在知识经济条件下医药企业的发展必须在观念上不断创新

知识经济时代医药企业只有树立起适应企业变革的新观念、新意识、新思想,才能推进医药企业的革新和发展。下面就在知识经济条件下,医药企业的发展在观念上的更新问题作一分析,以就教于厂家。 1 医药企业要树立知识就是财富的新价值观 在知识经济条件下,医药企业必须树立知识等于财富的新价值观。知识是有价值的或者说知识是可以创造价值的。知识是创造财富的最有价值的重要资源,它与制药机器、制药设备和制药原料相比,知识创造的财富将是其它资源的几倍、几十倍甚至更多,制药技术和人的智力劳动的作用成为创造财富最为有效的因素,知识的价值更有效更直接地体现出来。医药企业如果看不到这一点,不重视知识,不重视人     

企业家的职责——将市场与技术相结合

以高科技产业为核心的知识经济的出现，正冲击着中国制药业传统的生产方式，企业家的重要职责将不再是如何完成生产任务，而是如何将市场与技术有机地结合起来，即如何挖掘当前的市场需求及潜在的市场需求，然后用技术将这种需求转化为高科技含量的新药。知识经济时代，我国制药企业要想生存并良好地发展，就必须转型为科技型、知识型结构，随时涉取先进知识和技术创新成果，消化并转化成自己强盛的能量，方能在强手如林的国际国内医药市场竞争中立于不败之地。一、企业要向技术创新型转变面对知识经济的挑战，我国的制药企业必须大力推进技…     

对我国医药行业市场结构的分析与研究

目的分析我国医药市场竞争性质。方法运用市场结构理论进行分析。结果我国医药市场就总体而言是不完全竞争市场 ,且竞争因素大于垄断因素。少数产品存在寡头垄断市场。结论随着我国加入WTO ,某些药品的寡头垄断因素将进一步降低。医药企业将面临更加激烈的竞争。为了应对这种挑战 ,医药企业必须通过技术创新、管理创新、制度创新 ,努力培育核心竞争力 ,才能在新经济条件下 ,即在知识经济、信息经济、网络经济、全球经济条件下立于不败之地。     

我国大中型医药制造企业的技术创新能力研究

该文通过对医药企业技术创新活动有关数据的研究，客观评估了我国大中型医药制造企业技术创新能力的水平、差距，为政府有关部门制定产业创新政策及医药制造企业可持续发展战略提供参考。     

我国新药研发环境分析及优化的对策

我国制药企业一直以生产仿制药品为主,新药研发投入少,自主创新能力较弱,这些已严重制约我国制药企业的可持续发展,不利于提高企业的市场竞争力。国外药企的专利药品抢占了我国大部分市场,也增加了医药市场的竞争程度,因此,我国必须加快本土的研发活动。依据技术创新理论,企业是创新活动的主要承担者,但企业在创新活动中,会受到市场、经济、体制和法律等因素的制约。单纯从企业自身角度考虑问题,     

中国医药企业知识产权战略

在发达国家,制药行业将专利等知识产权视为企业最稀缺的资源,依靠专利保护独占市场,以获取最大的经济效益。制药行业成为知识产权制度应用最成功的行业,因此,国外企业和研究机构纷纷把专利作为最核心的新药保护手段。在我国,由于自身的医药开发水平有限,新药研制工作以仿制为主,创制为辅,技术创新能力弱和知识产权保护意识不强已成为制约我国医药企业市场竞争力的主要因素。企业的知识产权战略是指企业通过对知识产权制度和功能的运用,在市场竞争中处于更为有利的位置,主要包括两个方面,一方面是通过持有权利来形成竞争优势,为企业创造更多…     

知识经济时代医药企业的经营战略

知识经济是以知识的生产、传播、运用为基础的经济。目前人类已进入21世纪，21世纪将是科技与经济迅猛发展的世纪，全球经济一体化、经济发展知识化将是本世纪世界经济发展的主要趋势，这意味着人类将进入知识经济时代。知识经济时代的到来，将使得医药企业生存发展的外部环境发生许多新的变化，既有机遇又有挑战，我国医药企业的经营战略也必须有新的突破，才能顺应时代发展，把握机遇，迎接挑战。　　一、知识经济时代医药企业经营环境的新变化　　1．经济全球化在知识经济时代，科技迅猛发展，电脑广泛使用，通讯网络技术飞速进步，为经…     

我国中小医药企业战略实现途径

我国的医药企业大部分属于中小型,如制药中小型企业约有5800多家,占我国制药企业总数的89.6%[1],因此,中小医药企业的健康发展,对我国医药经济的发展有着举足轻重的作用。但现阶段,我国中小医药企业仍存在很多问题:管理较落后、创新无力、品种单一等,所有这一切都根源于战略选择的不恰当。我国中小企业发展的战略体系包括很多内容,如产品战略、研究与开发战略、市场战略、投资融资战略、企业文化战略等。本文仅就产品、市场、融资和创新战略进行阐述。产品战略实现途径“小而专、小而精”战略这是适宜于具有一定产品创新和市拓展能力的中小…     

