妊娠中期甲状腺功能减退症与甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体的相关性

目的 调查妊娠中期甲状腺功能减退症(简称甲减)的检出率,探讨甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPOAb)与妊娠中期甲减的关系. 方法 对2010年3月1日至7月31日在上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院产科门诊产前检查的孕14～28周孕妇2141例进行横断面调查,检测其血清TPOAb、促甲状腺激素(thyroid-stimulating hormone,TSH)和血清游离甲状腺素(free thyroxine,FT4)水平.TPOAb阳性和亚临床甲减影响因素分析采用二分类Logistic回归,TPOAb水平与TSH、FT4的相关性分析使用Spearman秩相关分析. 结果 (1)妊娠中期亚临床甲减检出率13.36％(286/2141),低T4血症检出率0.14％ (3/2141),未检出临床甲减患者.(2)以TPOAb≥50 U/ml为阳性,2141例孕妇中TPOAb阳性者为134例,占6.26％.亚临床甲减患者、低T4血症患者和甲状腺功能正常孕妇TPOAb阳性分别为13.64％ (39/286)、0/3和5.06％(86/1701),组间比较差异有统计学意义(x2=30.82,P＜0.01).妊娠中期TPOAb阳性不受孕次、产次、孕周、胎儿性别及孕母年龄的影响.(3) TPOAb水平与TSH值呈正相关(r=0.12,P＜0.01),与FT4值无相关性(r=-0.04,P=0.09).(4)血清TPOAb阳性和孕次是妊娠中期亚临床甲减的危险因素(OR=3.18,95％ CI:2.10～4.83,P＜0.01;OR=1.21,95％ CI:1.02～1.43,P=0.030). 结论 亚临床甲减是妊娠中期的常见疾病,TPOAb是亚临床甲减的独立危险因素和重要预测指标.应当关注妊娠中期甲减的筛查,同时将TPOAb检测纳入常规产前筛查项目.     

L-T_4治疗妊娠合并甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体阴性的亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的临床观察

目的:观察左旋甲状腺激素(L-T_4)治疗甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPOAb)阴性的妊娠合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(SCH)对妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾分析2018年1月至2019年1月在广东省妇幼保健院行妊娠早期甲状腺激素筛查且有妊娠结局记录的867例孕产妇的临床资料。867例孕产妇中,甲状腺功能正常(N)+TPOAb(-)者584例(对照组),SCH+TPOAb(-)者283例,其中112例未接受左旋甲状腺治疗(观察组),171例接受左旋甲状腺素治疗(治疗组)。比较3组孕妇的妊娠结局及产科并发症情况。结果:观察组孕妇的流产率、妊娠期糖尿病发生率、早产率、出生低体质量儿发生率高于对照组、治疗组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组中3.4%最终发展为临床甲减。结论:妊娠早期合并SCH患者,TPOAb阴性者亦应及时给予L-T_4治疗;L-T_4治疗能有效改善妊娠合并TPOAb阴性的L-T_4患者不良妊娠结局。     

早孕期妊娠合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退对妊娠期糖尿病的预测北大核心CSCD

目的回顾性分析妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退（subclinical hypothyroidism,SCH）对妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）的影响及预测。方法选取2015年1月至2016年1月于北京积水潭医院产检资料完整的1 872例单胎妊娠妇女为研究对象,采集包括孕前BMI、早孕期（妊娠12周前）促甲状腺激素（thyroid Stimulating Hormone,TSH）及甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（Thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPOAb）结果,妊娠24-28周75 g糖耐量结果等,结果异常者定期复查。结果 GDM发生率为12.1%（227/1 872）。分别以TSH 2.5及4.0 m IU/L为切割值判定SCH,SCH发生率分别为35.58%（666/1 872）及9.72%（182/1 872）,TPOAb在SCH中的阳性率分别为15.0%（100/666）和29.1%（53/182）,合并GDM的发生率分别为14.56%（97/666）及28%（51/182）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。根据孕前BMI及早孕期TSH进行分组,各组间GDM发生率不同（P〈0.05）。本研究采用二分类Logistic回顾评估年龄,孕期BMI和早孕期TSH值对发生妊娠期糖尿病的影响,模型的正确分类百分比为87.8%,敏感度1.3%,特异度99.8%,阳性预测值75%,阴性预测值88.0%。针对TSH≥2.5 m IU/L的患者,模型中加入TPOAb变量,模型的正确分类百分比为88.7%,敏感度40.6%,特异度96.8%,阳性预测值68.42%,阴性预测值90.64%。结论结合年龄、孕前BMI及早孕期TSH水平,对GDM的预测有一定指导意义;针对高危人群筛查TPOAb可进一步增加预测的准确性,利于早期干预或可降低GDM发生,减少妊娠不良结局。     

