抗增液复溶鲎试剂检查参麦注射液的细菌内毒素

目的:建立抗增液复溶鲎试剂检测参麦注射液中细菌内毒素的方法.方法:对不同批号的参麦注射液分别进行抑制或增强试验,考察确立其内毒素检查法.结果:用抗增液复溶鲎试剂可以消除参麦注射液(40倍稀释)对细菌内毒素检查的干扰.结论:用抗增液复溶灵敏度0.25 EU/mL的鲎试剂对参麦注射液进行细菌内毒素检查是可行的.     

弃G因子鲎试剂检测参芪扶正注射液的细菌内毒素

通过参芪扶正注射液对弃G因子鲎试剂的抑制或增强试验,建立参芪扶正注射液细菌内毒素检查法.将参芪扶正注射液1∶2稀释后可以排除干扰因素.用灵敏度0.25EU·ml-1的弃G因子鲎试剂对参芪扶正注射液进行细菌内毒素检测是可行的.     

动态浊度法测定参芪扶正注射液中的细菌内毒素含量

目的建立动态浊度法测定参芪扶正注射液中细菌内毒素的含量。方法采用中国药典2010年版一部附录细菌内毒素检查法。结果将参芪扶正注射液进行1→16稀释后可消除对鲎试剂的干扰作用,回收率均接近100%。结论应用动态浊度法测定参芪扶正注射液中的细菌内毒素含量是可行的。     

鲎试剂方法检测岩黄连注射液中细菌内毒素

目的:建立快速的岩黄连注射液中细菌内毒素鲎试剂检查法.方法:用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的岩黄连注射液分别进行干扰试验,考察确立岩黄连注射液细菌内毒素检查法.结果:将岩黄连注射液稀释6倍以上可消除干扰作用,使用灵敏度为0.5 Eu·mL-1的鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素检查,结果全部呈阴性.结论:岩黄连注射液可以用鲎试剂检查法取代家兔热原检查法.     

细菌内毒素法检查碳酸氢钠注射液热原的研究

目的:研究用细菌内毒素法检查碳酸氢钠注射液的热原.方法:应用鲎试剂检查碳酸氢钠注射液中的热原,考察了碳酸氢钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查法的干扰行为.结果:碳酸氢钠注射液稀释2.5倍,对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用.结论:选用鲎试剂,细菌内毒素检查可代替碳酸氢钠注射液热原检查法.     

肾必氨注射液细菌内毒素鲎试剂检查法

目的:建立肾必氨注射液细菌内毒素鲎试剂检查法.方法:用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的肾必氨注射液分别进行干扰试验,考察肾必氨注射液细菌内毒素检查的影响因素.结果:肾必氨注射液稀释2倍后,不干扰鲎试剂与细菌内毒素的凝集反应.结论:肾必氨注射液可以用鲎试剂检查法取代家兔热原检查法.     

鲎试剂法检测肝脑清注射液中细菌内毒素

目的: 探讨肝脑清注射液中细菌内毒素鲎试剂检查法.方法: 用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的肝脑清注射液分别进行干扰试验,考察确立肝脑清注射液细菌内毒素检查法.结果: 肝脑清注射液不干扰鲎试剂与细菌内毒素的凝集反应.结论: 肝脑清注射液可以用鲎试剂检查法取代家兔热原检查法.     

奥拉西坦注射液细菌内毒素检查

目的:建立奥拉西坦注射液细菌内毒素的检查法.方法:用不同厂家、不同批号、不同灵敏度的鲎试剂对奥拉西坦注射液进行干扰实验.结果:用标示灵敏度为0.125 EU/ml的鲎试剂,奥拉西坦注射液稀释20倍后,对细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用.结论:可以用细菌内毒素检查法取代奥拉西坦注射液的热原检查.     

凝胶法鲎试验检测氟康唑葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素

目的:建立用鲎试剂检查氟康唑葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素的方法。方法:参照中国药典2000年版二部细菌内毒素检查法进行试验。结果:氟康唑葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂的细菌内毒素检查无干扰。结论:鲎试剂可用于氟康唑葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素检查。     

垂体后叶注射液细菌内毒素检查

目的研究用细菌内毒素检查法(BET法)检查垂体后叶注射液的细菌内毒素。方法根据中国药典2005年版二部附录检验方法,用鲎试剂对垂体后叶注射液进行干扰实验,确立垂体后叶注射液细菌内毒素检查法。结果垂体后叶注射液稀释浓度至0.2U.mL-1后对鲎试剂无干扰作用,用标示灵敏度0.25EU.mL-1的鲎试剂检查实验有效。结论细菌内毒素检查法可用于垂体后叶注射液的热原检查。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.