中国医药行业经济发展与医药企业创新管理

随着医药行业经济的不断发展,现代化制药企业也在不断地进步,制药企业的竞争在不断地加剧,我国制药企业面临着机遇和挑战。本文介绍了医药行业经济发展的现状与趋势、存在的问题等,并且分析了在这个大环境下,医药企业要想有更好的发展,就必须有好的管理并且要创新管理。创新管理中审计管理制度、研发管理、生产管理、物资管理相辅相成缺一不可。     

基于熵权法的我国医药制造业技术创新模式选择研究

目的:评价我国30个省(区、市)医药制造业的技术创新能力,探索适合各类型省(区、市)制药企业的技术创新模式。方法:运用熵权法构建医药制造业技术创新能力综合评价模型,测算出我国30个省(区、市)的综合评分及排名,将其分为技术创新能力较强的Ⅰ型、技术创新能力居中的Ⅱ型和技术创新能力偏低的Ⅲ型等3种类型,并提出各类型制药企业在技术创新模式选择方面的建议。结果与结论:通过构建包括创新资源投入能力、创新产出能力、创新潜力和创新环境等在内的技术创新能力评价指标体系,可计算出我国不同省(区、市)医药制造业的技术创新能力存在显著差异。对于山东、江苏等8个技术创新能力较强的Ⅰ型省(区、市)的制药企业,宜采取自主创新为主、合作创新为辅的技术创新模式;对于河北、四川等9个技术创新能力居中的Ⅱ型省(区、市)的制药企业,应主打"产、学、研"为一体的合作创新模式;对于海南、宁夏等13个技术创新能力偏低的Ⅲ型省(区、市)的制药企业,应选择模仿创新为主、合作创新为辅的技术创新模式。     

上海市社区卫生服务中心医务人员伦理学知识调查及建议

目的:调查上海社区卫生服务中心医务人员的伦理学知识认知情况.方法:采取分层抽样方式,于2016年6—8月对上海市245家社区卫生服务中心的7552名医务人员进行问卷调查.结果:医务人员对伦理学知识非常了解、基本了解、了解很少和完全不了解的人数分别为536人(7.1%)、5411人(71.7%)、1536人(20.3%)和69人(0.9%).不同岗位、职称、学历的医务人员之间存在着明显的伦理学知识认知差距.结论:上海社区卫生服务中心医务人员的伦理学知识了解程度仍有待提高,需加强伦理学知识的学习和应用.     

Nifedipine in the treatment of hypertension in the elderly

The effect of nifedipine monotherapy, retard tablets, 20 mg bid, was evaluated in 23 hypertensive patients, mean age, 79 +/- 2 years. Twenty-one patients completed an eight-week study. Blood pressure (BP) decreased to 160/90 mm Hg in 15 patients; in four additional patients diastolic BP dropped by 15% to 28%. In a subset of five patients with isolated systolic hypertension, a significant reduction in systolic BP was noted. Side effects were relatively mild and only two patients discontinued the study. The results suggest that nifedipine monotherapy offers an alternative, logic, therapeutic approach to hypertension in the elderly.     

Studies on the receptors involved in the action of the various agents in the phenylbenzoquinone analgesic assay in mice

1. Tolerance to the activity of several narcotic analgesics (morphine, levorphanol, and methadone) and several narcotic-antagonist analgesics (pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine) was studied in the mouse phenylbenzoquinone stretching test. Virtually complete tolerance was induced by chronic treatment with each of the narcotic agents, while no apparent tolerance was induced by the narcotic antagonists.2. In morphine-tolerant mice there was a high degree of cross-tolerance to the effects of not only the other narcotic drugs but also to those of the narcotic antagonists, acetylsalicylic acid, and physostigmine.3. The effects of morphine and pentazocine were antagonized by naloxone but not by atropine, while the effects of physostigmine were antagonized by atropine but not by naloxone. Neither atropine nor naloxone antagonized the effect of acetylsalicylic acid.4. The results of the tolerance study suggest that there is a fundamental difference in the consequences of receptor interaction for the narcotic and the narcotic-antagonist analgesics. Morphine-tolerant mice exhibit cross-tolerance non-specifically. The selectivity of naloxone and atropine differentiates the narcotic and narcotic-analgesics from the other two agents used in this analgesic test.     

Interactions among the cannabinoids in the antagonism of the abdominal constriction response in the mouse

The ability of ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), 11-OH THC and 8,11-diOH THC to antagonise the abdominal constriction response in the mouse induced by formic acid, phenylquinone, 5-hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) and bradykinin was tested. THC was an effective antagonist against all nociceptive agents with an ED₅₀ in all cases between 1.0 and 2.6 mg/kg. CBN, while also effective against all nociceptive agents, was less potent than THC, with an ED₅₀ range between 46.2 and 112.5 mg/kg. CBD in doses as high as 200 mg/kg was without effect. Using PGE₁ as the nociceptive agent, 11-OH THC was equipotent to THC while 8,11-diOH THC was inactive. Naloxone, while able to antagonise the antinociceptive effect of morphine against formic acid-induced writhing, did not reverse the antinociceptive effects of THC. There were no pharmacological interactions between THC, CBD and CBN.     