甲状腺自身抗体对甲状腺功能正常女性生殖与妊娠的影响

自身免疫性甲状腺疾病出现甲状腺自身抗体异常并导致甲状腺功能紊乱,可引起女性不孕、自然流产、早产、死胎、子痫前期、低出生体重儿和胎儿智力发育缺陷等生殖与不良妊娠结局.但甲状腺自身抗体对甲状腺功能正常的育龄妇女的生殖与妊娠有无影响尚有一定的争议,大多数研究认为有影响.其发病机制尚不清楚.对甲状腺自身抗体阳性而甲状腺功能正常的妇女应用静脉注射免疫球蛋白,泼尼松和阿司匹林联合治疗,左旋甲状腺素或在应用左旋甲状腺素基础上加硒治疗等治疗方案可提高妊娠率,降低流产、早产和死胎等不良妊娠风险.     

妊娠早期合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退妇女自身抗体阳性对不良妊娠结局的影响

目的:观察妊娠早期合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退（SCH）孕妇甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）阳性对不良妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析2011年6月至2013年1月在广东省妇幼保健院行妊娠早期促甲状腺激素（TSH）、血清游离甲状腺素（FT4）、总甲状腺素（TT4）、TPOAb筛查,并且有妊娠结局的孕妇共13973例。根据检查结果把孕妇分为甲状腺功能正常（N）+TPOAb（-）组、N+TPOAb（+）组、SCH+TPOAb（-）组和SCH+TPOAb（+）组。比较4组孕妇妊娠结局及产科并发症发生情况并进行统计学分析。结果:在13973例孕妇中,N+TPOAb（-）组10179例（72.85%）,N+TPOAb（+）组628例（4.49%）,SCH+TPOAb（-）组347例（2.48%）,SCH+TPOAb（+）组574例（4.11%）。SCH+TPOAb（+）组孕妇流产93例（16.3%）、妊娠期糖尿病133例（23.2%）、早产99例（17.2%）,其发生率均高于SCH+TPOAb（-）组,分别为42例（12.1%）、59例（17.0%）、39例（11.2%）;高于N+TPOAb（+）组,分别为70例（11.1%）、98例（15.6%）、51例（8.1%）和N+TPOAb（-）组,分别为835例（8.2%）、1033例（10.1%）、794例（7.8%）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。SCH+TPOAb（+）组孕妇胎儿生长受限、胎盘早剥、前置胎盘、足月胎膜早破、出生低体质量儿、巨大儿、新生儿窒息、羊水过多、羊水过少发生率与SCH+TPOAb（-）组、N+TPOAb（+）组和N+TPOAb（-）组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:妊娠早期合并SCH且TPOAb（+）可增加流产、早产、妊娠期糖尿病的发生率,建议广泛开展妊娠早期甲状腺功能和TPOAb筛查,早期诊断、早期干预,减低不良妊娠结局风险。     

妊娠期TPO-Ab阳性亚临床甲状腺功能减退症对妊娠结局的影响

甲状腺激素是胚胎期胎儿大脑发育所必需.妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(简称:亚甲减)可能导致流产、早产、胎盘早剥、低出生体重儿、妊娠期糖尿病等不良妊娠结局,重度亚甲减患者发展为甲状腺功能减退症的风险较高.甲状腺过氧化酶抗体(TPO-Ab)是反映自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的特异指标,通过激活补体、抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒性作用和...     

