吲达帕胺胶囊人体药动学和生物等效性研究

目的:建立人全血中吲达帕胺药物浓度的HPLC-UV测定法,研究健康受试者口服吲达帕胺试验胶囊和对照片的生物等效性并估算药动学参数.方法:20例健康男性志愿受试者单剂量随机交叉口服5mg吲达帕胺试验胶囊和吲达帕胺对照片,采用HPLC法(Inertsil ODS-3色谱柱,pH4磷酸盐缓冲液-乙腈-甲醇(55:40:5)与甲醇梯度洗脱,240nm波长检测)测定给药后不同时间的全血中吲达帕胺浓度,非房室模型估算药动学参数计算,并作方差分析和双单侧t检验.结果:受试者口服吲达帕胺试验胶囊和对照片后的Cmax分别为(331.1±39.2)和(358.4±42.9)ng·mL-1,Tmax分别为(3.2±0.9)和(2.7±1.0)h,t1/2(λz)分别为(17.2±2.8)和(18.3±3.1)h,AUC0-48h分别为(6 193.7±873.5)和(6 289.8±899.2)h·ng·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(7 311.8±1 232.3)和(7 529.4±1 323.2)h·ng·mL-1,MRT分别为(25.0±3.9)和(25.8±4.1)h.由两种制剂的AUC0-48估算,试验制剂的相对生物利用度(99.1±11.6)%.结论:建立的全血中吲达帕胺药物浓度的HPLC-UV测定法专属性强灵敏度适宜,测得试验胶囊与对照片生物等效,相应药动学参数准确.     

国产与进口吲达帕胺片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 评价吲达帕胺(抗高血压药)在健康人体的相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 健康受试者22名,自身随机交叉试验方法,单剂量口服受试制剂及参比制剂2.5 mg,每次间隔1周清洗期.用液质联用方法测定血浆中的吲达帕胺浓度,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价.结果 单剂量口服受试制剂T与参比制剂R的Cmax分别为(29.30±9.64),(28.05±7.33)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(3.00±1.62),(2.80±1.12)h;t1/2分别为(15.80 ±3.48),(15.50±3.95)h;AUC0-tn分别为(562.75±186.25),(533.23±181.98)μg·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(599.43±201.16),(566.76 ±194.32)μg·L-1·h.经统计学分析,组间无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 国产吲达帕胺片与进口吲达帕胺片为生物等效制剂.     

国产与进口吲达帕胺片在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究国产和进口吲达帕胺片(抗高血压药)在中国健康人体的药代动力学,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。方法用随机交叉试验,22名健康男性单剂量空腹口服国产和进口吲达帕胺片2.5mg,采集72h内动态血标本;用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定全血中吲达帕胺的浓度,计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果国产和进口片剂的tmax分别为(2.0±0.8)和(2.6±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(121.9±22.3)和(118.5±22.3)μg·L-1,AUC0-72h分别为(2464.9±423.2)和(2317.0±455.2)μg·h·L-1,t1/2分别为(15.4±1.9)和(15.2±2.1)h。国产制剂的相对生物利用度为(107.5±12.7)%。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

石杉碱甲缓释片多剂量给药在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究石杉碱甲缓释片(中枢兴奋药)多剂量给药在健康人体的相对生物利用度及生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身随机交叉试验设计.24名健康受试者多次口服试验制剂或参比制剂,用液相色谱-串联质谱测定血浆中药物浓度,药代动力学参数用DAS软件处理获得.结果 试验制剂石杉碱甲缓释片组与参比制剂石杉碱甲片组的Cmin(ss)分别为(0.54±0.21)和(0.78±0.20)ng·mL-1;Cmax(ss)分别为(1.65±0.45)和(1.83±0.37)ng·mL-1;Css分别为(1.05±0.28)和(1.22±0.28)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.50±1.90)和(1.10±0.40)h;AUC0-t(ss)分别为(30.70±8.20)和(35.10±8.93)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞(ss)分别为(36.90±10.30)和(41.30±11.10)ng·h·mL-1;AUCss分别为(25.30±6.80)和(14.60±3.41)ng·h·mL-1;受试制剂的生物利用度F0-tn为(87.7±11.6)%.受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t和AUC0-∞经对数转换后进行方差分析,2制剂间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).2制剂间tmax有显著差异(P＜0.05),受试制剂tmax明显比参比制剂有所延长,具有缓释的特征.结论 国产石杉碱甲缓释片与石杉碱甲片具有生物等效性,同时受试制剂具有明显的缓释特征.     

