Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis

Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis (NSGP) is a relatively uncommon type of chronic inflammation of the prostate, frequently mistaken for carcinoma on digital rectal examination, trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) and serum PSA test. It is presently the most frequent variety of granulomatous prostatitis observed at histological examination. The present study reviews the trans-rectal US results and serum PSA levels of 20 patients with biopsy-proven NSGP. Physical findings, laboratory data and US indicated malignancy in all cases. Sonographically (TRUS), the lesions appeared as single or multiple hypoechoic nodules, mainly localised in the peripheral zone of the gland, mimicking carcinoma. Mean serum PSA values were 13.3 ng/ml (range from 3.5 to 34 ng/ml), and only one patient had a value lower than 4 ng/ml. A sufficiently long period of follow-up (mean 19 months; range from 7 to 48 months) with TRUS and PSA was only possible in 11/20 patients. In 8/11 cases, serum PSA returned within normal range, and in 5/11 patients the US features slowly resolved, the hypoechoic nodules disappearing. Final diagnosis can only be obtained by prostatic biopsy. Several questions remain unanswered regarding the relationship between chronic prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma, natural history, the need for specific therapy and also the follow-up of this disease.     

经直肠超声对2 920例前列腺疾病的分析

目的探讨经直肠检查前列腺疾病的声像图特征。方法对2920例15～94岁经直肠超声检查前列腺疾病的资料进行回顾性分析。结果正常前列腺患者375人，前列腺增生2222人，前列腺炎143人，单纯前列腺结石132人，单纯前列腺囊肿11人，前列腺结石及囊肿11人，前列腺癌26人。结论经直肠超声检查前列腺较经腹超声能够提供更准确的前列腺体积及细微结构信息，但在诊断前列腺炎及前列腺癌疾病中，其敏感性和特异性仍有待提高。     

多参数MRI前列腺影像报告和数据系统评分与经直肠超声引导下穿刺病理的相关性分析

目的旨在探讨多参数MRI(multi-parametric MRI,Mp-MRI)前列腺影像报告和数据系统(prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2,PI-RADS V2)评分与经直肠超声引导下穿刺病理的相关性。材料与方法回顾性分析经病理证实的128例前列腺病变患者的MRI资料,其中前列腺癌75例,良性前列腺增生48例、前列腺炎5例,所有患者均行3.0 T MRI扫描,获取完整的T2WI、DWI及DCE图像;由2名前列腺诊断医师在不知患者临床资料及病理的情况下采用PIRADS V2评分标准进行评分,评分结果分别记录;所有患者均行经直肠超声引导下病理穿刺,并由泌尿专业病理诊断医师进行诊断,对前列腺癌则进行Gleason评分。采用Spearman相关分析PI-RADS V2评分与穿刺病理的相关系数,并采用ROC曲线分析PI-RADS V2评分诊断前列腺癌的敏感性、特异性和准确性。结果 PI-RADS V2评分与穿刺病理呈正相关,r=0.887。PI-RADS V2评分诊断前列腺癌的ROC曲线下面积0.975,其敏感性为93.33%,特异性为96.23%,准确性为94.51%,阳性预测值97.22%,阴性预测值91.07%。Gleason评分≥8分的前列腺癌的PI-RADS V2评分为5分。结论 PI-RADS V2评分与经直肠超声引导下穿刺病理的相关性高,PI-RADS V2评分对前列腺疾病的诊断准确性高。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺并发直肠大出血及其处理

目的　探讨经直肠超声 (transrectal ultrasound,TRUS)引导前列腺穿刺活检引起的直肠大出血及其处理方法。方法　回顾性总结 10 96例次 TRUS引导前列腺穿刺活检引起的 11例直肠大出血的临床资料。结果　在 11例患者中 ,前列腺癌 (prostatic carcinoma,PCA) 5例 ,良性前列腺增生 (benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH) 4例 ,前列腺上皮内肿瘤 (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm ,PIN) 1例 ,前列腺炎 1例 ;7例直肠大出血自行停止 ,4例出血不止 ,并出现生命体征异常 ,需要局部止血和输血。结论　尽管 TRUS引导前列腺穿刺活检可能引起多种并发症 ,但一般不需处理 ,即便并发直肠大出血也能有效地治疗 ,因此 ,它仍然是诊断前列腺癌的可靠方法。     