妊娠早期促甲状腺素临界水平合并甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体阳性妇女的治疗结局探讨

目的:探讨左旋甲状腺素(L-T4)治疗对妊娠早期促甲状腺素(TSH)临界水平(2.5 mU/L≤TSH≤4.0 mU/L)合并甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)阳性孕产妇母婴结局的影响,从而指导临床治疗。方法:选择2017年7月至2019年6月在福建医科大学附属泉州第一医院产检分娩的7517例单胎孕妇为研究对象,并根据妊娠早期(孕12周以内)FT4正常、TSH水平[亚临床甲状腺功能减退(TSH>4.0 mU/L)、临界水平(2.5 mU/L≤TSH≤4.0 mU/L)、正常(TSH<2.5 mU/L)]、TPOAb水平(TPOAb>50 mU/ml为阳性)及是否采用L-T4治疗分为5组:亚临床甲状腺功能减退治疗组(A组,181例)、TSH临界水平合并TPOAb阳性治疗组(B组,145例)、TSH临界水平合并TPOAb阳性未治疗组(C组,81例)、TSH临界水平合并TPOAb阴性组(D组,135例)、甲状腺功能正常组(E组,6367例)。比较各组孕产妇妊娠并发症及不良妊娠结局的发生情况。结果:5组孕妇在流产、早产、妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病、羊水过少的发生率方面,差...     

甲状腺自身抗体与复发性流产

摘要：甲状腺自身抗体是一种以自身甲状腺组织作为靶抗原的自身抗体,主要包括抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体、甲状腺球蛋白抗体及促甲状腺激素受体抗体,三者均是反映自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的特异指标。甲状腺自身抗体的存在可能与复发性流产有相关性,应对高危人群进行甲状腺自身抗体的筛查、早期诊断并及时给予治疗,可有效降低妊娠不良结局的发生。     

甲状腺自身抗体对妊娠结局的影响

目的：观察妊娠早期单纯甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPO-Ab）阳性,是否会增加孕产妇妊娠并发症的发生和影响妊娠结局。方法：收集孕周≤13周且甲状腺功能正常孕妇的临床资料,根据TPO-Ab检测结果将患者分为TPO-Ab（－）组（＜60 kU/L,793例）和TPO-Ab（＋）组（≥60 kU/L,88例）。随访患者甲状腺功能的变化,比较2组患者妊娠结局的差异。结果：TPO-Ab（+）组患者促甲状腺激素（TSH）高于TPO-Ab（－）组（t=2.079,P=0.038）;TPO-Ab（+）组患者胎膜早破、胎儿生长受限（FGR）和低出生体质量儿的发生率高于TPO-Ab（－）组（7.95% vs. 1.89%,χ2=9.598,P=0.002;2.27% vs. 0.37%,χ2=5.126,P=0.024;5.68% vs. 2.12%,χ2=4.180,P=0.041）。结论：TPO-Ab阳性对妊娠期间并发症和妊娠结局存在不良影响。     

妊娠早期单纯甲状腺自身抗体阳性孕妇妊娠结局分析

目的观察妊娠早期单纯甲状腺自身抗体阳性孕妇妊娠晚期甲状腺功能(甲功)变化及妊娠结局,了解甲状腺自身抗体对妊娠的影响。方法选择妊娠早期127例甲功正常、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)或(和)甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TG-Ab)阳性孕妇为研究组,223例甲功正常、TPO-Ab和TG-Ab阴性妊娠早期孕妇为对照组,随访妊娠结局。结果研究组28.35%(36/127)的孕妇妊娠晚期出现甲功紊乱,其中11.81%(15/127)为亚临床甲状腺功能减退(甲减),7.87%(10/127)为临床甲减;对照组10.31%(23/223)的孕妇出现甲功紊乱,其中2.69%(6/223)为亚临床甲减,2.24%(5/223)为临床甲减,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组流产率(18.90%,24/127)、早产率(22.83%,29/127)及胎儿窘迫率(7.87%,10/127)与对照组流产率(9.42%,21/223;8.52%,19/223;2.69%,6/223)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组单纯低T4血症、死胎、胎儿畸形及低出生体质量儿发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);研究组产后甲状腺炎发生率(40.16%,51/127)显著高于对照组(10.17%,18/177)(P0.05)。结论妊娠早期单纯甲状腺自身抗体阳性孕妇妊娠晚期发生甲功紊乱及不良妊娠结局风险明显增高,加强妊娠早期甲功筛查有意义。     