奥司他韦及其活性代谢物在健康人体的药动学

目的 :在 8名男性健康受试者中 ,对奥司他韦胶囊及其内容物的药动学和等效性进行研究。方法 :采用反相高效液相色谱 荧光检测法测定血浆中奥司他韦及其活性代谢物的浓度。比较了单剂量口服奥司他韦胶囊或其胶囊内容物 30 0mg后的生物利用度和主要药动学参数。结果 :服用胶囊内容物和胶囊后奥司他韦的cmax分别为 (2 94 4± 86 2 7)ng·mL-1和 (32 9 5±6 8 92 )ng·mL-1;tmax分别为 (0 5 8± 0 2 4 )h和 (0 6 5± 0 38)h ;T1/ 2 分别为 (1 71± 0 38)h和 (2 2 7± 1 13)h ;AUC0→∞ 分别为(6 4 1 5± 2 31 1)ng·h·mL-1和 (6 2 2 6± 2 2 3 8)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0→t分别为 (5 78 5± 192 3)ng·h·mL-1和 (6 0 6 1± 2 2 6 1)ng·h·mL-1。单剂量口服受试制剂的平均相对生物利用度为 (98 5± 2 0 5 ) % (n =8)。奥司他韦活性代谢物的cmax分别为 (12 75±4 0 2 7)ng·mL-1和 (1193± 396 1)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为 (3 75± 1 5 8)h和 (3 6 3± 1 85 )h ;T1/ 2 分别为 (5 96± 2 5 9)h和 (5 39±2 16 )h ;AUC0→∞ 分别为 (10 785± 2 797)ng·h·mL-1和 (1112 6± 2 382 )ng·h·mL-1;AUC0→t分别为 (990 0± 2 86 6 )ng·h·mL-1和(10 196± 2 5 5 3)ng·h·mL-1。单剂量口服受试制剂的平     

进口与国产利培酮薄膜衣片在健康志愿者的生物等效性

目的 研究利培酮薄膜衣片(抗精神分裂症药)在健康志愿者的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 23名健康男性志愿者随机交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂(进口)和参比制剂(国产)2 mg后,用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中利培酮及9-羟基利培酮浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数,利培酮:AUC0～t分别为(94.76±82.93)和(103.05±117.71)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0～1分别为(96.72±84.52)和(105.19±119.36)ng·h·mL0-1;Cmax分别为(15.91±5.63)和(16.21±11.56)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.14±0.73)和(1.15±0.54)h;t1/2分别为(7.32±5.94)和(7.44±6.50)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(106.68±40.21)%.9-羟基利培酮:AUC0-96h分别为(268.56±85.20)和(279.64 ±117.86)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(282.74±87.46)和(294.28±120.32)ng·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(10.84±4.69)和(11.11±4.80)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.35±2.32)和(4.48±2.76)h;t1/2分别为(23.18±3.26)和(23.12±4.31)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.37±27.23)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

利巴韦林片在人体的药物动力学和生物等效性研究

目的研究利巴韦林片在健康人体内的药物动力学,并对2种制剂的生物等效性进行判定。方法采用液质联用（LC-MS／MS）法测定血浆中利巴韦林浓度并计算其主要药动学参数。结果受试制剂和参比制剂中利巴韦林的主要药动学参数如下：tmax分别为（1．35±0．38）、（1．30±0．50）h;Cmax分别为（674．8±227．7）、（693．94±223．3）ng·mL-1,t1／2分别为（25．6±6．0）、（26．6±5．3）h;AUC0-1分别为（8606．2±2132．0）、（8452．0±1978．8）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为（9903．3±2494．1）、（9632．1±2404．2）ng·h·mL-1,相对生物利用度为（102．2±9．5）％。结论2种利巴韦林制剂具有生物等效性。     

