approach with small craniotomy. CT thinner scans revealed the tumor size in the internal auditory meatus and the relationship of the posterior wall of the internal acoustic meatus to the bone labyrinths preoperatively. Brain stem evoked potential was monitored intraoperatively. The posterior wall of the internal acoustic meatus was designedly drilled off. Patient records and operative reports, including data from the electrophysiological monitoring, follow-up audiometric examinations, and neuroradiological findings were analyzed. 
Results  Total tumor resection was achieved in 140 cases (96.6%) and subtotal resection in 5 cases. The anatomical integrity of the facial nerve was preserved in 91.0% (132/145) of the cases. Intracranial end-to-end anastomosis of the facial nerve was performed in 7 cases. Functional preservation of the facial nerve was achieved in 115 patients (Grade I and Grade II, 79.3%). No patient died in this series. Preservation of nerves and vessels were as important as tumor removal during the operation. CT thinner scan could show the relationship between the posterior wall of the internal acoustic meatus and bone labyrinths, that is helpful for a safe drilling of the posterior wall of the internal acoustic meatus.
Conclusions  The goal of every surgery should be the preservation of function of all cranial nerves. Using the retrosigmoid approach with small craniotomy is possible even for large schwannomas. Knowing the microanatomy of the cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory meatus, intraoperating neurophysiological monitoring of the facial nerve function, and the microsurgical techniques of the surgeons are all important factors for improving total tumor removal and preserving facial nerve function.

     

诱发电位、肌电图在桥小脑角区肿瘤术中的应用及临床意义

目的通过研究脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）及面部肌肉肌电图（EMG）在桥小脑角区肿瘤显微切除手术中的监测变化,对手术操作提前预警,以最大限度地避免损伤重要结构。方法2009年12月～2010年12月对16例桥小脑角区肿瘤患者,应用双侧BAEP和同侧EMG连续实时监护,根据监测结果对可造成脑干和受累的颅神经功能障碍的操作进行提前预警,观察手术操作对它们的影响。结果桥小脑角区肿瘤术中脑干及其周围手术操作均可以引起BAEP改变,BAEPV波波幅降低,V波峰潜伏期（PL）、I—V及Ⅲ～V波峰间期（IPL）明显延长。术中自发EMG会有不同程度的变化,表现为突发的、多相的高幅电位改变。结论BAEP的V波PL延长和波幅下降以及I－V、Ⅲ－V波峰间期延长是桥小脑角区肿瘤术中敏感的电生理指标,对其进行监护,可避免术中脑干功能障碍;通过EMG的监测,准确判断颅神经的位置及走行,最大程度避免颅神经的损伤,降低手术伤残率。     

锁孔入路显微手术切除后颅窝肿瘤的疗效分析

目的 探讨锁孔手术入路应用于后颅窝肿瘤手术的疗效及手术技巧。方法 后颅窝肿瘤患者43例,其中CP角肿瘤20例(听神经瘤18例、脑膜瘤、室管膜瘤各1例)、岩斜区脑膜瘤8例、桥脑肿瘤6例(胶质瘤3例、转移癌2例、胶质增生1例)、四脑室肿瘤4例(髓母细胞瘤、室管膜瘤各2例)、小脑半球肿瘤3例(转移癌2例、血管母细胞瘤1例)、天幕缘脑膜瘤、枕大孔．鞍区．CP角胆脂瘤各1例。根据肿瘤解剖位置及其特性,选择颞下、乳突后或枕下正中锁孔入路进行手术切除。结果 43例肿瘤全切除37例(86．0％),次全切除5例(11．6％),大部分切除1例(2．3％)。无与锁孔入路相关并发症出现。18例听神经瘤患者均肿瘤全切除,面神经解剖保留15例(83,3％),其中1例患者手术后第2天因脑干水肿死亡。8例岩斜区脑膜瘤患者,5例肿瘤全切除,2例次全切除,1例大部分切除,其中2例患者术后遗有轻度偏瘫,1例有轻度面瘫。6例桥脑肿瘤患者,3例肿瘤全切除,3例次全切除,术后无神经功能障碍。其他患者肿瘤均全切除,除1例巨大胆脂瘤患者复视在术后无明显好转外,无其他神经功能障碍。结论 锁孔入路进行后颅窝肿瘤手术具有安全、简捷、微创的效果,是神经外科手术发展的一个方向。     

桥小脑角肿瘤45例手术探讨

目的探讨桥小脑角区肿瘤显微手术方法及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析经显微外科手术切除桥小脑角区肿瘤45例的临床资料。结果本组45例,全切除36例,次全切除8例,部分切除1例。无死亡病例,轻度面瘫10例,听力下降4例。结论合适的手术入路和严格细致的显微外科操作是保证桥小脑角区肿瘤全切除的重要因素,并能有效地保护桥小脑角周围的重要结构及其功能。     