Predicting small for gestational age in the first trimester of pregnancy using maternal ophthalmic artery Doppler indices

Objective: To assess the capacity of maternal ophthalmic Doppler indices for predicting small for gestational age (SGA) newborns in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Methods: We performed a prospective observational cohort study involving 499 singleton pregnancies during the first trimester scan (11–14 weeks). The following maternal ophthalmic Doppler indices were assessed: pulsatility index (PI), first diastolic peak velocity (PD1) and peak ratio (PR)?=?PD1/peak systolic velocity. We considered SGA all newborns with weight below 10th percentile. We used chi-square test (χ²) to compare the groups. We used area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and detection rate of 5% of false positive of each maternal ophthalmic Doppler index and the mean uterine artery PI for prediction SGA.

Results: 27 (5.4%) patients delivered SGA newborns, 12 (2.4%) patients developed preeclampsia (PE) and delivered SGA newborns, and 460 had uneventful pregnancies (controls). We observed significant difference of PI and PR between SGA (SGA and SGA+PE) and control groups, p?=?0.043 and p?=?0.014, respectively. To 5% of false positive, the detection rate of SGA (SGA and SGA+PE groups) using PI, PD1 and PR were 14.8, 3.7, 14.8, 16.7, 16.7 and 16.7%, respectively. Mean uterine PI was significantly higher in the SGA+PE group (p?=?0.003).

Conclusion: The isolated use of maternal ophthalmic Doppler indices or in combination with uterine artery Doppler, in the first trimester of pregnancy, was not efficient to predict SGA newborns.     

Additional benefits of first trimester screening

The goal of first trimester screening for aneuploidy is to provide patients their risk assessment for fetal Down syndrome. Nonetheless, it has been noted that combined screening offers physicians and patients other important pregnancy information. For example, first trimester ultrasound results in accurate pregnancy dating and enables the early diagnosis of multiple gestations during the period when amnionicity and chorionicity is best discerned. It also detects a limited number of fetal anatomical abnormalities, affording patients time to make decisions regarding the management of their pregnancies. A cystic hygroma, one of the most powerful ultrasound markers for fetal aneuploidy, can be detected on first trimester ultrasound. An enlarged nuchal translucency may identify fetuses at risk for other adverse outcomes and for congenital heart defects. In addition, abnormal first trimester serum markers are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and knowledge of these abnormalities may help with patient counseling and management.     

Transplacental passage of cefazolin in the first trimester of pregnancy

The transfer of cefazolin, an antibiotic compound of the cefalosporin group, through the placental barrier was investigated in the first trimester of pregnancy. All cases were chosen from among women admitted for therapeutic abortion. The test group comprised 70 women, while there were 30 in the control group. The bacteriostatic activity was examined in the amniotic fluid, obtained by the vaginal route as well as in the maternal blood, following the i.m. injection of 500 mg cefazolin.Our results indicate that the antibiotic cefazolin crosses the placental barrier, even during the first trimester of pregnancy. However, the concentrations obtained were considerably lower than those observed in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (Dekel et al., 1977; Goldman et al., 1980).     

妊娠早期孕妇血清解整合素-金属蛋白酶12水平变化与妊娠结局

值为0.29,明显低于正常单胎孕妇,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 早孕期孕妇血清中ADAM 12-S水平随孕周增加而上升,可用于非整倍体常染色体异常的筛查,同时还可预测胎停育、异位妊娠等早期妊娠丢失;ADAM 12-S可作为产前筛查指标,建议在孕9～12周时进行.     

