高强度超声联合阿霉素治疗兔门静脉癌栓

目的探讨高强度超声(HI U)联合抗癌药物治疗兔门静脉癌栓的有效性和安全性。方法45只实验兔分为4组,VX2肿瘤种植于门静脉腔内5d,15只接受HI U治疗(HI U组);10只接受阿霉素治疗(ADM组);10只接受HI U ADM联合治疗(HI U ADM组);10只接受假照治疗(对照组)。从HI U组中随机取5只兔于治疗后7d测量门静脉压,处死后对其进行病理学及电镜检查,并观察记录各组兔生存时间。结果治疗后门静脉压无明显降低(P>0.05)。靶区组织发生凝固性坏死,靶区内门静脉无破裂及出血,HI U组、HI U ADM组较ADM组、对照组生存时间明显延长(P<0.05);ADM组、对照组两组间生存时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论HI U联合抗癌药物能够较为安全有效地治疗兔门静脉癌栓。     

参麦注射液对兔多脏器损伤的保护作用

目的 研究麦注射液对兔多脏器损伤动物模型的保护作用。方法 大耳家兔20只，随机分为对照组和治疗组，每组10只。对照组给每只家兔一次性耳缘静脉注射阿霉素10mg，以后隔日皮下注射间羟胺10mg，4周后即制成多脏器损伤动物模型。治疗组在对照组的基础上，每次注射阿霉素和间羟胺前，经耳缘静脉注射参麦注射液，每次10ml／kg。4周后剖杀取心、肝、肺、肾行病理组织学观察。结果 对照组兔心、肝、肺、肾细胞肿胀坏死，正常结构消失，间质炎性改变及局灶性水肿和硬化，有炎性细胞浸润和血栓形成。治疗组兔心、肝、肺、肾细胞肿胀、坏死明显减轻，间质炎性细胞明显减少，局灶性硬化明显减轻。结论参麦注射液对兔多脏器损伤有明显的保护作用。     

Inducible osteonecrosis in a rabbit serum sickness model: Deposition of immune complexes in bone marrow

We established inducible osteonecrosis in a rabbit serum sickness model. Osteonecrosis with marrow necrosis could be induced by the intravenous injection of horse serum in two doses separated in time by a period of three weeks. In this model, osteonecrosis could be successfully produced in rabbit femoral metaphysis. The incidence of marrow necrosis was 45% (9 of 20 rabbits) and trabecular necrosis occurred in 6 of 20 rabbits (30%) at 7 days after the second injection of the horse serum. In bone marrow of the femoral metaphysis, extravasation of erythrocytes and the formation of microthrombi in arterioles were often observed in an early stage of the present model and both findings correlate well each other (p = 0.0001). Immune complexes could be demonstrated using immunohistochemistry in bone marrow of the femoral metaphysis as well as in glomeruli of the kidney. Extravasation of erythrocytes in bone marrow of the femoral metaphysis was observed in 8 of 12 (67%) cases with immune complex deposition in the sinusoidal space of the femoral metaphysis and in 12 of 21(57%) cases with immune complex deposition in glomeruli of the kidney. Immune complex deposition both in the sinusoidal space of femoral bone marrow (p = 0.0385) and in glomeruli of the kidney (p = 0.0209) closely related to extravasation of erythrocytes and microthrombi in arterioles in the early stage of this model. Early microcirculatory injury (extravasation of erythrocytes and microthrombi in arterioles) adjacent to osteonecrosis could be induced by immune complex deposition in femoral bone marrow and might be predictable characteristics for the inducible osteonecrosis in the present serum sickness model. The important findings in this study were that early microcirculatory injury was closely related to the deposition of immune complexes in femoral bone marrow, and that early microcirculatory injury associated with immune complex deposition was located close to osteonecrotic regions.     