男性不育的经直肠超声检查

目的探讨经直肠超声检查（transrectal uhrasonography,TRUS）在男性不育疾病诊断中的应用。方法TRUS声像图结果与临床诊断和精液检查对照。结果56例不育症患者精囊腺、前列腺、射精管的声像图,表现有慢性炎症、钙化、萎缩、畸形等。结论TRDS是诊断男性不育疾病病因的一种有价值的检测手段。     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺在前列腺疾病中的诊断价值

【目的】探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下前列腺穿刺活检术在前列腺疾病诊断中的价值。【方法】收集前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）升高、经 TRUS发现前列腺异常的患者105例进行超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术,采用经直肠6点穿刺法取组织条送病检。【结果】105例患者中前列腺炎3例、前列腺增生38例,前列腺癌64例,取材成功率100％,无血精、前列腺脓肿、败血症等严重并发症发生。【结论】超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检是诊断前列腺疾病的重要方法,其安全简便、准确性和成功率高,能有效的进行良恶性的鉴别及组织学诊断。     

男性不育症的经直肠超声检查

目的：探讨经直肠超声检查（Transrectal Ultrasonography,TRUS)对男性不育中精囊疾病诊断应用。方法：TRUS声像图结果与临床诊断和精液检查对照。结果：本文总结分析了15例不育症患者精囊的声像图。表现有慢性炎症、钙化、萎缩、畸形等。结论：经直肠超声检查对男性不育精囊疾病是一种有价值的检测手段。     

端扫式直肠探头探测直肠癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨采用端扫式直肠超声探头对直肠癌患者进行术前腔内超声检查（transrectal ultrasound，TRUS）的方法及其临床价值。方法 78例直肠癌患者术前采用端扫式经直肠探头进行超声检查并进行分期，与手术病理结果及分期作对照分析。结果直肠癌超声表现为低回声团块，超声分期与病理分期结果对照准确性达86％（66／77）；与病理结果对照，TRUS诊断直肠癌周围淋巴结转移敏感性为92％，特异性为85％；TRUS对高位直肠癌与中低位直肠癌分期准确性比较差别无统计学意义。结论 端扫式直肠腔内超声检测对直肠癌术前分期有重要价值，对高位或者肠腔明显狭窄的直肠癌患者有明显的优越性。     

Real-time elastography in the detection of prostate cancer in patients with raised PSA level

The study was done to evaluate the role of real-time elastosonography (ES) in the detection of prostate cancer (PCa) in 50 consecutive patients with raised PSA level and to determine whether ES can be of use to perform a targeted biopsy. Fifty consecutive patients with raised PSA levels underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and ES examination. ES images with adequate compression and a quality factor of more than 50% were analyzed for areas of increased glandular stiffness. The ES findings were correlated with the targeted and 10-core biopsy and sensitivity, specificity calculated on per patient and per core basis. ES showed a sensitivity and specificity of 91.7% and 86.8% on per patient basis, respectively, with a false positive rate of 13%. The calculated sensitivity and specificity on per core basis of ES targeted biopsy was 72.5% and 100% compared with 100% and 81% of 10-core systematic biopsy group. The study concludes that combining ES with TRUS significantly improves the sensitivity to detect carcinoma prostate in patients with raised PSA, however, ES is unable to differentiate PCa from chronic prostatitis. The use of ES for targeted biopsy also improves the specificity over a 10-core systematic biopsy.     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法的价值

目的评价经直肠超声（transrectal ultrasonography，TRUS）引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法在前列腺穿刺活检中的作用，以期寻找有助于提高前列腺癌（Prostatic Cancer PCa）检出率的手段或方法。方法对151例前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigenPSA）升高（〉4ug／L）和（或）TRUS发现有结节的患者在经直肠超声引导下经会阴行前列腺改良穿刺活检，穿刺标本送病理检查。结果151例患者中，共检出PCa49例（32％），上皮内瘤12例（8％），慢性炎症48例（32％），良性增生42例（28％）。与标准系统穿刺法相比，改良穿刺法可将PCa的检出率提高18％。本组资料有25例（17％）的患者术后出现血尿，无其它并发症发生。结论经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法，有助于提高PCa的检出率。     

经直肠超声诊断前列腺癌的临床价值

目的探讨经直肠超声检查前列腺癌的临床价值。方法应用经直肠超声对临床拟诊53例前列腺癌患进行检查，观察前列腺内腺及外腺回声，发现形态不规则低回声区，仔细分辨与周围组织的关系，并行彩色及能量多普勒血流显像。结果经穿刺活检及手术病理证实46例为前列腺癌，7例为前列腺增生，诊断符合率为86．8％。结论经直肠超声显示前列腺癌声像图的敏感性及特征性较腹部超声明显增高，结合直肠指检(DRE)及前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)测定可提高前列腺癌的检出率。     