B型超声波照射对妊娠早期胚胎的生物学效应

采用Ｂ超对妊娠６－８周拟行人工流产术孕妇的胚胎（研究组）分别照射５、１０、３０分钟，在照射后５、１５、２４、４８小时行人工流产术取出绒毛，测定绒志细胞溶酶、丙二醛，超氧化物歧化酶，姐妹染色单体交换率，观察绒毛胞超微结构，并与末行Ｂ超射的孕妇胚胎（对照组）进行比较。结果：Ｂ超照射１０、３０分钟绒毛细胞溶酶体酶ＭＤＡ、ＤＯＳ和超微结构有不同程度的异常改变。以照射３０分钟最为显著，提示：对妊娠６－８周的     

Uterine rupture of cesarean scar related to spontaneous abortion in the first trimester

We report the case of a 31-year-old Japanese female diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasonography to have a spontaneous uterine rupture in the first trimester. Her condition was complicated by diabetes mellitus type 1. Her previous pregnancy had resulted in an emergency cesarean section by transverse incision of the lower uterine segment with single-layer suture at 37(+4) weeks of gestation. Transvaginal ultrasonography displayed both a gestational sac located in the anterior lower uterine segment and a defect in the uterine wall located at the site of the previous cesarean delivery scar. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed that the uterine muscle layer was discontinuous and the gestational sac was almost outside the uterine cavity, accompanied by mild hemorrhaging within the endometrial cavity. The defect in the lower uterine wall was round in shape and was 3 cm in diameter. Since uterine ruptures can occur during all gestational periods, it is important to pay attention to the uterine wall where any cesarean incision was previously made.     

Placental blood flow mapping in the first trimester of human pregnancy

Human placental circulation in the first trimester of pregnancy remains a subject of scientific debate. Most of the acquired knowledge on the physiological background of maternal-fetal interface relies on old studies, most of them performed in non-hemochorial placentas and using light and electron microscopy for the pathological specimens' evaluation. Recently, some ultrasonographic research in this field, using pulsed-wave and/or colour Doppler, yielded contradictory results. The availability of these non-invasive methods should allow the in vivo investigation of placental circulation since early phases of human pregnancy. A more recent technique - Power Doppler - should be preferred considering its resolution, angle-independence, higher sensitivity for lower velocities and absence of known harmful bioeffects in the early periods of gestation. We provide an overview on first trimester maternal-fetal circulation, assessed by non-invasive techniques, namely by transvaginal power Doppler ultrasonography, trying to contribute to a better understanding of the anatomo-physiological aspects of human placental circulation.     

First and second trimester screening for large for gestational age infants

Abstract

Objectives: To find the best early predictor model for fetal growth and large for gestational age (LGA) infants considering clinical, ultrasonographic and biochemical variables.

Method: In 2097 singleton pregnancies at first trimester, we evaluated maternal characteristics, PAPP-A and ß-HCG proteins, fetal nuchal translucency thickness and uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI). At second trimester fetal ultrasound biometry and UtA-PI were then measured. The relationships between birth weight and LGA and maternal characteristics, first and second trimester variables, and all variables combined, were studied. The performance of screening was determined by receiver operating characteristic curves analysis.

Results: Stepwise regression analysis showed that in the prediction of birthweight percentile there were significant contributions from all maternal factors, PAPP-A and Ut-A PI in the first trimester, and fetal biometric variables in the second trimester. Maternal charateristics combined with PAPP-A, β-hCG, fetal NT and uterine artery PI identified 30.2 % LGA (FPR 10%). The combined model reached a sensitivity of 41.2% (FPR 10%) and 56.2% (FPR 20%).

Conclusions: Sensitivity of the screening for LGA improves significantly after addition of second trimester ultrasound measurements to first trimester variables and maternal characteristics.