脑干功能监测在桥小脑角肿瘤手术中的临床意义

目的探讨桥小脑角肿瘤手术中脑干听觉诱发电位联合上肢躯体感觉诱发电位进行脑干功能监测的意义．方法28例桥小脑角肿瘤（肿瘤直径≥3em）患者,均采取显微神经外科手术,术中进行神经电生理监测,主要包括脑干听觉诱发电位、双上肢躯体感觉诱发电位、自由肌电监测．术后观察脑干及颅神经功能．结果肿瘤全切23例（82％）,部分切除5例（18％）,脑干功能损伤1例（4％）,面神经解剖保留25例（89％）．结论CPA肿瘤手术中自由肌电监测、脑干听觉诱发电位及双侧上肢躯体感觉诱发电位监测,及时为术者提供脑干功能状态,尽量避免颅神经损伤,通过对感觉上行传导通路的监测可以在一定程度上反映患侧脑干功能状态．     

Craniotomy with endoscopic assistance in the treatment of nasopharygeal fibroangioma

Background Nasopharygeal fibroangioma （NPF） can be approached through lateral rhinotomy, the middle skull fossa approach and the transcranial-facial combined approach. It is complicated and thus results in more insults, and when adopted, the total resection rate of tumor is still low. The nasal endoscope is minimally invasive, the dead angles of a craniotomy, such as sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus, and nasopharynx are easily approached by an endoscope. Lateral rhinotomy have to make facial incision and affects maxillary bone development. We combined the craniotomy and endoscopic approach intending to take advantages of the two approaches. Methods Twelve NPF patients who underwent craniotomy with endoscopic assistance from March 2002 to July 2008 at the Beijing Tongren Hospital were selected. All patients were male. Their ages ranged from 11 to 33 years. The main symptoms were visual deterioration, exophthalmos, nasal obstruction, epistaxis and pharynx nasalis neoplasm. The diagnosis was based on CT, MRI and digital subtraction angiography （DSA）. All patients had intracranial encroachment and all underwent DSA and embolism treatment were taken before surgery. Seven patients had a pterional craniotomy, five had a frontal-temporal-orbital-zygomatic craniotomy. Most of the tumor was resected piecemeal, then removed through the sphenoidal sinus. Finally, using an endoscope in the nasal cavity, tumor in nasal cavity was resected and removed through the sphenoidal sinus, observing the dead angle of the craniotomy and confirming that sinus drainage was unobstructed. Results The tumor was removed completely in 11 patients and partially resected in one patient because of hemorrhage One patient had an infection after the operation and one patient had cerebrospinal rhinorrhea 3 years after surgery that was remediated by endoscopic repair. Conclusion Craniotomy with endoscopic assistance in the treatment of NPF was minimally invasive, safe and efficient, and avoided facial incision.     

面神经颅内段的显微外科解剖学研究

目的探讨面神经颅内段的显微解剖,为临床手术提供解剖学参数.方法应用10%甲醛充分固定的成人尸头标本10例20侧;漂白干颅骨10例20侧.结合侧方手术入路对面神经及其毗邻结构进行测量和拍照.结果面神经颅内段分为五段,即脑桥小脑角段、内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段.脑桥小脑角段和内耳道段与位听神经伴行;迷路段最短最细,约3.8mm±0.7mm长;鼓室段与骨迷路和中耳关系密切;乳突段长约15.5mm±1.9mm,经茎乳孔出颅.结论枕下乙状窦后入路中可利用第四脑室脉络丛定位面神经脑干端;经岩前人路中可利用弓状隆起和岩浅大神经定位面神经内耳道段和迷路段部分鼓室段骨壁缺如,面神经直接裸露在岩骨表面;外半规管至二腹肌嵴前端是面神经乳突段的标志线.     

24例桥小脑角占位病变的脑干听觉诱发电位分析

为探讨脑诱发电位的临床应用,本文对24例桥小脑角占位病变(其中20例为听神经瘤)患者的脑干听觉诱发电位进行了分析。结果表明:桥小脑角占位病变患者听觉诱发电位改变大致可有:1、全部波形缺失。2、部分波形缺失。3、波峰间期延长。结果提示早期患者听觉诱发电位异常仅表现在患侧,其改变程度似与肿物所在部位有关而与肿物大小无明显关系。因此脑干听觉诱发电位检查可作为桥小脑角占位特别是听神经瘤的早期诊断方法之一。     

桥小脑角肿瘤的手术治疗（附50例报告）

目的探讨桥小脑角区肿瘤手术方法及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析经外科手术切除桥小脑角区肿瘤50例临床资料。结果本组50例,全切除35例,次全切除12例,部分切除3例。无死亡病例,轻度面瘫15例,听力下降5例。结论熟练的手术技术及合适的手术入路是保证桥小脑角区肿瘤全切除的重要因素。术中保证清晰的解剖结构及层次,减少周围神经及小脑的牵拉,对预防脑干损伤,减少术后并发症非常关键。