Routine use of transrectal ultrasound in rectal carcinoma: results of a prospective multicenter study

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Preoperative transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) can establish the depth of penetration of a tumor, and thus provide important information for decisions about further management. In the literature, this method is reported to have a high level of sensitivity and specificity. Our investigation aimed at establishing the quality of the diagnostic procedure and treatment of colorectal carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This investigation, which covered a 1-year period, and involved 75 hospitals, was conducted in the form of a prospective multicenter study and included a total of 3756 patients. For rectal carcinomas, all endosonographically determined uT categories were compared with histologically established T categories (pT). RESULTS: At 49 hospitals a total of 499 TRUS examinations in 1463 rectal carcinomas (34.1 %) were performed. A comparison of uT with pT category was possible for 422 TRUS examinations. Agreement between the preoperative endosonographic diagnosis with the histological diagnosis was found in 63.3 % (n = 267) of cases (95 % confidence interval 58.5 % - 67.9 %). The diagnostic accuracy was 50.8 % for pT1 carcinomas, 58.3 % for pT2 lesions, 73.5 % for pT3 tumors, and 44.4 % for pT4 carcinomas. Overstaging was observed in 23.9 %, overall, and understaging in 12.8 %. Understaging was significantly less common than overstaging (P < 0.05, s.). CONCLUSION: The accuracy of transrectal ultrasound used as a routine clinical examination in rectal carcinoma patients was clearly lower than that reported in the literature. We conclude that TRUS may aid decisions relevant to treatment only when used by well-trained investigators with a large case load of rectal carcinoma patients. Centralization of transrectal ultrasonography service is mandatory if a high level of quality is to be achieved with this method.     

经直肠超声检查对前列腺癌穿刺点选择的价值

目的：探讨经直肠超声(transrectal ultrasonography，TRUS)对前列腺穿刺活检选点的价值。方法：135例前列腺穿刺活检患者术前行TRUS检查，对324个穿刺部位的声像图与病理结果对照分析。结果：324个穿刺部位病理证实为前列腺癌的120个，前列腺增生症175个，前列腺炎29个。在120个前列腺癌部位TRUS发现异常回声结节、局部血流增多等异常目标的有86个，无异常目标的为34个。TRUS检查对前列腺癌穿刺选点的敏感性71．7％(86／120)，特异性76．5％(156／204)。结论：TRUS有助于前列腺癌穿刺活检的选点。     

Transrectal ultrasound in patients with hematospermia

Introduction

To illustrate the lesions detected with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in patients with hematospermia.

Material and methods

This study included 74 male patients (25–73 years old) affected by hematospermia. Clinical history was obtained and all patients underwent rectal examination as well as TRUS examination in both axial and coronal planes to evaluate the prostate, ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles. Biopsy was performed in 10 patients.

Results

Abnormalities were detected in 59 patients. Calculi (n = 20) were seen within the prostate, seminal vesicles and along the course of the ejaculatory ducts. Chronic prostatitis (n = 14) appeared as hyperechoic and hypoechoic areas within the prostate with capsule thickening suggesting seminal vesiculitis (n = 8). Granulomatous prostatitis (n = 3) appeared as hyperechoic and calcified areas scattered within the prostate and the seminal vesicles. Hypoechoic focal lesions and heterogeneous texture were seen in prostate cancer (n = 5). Utricular cysts (n = 3) appeared as small midline lesions, and Mullerian duct cysts (n = 8) appeared as larger midline cysts protruding above the prostate. Ejaculatory duct cysts (n = 4) appeared as thick walled cystic lesions along the course of the ejaculatory duct. Seminal vesicle cysts were detected in 2 patients.

Conclusion

Our conclusion is that TRUS is a safe, non-invasive technique which can be used to detect lesions of the prostate, seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts in patients with hematospermia.     

阴式探头经直肠超声在诊断未婚女性多囊卵巢综合征中的应用价值

目的 探讨阴式探头经直肠超声(TRUS)检查在诊断未婚女性多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)中的应用价值.方法 对64例无性生活史的PCOS患者分别行经腹部超声检查(TAS)及TRUS检查,观察患者双侧卵巢,对卵泡个数、卵泡大小、卵巢体积进行测量,对比两种检查方法的结果.结果 经TRUS与经TAS在卵巢显示率、卵泡数量及卵泡大小的显示上差异均有有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);在显示小卵泡方面TRUS较TAS效果更佳,且对于卵巢内部结构上的显示也较TAS更加清晰.结论 阴式探头经直肠超声检查可提高PCOS的早期诊断率,效果与经阴道超声相当,在临床中有广泛的应用价值.     