贝敏伪麻胶囊在健康人体中的药动学及相对生物利用度

目的研究贝敏伪麻胶囊(试验制剂)和贝敏伪麻片(参比制剂)的人体药动学和相对生物利用度。方法20名健康男性受试者随机双交叉试验,分别单剂量口服试验制剂2粒或参比制剂1片。采用HPLC法测定水杨酸的血药浓度,采用LC-MS/MS法测定对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱和氯苯那敏的血药浓度,用DAS Ver 2.0软件计算药动学参数,并评价其生物利用度。结果试验制剂和参比制剂水杨酸的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(7.31±5.21)、(7.55±4.11)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.65±0.96)、(2.44±0.80)h,AUC0³6 h分别为(41.58±26.49)、(43.35±26.11)μg·h·mL-1。对乙酰氨基酚的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(927.60±581.63)、(934.29±547.57)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(3.2±1.8)、(2.3±0.8)h,AUC036 h分别为(41.58±26.49)、(43.35±26.11)μg·h·mL-1。对乙酰氨基酚的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(927.60±581.63)、(934.29±547.57)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(3.2±1.8)、(2.3±0.8)h,AUC0⁴8 h分别为(6 515.39±2 762.32)、(6 657.62±3133.67)ng·h·mL-1。伪麻黄碱的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(134.16±45.88)、(140.86±55.92)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.9±0.8)、(1.6±0.7)h,AUC048 h分别为(6 515.39±2 762.32)、(6 657.62±3133.67)ng·h·mL-1。伪麻黄碱的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(134.16±45.88)、(140.86±55.92)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.9±0.8)、(1.6±0.7)h,AUC0⁴8 h分别为(1 018.09±367.80)、(1 020.17±388.85)ng·h·mL-1。氯苯那敏的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(3.64±1.52)、(3.90±1.64)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(3.0±1.8)、(3.2±2.0)h,AUC048 h分别为(1 018.09±367.80)、(1 020.17±388.85)ng·h·mL-1。氯苯那敏的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(3.64±1.52)、(3.90±1.64)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(3.0±1.8)、(3.2±2.0)h,AUC0⁸ h分别为(74.29±33.13)、(74.95±34.96)ng·h·mL-1。以AUC08 h分别为(74.29±33.13)、(74.95±34.96)ng·h·mL-1。以AUC0^t计算试验制剂中水杨酸、对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱和氯苯那敏对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F分别为(94.18±18.60)%、(101.62±22.89)%、(102.63±17.55)%和(101.33±16.50)%。结论建立的HPLC以及LC-MS/MS测定法准确、灵敏,结果可靠;统计分析表明贝敏伪麻试验制剂和参比制剂中水杨酸、对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱和氯苯那敏的吸收、分布、消除速率与程度均无明显差异。     

美沙拉嗪栓剂在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的 研究进口美沙拉嗪(5-ASA)栓剂的药代动力学过程及其生物等效性。方法 18名健康男性受试者用随机交叉给药方案,分别单次直肠给与美沙拉嗪栓剂试验药和参比药2 g,用柱前衍生化-HPLC-荧光法测定给药后不同时间点血浆中5-ASA和其活性代谢产物乙酰化-5-氨基水杨酸(Ac-5-ASA)的浓度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果 试验药及参比药的原形药(5-ASA):AUC0-t分别为3.20±2.35和3.34±2.83 μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-8分别为3.22±2.37和3.38±2.89μg·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为0.48±0.16和0.42±0.17 μg·mL-1;tmax分别为4.61±2.8和5.72±3.30 h;t1/2分别为3.6 6±1.44和3.97±2.24 h。其代谢产物(Ac-5-ASA):AUC0-t分别为9.68±6.26和10.26±7.53μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-8分别为10.01±6.79和10.74±8.57 μg·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为1.23±0.41和1.10±0.37 μg·mL-1;tmax分别为5.00±2.20和6.1 1±3.48 h;t1/2分别为5.99±3.33和6.64±4.22 h。经统计学处理,上述各项参数间差别均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。美沙拉嗪栓剂相对生物利用度为(103.7±19.4)％。结论美沙拉嗪栓剂试验药与参比药具有生物等效性。     

比较氨氯地平和阿托伐他汀复方片与单剂在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 评价氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀复方片剂与同剂量单剂的生物等效性.方法 66位健康男性志愿者随机交叉单次口服1片氨氯地平(5 mg)/阿托伐他汀(40 mg)复方片剂(受试制剂)和同时服用氨氯地平(5 mg)和阿托伐他汀(40mg)各1片(参比制剂);用GC-ECD法和LC-MS/MS法,分别测定药物血浆浓度,WinNonlin非房室模型计算药代动力学参数,SAS程序评价生物等效性.结果 受试制剂(复方)和参比制剂(单剂)的主要药代动力学参数,氨氯地平:tmax分别为6.0和6.0 h;t1/2分别为(39.2±7.6)和(39.7±9.9)h;Cmax分别为(3.0±0.9)和(3.0±0.5)ng·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(145.3±42.1)和(149.8±43.6)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(129.3±39.5)和(133.4±37.2)ng·h·mL-1.阿托伐他汀:tmax分别为1.0和0.5 h;t1/2分别为(6.7±1.8)和(6.9±1.8)h;Cmax分别为(18.8±9.8)和(20.2±11.7)ng·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(101.7±35.2)和(97.8±39.2)ng·h·mL-1;AuC0-t分别为(96.7±35.0)和(93.1±39.1)ng·h·mL-1.受试制剂和参比制剂AUC0-t、AUC0-∞和Cmax比值的90%置信区间:氨氯地平:93.3%～100.1%,93.8%～100.6%和95.8%～103.4%;阿托伐他汀:99.2%～111.0%,99.6%～110.6%和81.8%～107.2%.结论 2种制剂为生物等效制剂.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.