Prevention of contraction of patched intestinal defects

Neomucosal growth on a serosal patch might increase intestinal surface area in the short-bowel syndrome but is limited by contraction of the patched defect. Our aim was to reduce contraction by mechanical or pharmacologic means. Ileal defects (2 x 5 cm) were patched with colon serosa in 14 rabbits. Group 1 (n = 5) had a plastic splint sutured to the defect edge. Group 2 (n = 4) received hydrocortisone acetate and vitamin A. Group 3 (n = 5) was the control group. Four weeks after patching there was significantly less contraction in groups 1 and 2 compared with group 3 (72.3% +/- 5.6% and 50.0% +/- 5.8% vs 31.9% +/- 1.8% initial defect size). Epithelial coverage of the defect was greater in groups 1 and 3 than in group 2. Disaccharidase activity of neomucosa and surrounding mucosa was significantly decreased in the steroid-treated rabbits. Contraction of a serosal patch can be reduced by mechanical and pharmacologic measures that may enhance the clinical applicability of this technique.     

Deleterious effect of urokinase used to treat experimental intra-arterial thiopental injection injuries.

Inadvertent arterial drug injections continue to be an important source of morbidity. Although the clinical picture of thiopental injection has been well defined over the past 50 years, there is still much controversy concerning pathophysiology and treatment regimen. Recently, a case report showed the efficacy of urokinase in treating this problem. The current study used the reliable ear model to study more closely this phenomenon. Rabbits were divided into four groups. Ears in Group 1 rabbits (n = 10) received an intra-arterial thiopental (15 mg/kg) injection. Group 2 rabbits (n = 10) received thiopental followed by a 1-ml saline injection 15 minutes later. Group 3 rabbits (n = 10) received thiopental followed by 50,000 U of urokinase. Finally, Group 4 rabbits (n = 4) received an intra-arterial injection of saline alone. Necrosis was evaluated 2 weeks later and expressed as a percentage. Student's t tests were used to evaluate data significance. Results: Group 1 (thiopental alone) and Group 2 (thiopental and saline) rabbits had significantly more necrosis than Group 4 (saline alone) rabbits, 21.2% and 17.5% versus 0% (p less than 0.001 for both). Group 3 (thiopental and urokinase) rabbits had significantly more necrosis (46.5%) than Groups 1 and 2 rabbits (p less than 0.001 for both). Conclusion: From this study, we found that treatment of intra-arterial thiopental injection injuries with urokinase was of no benefit, but more importantly, it increased tissue necrosis by approximately 100%. Clinical use of this treatment is to be discouraged until underlying mechanisms are better defined.     

联合应用异博定和还原型谷胱甘肽对兔供肺的保护作用

目的 观察联合应用异博定和还原型谷胱甘肽对兔肺脏保存的影响.方法 健康日本大耳白兔24对,随机分为4组,每组6对.D组用改良型低钾右旋糖酐液(对照组,改良LPD液)行肺灌洗保存,Y组用改良LPD液+异博定(2 mg/kg体重),H组用改良LPD液+还原型谷胱甘肽(3 mmol/L),L组用改良LPD液+异博定(2 mg/kg体重)+还原型谷胱甘肽(3 mmol/L).实验结束时取肺组织测定湿/干比,细胞内钙离子浓度,丙二醛(blDA)含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,并行细胞凋亡测定.结果 L组的肺组织湿/干比、细胞内钙离子浓度、丙二醛(NDA)含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均优于D组(P值均＜0.01),细胞凋亡L组平均灰度值和阳性单位明显好于D组(P＜0.01、P＜0.05).结论 联合应用异博定和还原型谷胱甘肽对于肺缺血再灌注损伤的作用均优于两药单独应用.     

Attenuation of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury with selectin inhibition in a rabbit model

BACKGROUND: The selectin glycoproteins are involved in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. We investigated the ability of glycyrrhizin, a known selectin inhibitor, to attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits underwent midline laparotomy with renal artery cross-clamping. After 30 minutes of reperfusion, group 1 (control, n = 10) animals received a saline infusion, while group 2 (GLY, n = 8) animals received a glycyrrhizin infusion. Renal function was compared between the two groups after 72 hours of reperfusion. A t test was utilized, with alpha set at P<0.05. RESULTS: Group 1 and group 2 animals had similar baseline renal function. However, after 72 hours of reperfusion, group 1 animals had a significantly higher mean blood urea nitrogen creatinine ratio than group 2 animals (P<0.01), indicating preserved renal function in rabbits treated with glycyrrhizin. CONCLUSIONS: Selectin blockade using glycyrrhizin attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury when given 30 minutes after the onset of reperfusion in a rabbit model.     