Neurotensin causes a greater increase in the metabolism of dopamine in the accumbens than in the striatum in vivo

Differential pulse voltammetry with carbon fibre electrodes was used to study the effect of central administration of neurotensin on the extracellular level of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum in anaesthetised rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of neurotensin (10 micrograms) increased the peak height for DOPAC 20 min after administration in the nucleus accumbens but only after 40 min in the striatum. The maximum increase was similar in both regions, with 30% and 27% above the pre-injection basal level, respectively. Neurotensin (1 micrograms) however increased the extracellular level of DOPAC in the nucleus accumbens alone. Neurotensin (0.1, 1.0 and 3.0 micrograms/0.5 microliter), injected into the ventral tegmental area, induced a potent and long-lasting elevation of the peak height for DOPAC in the nucleus accumbens, while the same doses in the substantia nigra produced effects on the metabolism of dopamine in the striatum of smaller amplitude and shorter duration. The maximum effect of each dose was about 2.5 times greater in the mesolimbic, compared to the nigrostriatal system. Amphetamine (2 mg/kg, s.c.) decreased the extracellular level of DOPAC with a similar magnitude, both in the nucleus accumbens (52%) and the striatum (47%). Intracerebroventricular administration of neurotensin (1 micrograms), 5 min after amphetamine, did not alter the effect of amphetamine on the extracellular level of DOPAC either in the nucleus accumbens or the striatum. However, neurotensin (10 micrograms) partially reversed the effect of amphetamine in the nucleus accumbens and had a similar but smaller and delayed effect in the striatum. The results from the present study, together with previous neurobehavioural studies, suggest that neurotensin has a relatively selective action on the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in the rat.     

Role of the liver in the disposition of intravenous nitroglycerin in the rat

Previous studies have indicated that the liver is the main site of nitroglycerin (NTG) elimination when the drug is systematically infused. To examine this hypothesis, we measured the apparent systemic clearance (Cls) of nitroglycerin in anesthesized rats receiving a constant intravenous infusion at a dose of 100 micrograms per kg per min. Animals were divided into shunt and sham groups; the former had undergone a portal vein ligation 10 days prior to the study, while the latter was subjected to a sham operation. On the study day, half of the animals of each group also received probenecid at 200 mg/kg, i.v., a drug previously reported to inhibit organic nitrate ester reductase (ONER) activity in rat liver. Arterial NTG samples were obtained at 41, 43 and 45 min of infusion in all four experimental groups; Cls was 439 +/- 32 ml per kg per min (mean +/- S.E.) in sham, 460 +/- 44 in sham and probenecid, 477 +/- 39 in shunt, and 461 +/- 34 in shunt and probenecid animals. During NTG infusion, hepatic blood flow (measured with a constant infusion of indocyanine green) was decreased markedly in shunted rats as was liver/body weight, indicating hepatic atrophy. The specific activity of hepatic ONER was similar in all four groups. In spite of marked differences in hepatic blood flow and hepatic mass, the Cls was similar in all four groups. The liver does not appear to be a major site for the elimination of systemic nitroglycerin as hitherto assumed.     

抗生素在预防普外科手术切口感染中的价值分析及其预防

目的:分析抗生素在预防普外手术切口感染中的临床价值.方法:选择我院收治的100例普外科手术患者作为观察对象(2015年2～11月),采用随机分组的方式将100例普外科手术患者分成对照组与实验组,分别在术后使用抗生素及术前1h使用抗生素,观察两组手术切口感染率及患者的疼痛评分.结果:对照组切口感染率(16.00％)明显高于实验组(4.00％),两组之间对比疼痛评分存在显著差异(P＜0.05),有统计学意义.结论:针对普外科手术患者根据患者的切口类型科学、合理选择抗生素及选择适当的使用时间能有效减少术后手术切口感染,有效改善患者预后.     

女性医务人员健康状况的研究

目的探讨女性医务人员健康状况的特点。方法对2877例医院工作人员健康查体资料进行统计学分析。结果①女性医务人员中,41.0%的人员患有不同类型的疾病,略高于男性患病率（36.8%）,二者差异有统计学意义（P=0.029）;②女性医务人员高脂血症为31.9%（212/665）,低于男性（65.9%,274/416）;③脂肪肝患病率女性（32.6%,181/556）,亦低于男性（45.9%,151/329）;④女性相关疾病中,乳腺疾病和子宫肌瘤的患病率分别为4.8%和3.4%;而宫颈糜烂为20.2%;⑤女性医务人员高血糖为11.0%（77/702）,高血压为4.6%（56/1229）。结论女性医务人员中妇科与乳腺疾病是健康体检的重点,代谢性疾病也应加以关注。