乐舒洗液质量控制方法的研究

目的建立乐舒洗液的质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法对乐舒洗液中苦参、黄柏、蛇床子进行定性鉴别;并用高效液相色谱法测定乐舒洗液的黄柏碱和盐酸小檗碱。结果薄层色谱能明显检出苦参、黄柏、蛇床子的特征有效成分苦参碱、黄柏碱、蛇床子素。黄柏碱在6.3²01.6μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8;加样回收率为98.4%,RSD为1.5%(n=9)。盐酸小檗碱在12.6201.6μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8;加样回收率为98.4%,RSD为1.5%(n=9)。盐酸小檗碱在12.6⁴03.1μg·mL-1呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 6;平均加样回收率为100.6%,RSD为3.2%(n=9)。结论该方法简便易行,结果准确,可用于乐舒洗液的质量控制。     

二妙颗粒的制备与质量标准研究

目的制备二妙颗粒并建立其质量标准。方法采用蒸馏法提取苍术中的挥发油;采用水煎煮法提取黄柏药液;采用薄层色谱法对中药材进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对制剂中的盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定。结果盐酸小檗碱检测浓度在2.0~20.0μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998);平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=1.21%)。结论该制剂制备工艺合理,质量标准可行、可靠。     

复方健胃颗粒质量标准的研究

目的建立复方健胃颗粒的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对制剂中的厚朴、黄柏、陈皮进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中的盐酸小檗碱。结果薄层图谱清晰,阴性对照无干扰,盐酸小檗碱进样量在0.4284².1420μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998)。结论本方法简便、重现性好,可有效控制制剂的质量。     

清热利湿颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立清热利湿颗粒的质量标准.方法 采用薄层色谱法鉴别萆薢、黄柏、赤芍和王不留行,采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中盐酸小檗碱的含量.结果 在选定的薄层色谱条件下,层析斑点清晰,分离效果较好.含量测定时,盐酸小檗碱质量浓度在0.010 5～0.105 0 g/L范围内(r=0.999 4)与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.46%,RSD为1.32%(n=6).结论 所用方法简便可行、专属性强、重现性好,可较好地控制该制剂质量.     

泌感片的薄层鉴别和盐酸小檗碱的含量测定

目的应用薄层色谱法对黄柏、甘草、柴胡、续断进行鉴别和高效液相色谱法测定盐酸小檗碱的含量。方法采用薄层色谱鉴别黄柏、甘草、柴胡、续断及高效液相色谱测定盐酸小檗碱含量,Shim—pack—C18柱（5μm,250mm×4．6mm）,乙腈0．05mol·L^-1-磷酸二氢钠溶液（28：72）为流动相,检测波长347nm。结果薄层斑点清晰,含量测定线性范围为9．95～99．5mg·L^-1;r=1．0000,回收率为99．42％,RSD=1．21％。结论薄层色谱可用于黄柏、甘草、柴胡、续断的定性鉴别,且高效液相色谱法测定泌感片中盐酸小檗碱的含量具有操作简便、结果准确、灵敏的特点,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC测定黄柏不同部位中的盐酸小檗碱和盐酸药根碱

目的 采用HPLC法测定黄柏干皮、根皮、枝皮中的盐酸小檗碱和盐酸药根碱的含量.方法 采用Kromasil C18柱(150mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(磷酸调pH3)-乙腈(72:28),检测波长265 nm,进样量20μL.结果 黄柏干皮、根皮、枝皮中盐酸小檗碱的含量依次为4.64%、7.35%、3.65%;黄柏干皮和根皮盐酸药根碱为0.57%、0.47%,枝皮中不含药根碱.结论 黄柏于皮、根皮、枝皮中盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱含量均有差异,应分别入药.     

TLC法和HPLC法分析关黄柏与川黄柏区别

目的:比较关黄柏和川黄柏的区别.方法:采用薄层色谱法定性鉴别盐酸小檗碱和盐酸巴马汀,高效液相色谱法对盐酸小檗碱进行定量分析.结果:关黄柏与盐酸巴马汀对照品有相应位置的斑点,而川黄柏则无.川黄柏中所含盐酸小檗碱高于关黄柏3~4倍.结论:关黄柏与川黄柏在有效成分及其含量上有显著区别.     

痔疾舒洗剂质量标准研究

目的:建立痔疾舒洗剂的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对方中黄柏、大黄、地榆进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定黄柏中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果:TLC斑点清晰、分离度好、专属性强。盐酸小檗碱的进样量在0.2375～1.9000μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999);平均回收率为99.30%,RSD=0.03%(n=6)。结论:所建质量标准可用于痔疾舒洗剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定川黄柏中盐酸黄柏碱和盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的:建立同时测定川黄柏中盐酸黄柏碱和盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Waters XTERRA?MS C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(每100 ml中加0.1 g十二烷基磺酸钠,梯度洗脱),检测波长为284 nm(盐酸黄柏碱)和265 nm(盐酸小檗碱),流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为30℃。结果:盐酸黄柏碱和盐酸小檗碱的质量浓度分别在9.45²36.15、74.77236.15、74.77¹ 869.25 mg/L范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r分别为0.999 1、0.999 8);二者精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD≤1.55%;平均加样回收率分别为97.47%1 869.25 mg/L范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r分别为0.999 1、0.999 8);二者精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD≤1.55%;平均加样回收率分别为97.47%⁹8.24%、95.03%98.24%、95.03%⁹5.63%,RSD分别为0.39%95.63%,RSD分别为0.39%⁰.93%、0.42%0.93%、0.42%⁰.93%(n均为3)。结论:该方法简便、快速、专属性强,可有效评价川黄柏中盐酸黄柏碱和盐酸小檗碱的质量。     

泌尿宁颗粒质量标准研究

目的建立泌尿宁颗粒的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对泌尿宁颗粒中的黄柏、续断进行定性鉴别；以盐酸小檗碱为对照品，采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸小檗碱含量，色谱柱：Hppersil ODS C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm)；流动相：乙腈 磷酸二氢钾（0.1 mol·L-1） 十二烷基硫酸钠（0.025 mol·L-1）（50：25：25）；检测波长：345 nm。结果薄层色谱中斑点清晰，易于识别；盐酸小檗碱线性范围0.019 5～0.195 0 μg（r=0.999 9），回收率99.42%，RSD=0.72%（n=5）。 结论该方法简便，灵敏度高，可有效控制泌尿宁颗粒的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.