他汀类药物在同种异体全厚皮片移植中的作用

目的：研究他汀类药物在同种异体全厚皮片移植中作用。方法：荷兰黑兔作为供体,日本白兔作为受体。实验分为三组（n=8）：1组,空白对照组;2组,小剂量他汀类药物（术后给于2mg／kg／天）;3组,大剂量他汀类药物（术后给于4mg／kg／d）。通过临床评估和病理组织活检来计算皮片的存活时间以及他汀类药物抑制炎性细胞浸润的作用,通过免疫组织化学检测和外周血IL-2水平测定来观察他汀类药物在对抗急性炎症反应的作用。结果：全厚皮片的存活时间：1组,（7．0±1．07）天;2组,（8．13±1．13）天;3组,（13．25±0．71）天。3组的存活时间长于1组和2组,但1组和2组之间比较没有统计学差异．大剂量阿托伐他汀延长了皮片的存活时间,阻止了淋巴细胞的浸润,而且在对抗急性排斥反应中有很大的作用。结论：阿托伐他汀延长了同种异体全厚皮片移植的存活时间,抑制了炎性细胞的浸润,有效的对抗急性排斥反应。     

人参对家兔系膜增生性肾小球肾炎模型循环免疫复合物的影响

目的：观察人参对家兔系膜增生性肾小球肾炎模型循环免疫复合物（CIC）的影响。方法：制成家兔系膜增生性肾小球肾炎模型,将该模型分成对照组、全剂量泼尼松组、半剂量泼尼松组、人参合用半剂量泼尼松组及单用人参组,分组给药,观察用药前后家兔血清循环免疫复合物水平的变化。结果：模型兔肾功能基本正常,但24 h尿蛋白较正常组显著升高,肾脏组织学提示系膜增生明显（以基质增生为主）,足突融合明显;人参可使模型家兔血清循环免疫复合物下降至基本正常水平,而血清免疫球蛋白水平仍保持正常;虽然全剂量和半剂量泼尼松组较模型后组、对照组血清CIC的水平下降,但血清IgG水平亦同时下降,降低其免疫功能。结论：人参在使家兔系膜增生性肾小球肾炎模型血清循环免疫复合物下降的同时,不降低其正常的免疫功能。     

Nephrotoxicity of radiocontrast media in ischemic renal failure in rabbits

Ischemic renal failure was produced in rabbits by occluding the renal arteries for 90 min. Group 1 (n = 8) received radiocontrast media at the time of occlusion, group 2 (n = 8) 24 h after occlusion, and group 3 (n = 8) 3 days after occlusion. Group 4 (n = 12) was subjected to ischemic injury alone, group 5 (n = 4) served as sham-operated controls and group 6 (n = 4) did not undergo surgery but received radiocontrast media. Serum creatinine concentration in group 1 increased to a greater degree (p less than 0.001) than all other groups and did not return to normal during the 8-day observation period. Creatinine concentration in groups 2, 3, 4, and 6 were comparable and significantly increased compared to sham-operated group (p less than 0.05). Urinary excretion of alanine aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in group 1 was significantly greater than all other groups (p less than 0.05). Microscopic analysis indicated tubular necrosis was more prominent in group 1. Radiocontrast media is nephrotoxic and in the setting of ischemic injury may prevent recovery of renal function. Toxicity was dependent on the time of administration since functional impairment was not increased if dye was given 1 or 3 days after ischemic injury.     