Transrectal ultrasound and prostate biopsy clinic

This article examines one of the most common outpatient diagnostic procedures carried out in urology--the transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and prostatic biopsy. Following an exploration of the aetiology, anatomy and physiology of prostate disease, an explanation is given regarding the clinical investigations that inform the decision-making process and precipitate the procedure. Technical, clinical and ethical issues will be explored before a through examination of the TRUS and biopsy procedure and the crucial role of the registered nurse and healthcare assistant. References are made to the elements of nursing care required throughout this most invasive of procedures. These include counselling, discharge information and the maintenance of patient dignity in relation to gender-sensitive care.     

原发性精囊癌1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨原发性精囊癌的诊治方法。方法分析收治的原发性精囊癌1例,结合文献进行复习。结果经CT、MRI及经直肠超声（transrectalultrasound,TRUS）引导下穿刺活检确诊为精囊腺癌,行左侧精囊肿物切除、右侧精囊切除、膀胱与前列腺部分切除及左输尿管膀胱再吻合术,术后恢复良好。现已随访23个月,未见复发转移。结论原发性精囊癌临床罕见,术前诊断较为困难,TRUS引导下穿刺活检可明确诊断,应根据患者个体情况选择不同的根治性切除术。术后定期随访,注意是否复发转移。     

Role of transrectal ultrasonography in the evaluation of azoospermic men with low-volume ejaculate.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence of distal ejaculatory system defects with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) among patients evaluated for azoospermia. METHODS: Forty-two patients with low-volume ejaculate and azoospermia were evaluated by physical examination, serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone level determination, karyotyping, selective screening for cystic fibrosis mutations, and TRUS. RESULTS: On physical examination, in 29 patients (69%), either 1 (12 patients) or both (17 patients) of the vasa deferentia could not be palpated. In the group of 17 patients with bilateral involvement of the vasa deferentia, the ultrasonographic imaging universally showed bilateral absence or hypoplasia of the seminal vesicles with bilateral agenesis of the vasa deferentia and nonvisualization of both ejaculatory ducts. In the patients with a unilateral abnormality on physical examination, the ultrasonographic imaging showed absence of the ipsilateral seminal vesicle in 7 patients and the hypoplastic seminal vesicle in 5. In the group of 13 patients with normal physical examination findings, a variety of obstructive causes were diagnosed by TRUS examination. CONCLUSIONS: According to this study, TRUS appears to be a sensitive method for evaluating the anatomy of the distal ejaculatory system. Its safety and low costs make it a good alternative to the other invasive and expensive methods.     

非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎4例临床病理观察

目的观察非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎的临床病理特点。方法通过光镜、免疫组化和特染方法，对4例非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎穿刺组织进行病理组织学观察。结果4例非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎均表现尿路梗阻症状，肛门指诊前列腺质硬、结节感；3例临床印象前列腺癌，1例血PSA高于正常。镜下炎症以前列腺导管及腺泡为中心呈小叶状分布，导管及腺泡有不同程度的炎症和破坏，部分区域导管及腺泡结构消失，可见淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和上皮样组织细胞弥漫性浸润，上皮样组织细胞LCA和CD68( )。结论组织形态、免疫组化、特染和病史相结合可以正确诊断该病。     

组织学前列腺炎对前列腺增生临床进展的影响因素分析

【目的】探讨组织学前列腺炎对良性前列腺增生（BPH）临床进展的影响。【方法】对手术治疗的143例BPH患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据术后病理学检查前列腺炎的发生情况,分为单纯BPH组（n=35）和伴前列腺炎的BPH组（n=108）,对比两组患者的发病年龄,前列腺体积,尿潴留发生率,国际前列腺症状评分（WSS）,最大尿流率（MFR）和血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）的数值。【结果】在所选前列腺标本中,75．6％（108／143）的标本同时合并组织学前列腺炎。伴组织学前列腺炎的BPH组患者与单纯BPH组相比其发病年龄、前列腺体积及血清PSA值明显升高（P〈0．05）,而且其急性尿潴留的发生率要大于单纯BPH组（P〈0．05）。[结论]BPH患者组织学前列腺炎的检出率较高,组织学前列腺炎明显影响BPH的临床进展,其可能为BPH的致病因素之一。