Effect of dilazep hydrochlorideon the Im munohistopathology of IgA nephropathy in ddY mice

We determined the clinical and immunopathological effects of dilazep hydrochloride (dilazep) on IgA nephropathy of ddY mice. Group I (early-treatment group, n = 10) was orally treated with 300 mg/kg body weight of this drug from 12 weeks of age until 60 weeks of age, and group II (late-treatment group, n = 10) was also treated with the same dosage of this drug from 20 weeks of age until 60 weeks of age. Group III (control group, n = 10) received drinking water. On immunofluorescence, distribution and intensity of IgA and C3 depositions in glomeruli of group I and group II animals were significantly decreased as compared with those in group III. The expression of fibronectin, laminin, or type IV collagen in glomeruli was basically similar in the three groups treated with or without dilazep. On light microscopy, the expansion of glomerular mesangial areas and the average number of intraglomerular cells were markedly decreased as compared with those in group III. The levels of urinary protein excretion in groups I and II were significantly lower than those in group III (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). These findings suggest that treatment with dilazep might improve the clinical and immunopathological findings in IgA nephropathy of ddY mice.     

Surgical technique of experimental lung transplantation in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Although rabbits have often been used as an experimental model for the analysis of lung preservation, there are no reports of long-term survival after rabbit lung allotransplantation. The purpose of this study was to establish a lung allotransplantation model for the evaluation of acute lung rejection in the rabbit and to investigate the transplantation techniques in the rabbit. METHODS: Left unilateral lung allotransplantations were performed in 10 pairs of Japanese white male rabbits, weighing from 2.8 to 3.7 kg. Rabbits were divided into two groups. Group A rabbits (n=5) received Cyclosporine A (CsA) (20 mg/kg/day) orally for 5 days postoperatively, while Group B rabbits (n=5) received no CsA. All rabbits were sacrificed at the fifth postoperative day for histological examinations. RESULTS: Anastomoses of the pulmonary vein were achieved by using the atrial cuff technique. Satisfied blood flow was obtained in all arterial and venous anastomosis sites. Bronchial anastomosis was also well healed and all rabbits could maintain adequate spontaneous ventilation. In Group A, histopathology revealed that three cases were grade A0, one was grade A1 and the other was A2. In Group B, three cases lived for five days, and histopathology showed two cases were grade A2 and one case was grade A3. CONCLUSION: We established a left unilateral lung allotransplantation model in the rabbit and observed suppression of acute rejection of the transplanted lung by CsA. This study suggests that the rabbit is also an experimental model suited for the analysis of lung preservation as well as lung allotransplant rejection.     

A temporary distal arteriovenous fistula improves venous hemodynamics in a model of venous occlusion

The formation of a temporary distal arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) has been used clinically to palliate patients with symptomatic venous hypertension. This study tested the efficacy of a temporary dAVF for the treatment of venous hypertension in an experimental model. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two experimental groups. Group I rabbits (n = 12) underwent standardized ligation of the iliac and femoral venous systems. Group II rabbits (n = 12) underwent standardized ligation of the iliac and femoral venous systems with the formation of a temporary dAVF. Venous obstruction was documented with venography, and venous hypertension was documented with femoral venous pressure measurements. Venous pressure, resistance, blood flow, vein circumference, vein cross-sectional area, vein wall thickness, and venography were compared between four rabbits from each group at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The effect of differences in baseline venous pressures was eliminated by subtracting the venous pressure in the unobstructed rabbit limb from the pressure in the obstructed rabbit leg. Group II rabbits had a lower standardized venous pressure (4.4 +/- 2.2 versus 9.5 +/- 4.2 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and venous outflow resistance (0.16 +/- 0.08 versus 0.36 +/- 0.18, p less than 0.05) than did group I rabbits. Group II rabbits also had a larger superficial femoral vein circumference (3.46 +/- 0.67 versus 2.57 +/- 0.08 mm, p less than 0.05) and cross-sectional area (0.66 +/- 0.31 versus 0.31 +/- 0.09 mm2, p less than 0.01) than did group I rabbits. The improvement persisted throughout the 6-week study, which suggested an improved venous outflow.     

Radiofrequency ablation for eradication of pulmonary tumor in rabbits

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has emerged as an alternative for surgery in clinical oncology. This animal experiment was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of RFA in the treatment of pulmonary tumor. METHODS: Eighteen rabbits with pulmonary implantation of VX2 tumors were divided into two groups. Group A (n = 12) was treated with RFA by using a cooled-tip electrode technique. Group B (n = 6) received sham operation. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by survival rate, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), postmortem microangiography, and histology. RESULTS: All animals in group B died within 3 months after tumor implantation. Tumor eradication was achieved in 9 of 12 rabbits (75.0%) in group A, of which 4 rabbits survived longer than 3 months free of disease and another 5 rabbits were found free of viable tumor when sacrificed. One rabbit was subjected to incomplete tumor ablation and two rabbits suffered from local tumor relapse and/or lung metastasis. The 3-month survival rate of RFA-treated rabbits was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that of control rabbits. The typical MRI appearances of the acute RFA lesion consisted of five characteristic concentric zones, which corresponded to central needle track (zone A), tumor coagulation (zone B), pulmonary parenchyma coagulation (zone C), peripheral hemorrhage (zone D), and inflammatory layer (zone E) on histology. CONCLUSIONS: Eradication of pulmonary tumor could be achieved with current RFA technique in rabbits. MRI is a useful modality for assessment of lung tumor ablation.     

高压氧对兔耳增生性瘢痕形成的影响

目的：探讨高压氧（Hyperbaric oxygenation,HBO）对兔耳增生性瘢痕形成及对血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、转化生长因子β1（TGFβ1）表达的影响。方法：选取20只新西兰大白兔建立兔耳瘢痕模型,每耳6个创面,随机分成实验组和对照组2组,每组10只,共120个创面,实验组术后立即给予HBO处理,对照组处于常压环境中。术后第29天切取瘢痕组织,测量瘢痕增生指数（hypertrophic index,HI）,并用HE染色观察瘢痕形态学变化,免疫组织化学方法检测TGFβ1及VEGF的表达。结果：实验组HI值明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）;HE染色结果示实验组成纤维细胞数目较对照组明显减少（P〈0．01）;免疫组织化学检测结果示实验组VEGF、TGFβ1的表达量较对照组显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论：HBO可降低VEGF、TGFβ1的表达,对兔耳增生性瘢痕有明显抑制作用。     

增强卡介苗与膀胱壁结合力的实验研究

目的为提高卡介苗的抗肿瘤作用提供实验依据. 方法家兔30只,膀胱内分别行切割伤、电灼伤、冷冻伤后随机分成5组,每组6只.A组膀胱内单纯灌注磷酸盐缓冲液;B组膀胱内灌注磷酸盐缓冲液+同位素标记后的卡介苗(3H-卡介苗);C组灌注氨基已酸+3H-卡介苗;D组灌注氨甲苯酸+ 3H-卡介苗;E组灌注肝素+3H-卡介苗.随后切取各损伤处及未损伤处膀胱壁,消化后以液体闪烁计数器测定3H-卡介苗的结合量 (单位次/min). 结果卡介苗在膀胱壁损伤处的结合量远高于未损伤处; C组、D组卡介苗的结合量(27809±6580、 28772±6058)明显高于B组 (12462±2412); 与B组比较(χ2分别为5.12、5.09,均P＜0.01),差异均有非常显著意义.而E组卡介苗结合量则明显低于B组,也远低于C组与D组,统计学检验差异亦有非常显著意义. 结论对家兔膀胱内灌注纤维蛋白溶解抑制剂可增强卡介苗与其膀胱壁的结合力,而纤溶促进剂肝素则作用相反,提示前者可提高卡介苗的抗肿瘤作用.     

Improvement of immune-complex nephritis associated with hepatitis B surface antigen excess

A case of hypocomplementemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was studied during remission of nephrosis induced by high doses of corticosteroids. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and immune complexes were detected in serum and glomeruli. Anti-hepatitis-B surface antibody, undetectable in serum by conventional radioimmunoassays was identified in circulating immune complexes (CIC). On two occasions, improvement in renal function coincided paradoxically with an extreme increase in serum HBsAg levels as well as with marked elevation of CIC. We suggest that, as previously observed in animal models of glomerulonephritis, extreme antigen excess may inhibit glomerular deposition of immune complexes.     

Frequent vaccination and immune complex deposition in unilateral nephrectomized mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increased number and frequency of vaccination on immune complex deposition in the choroid plexus and glomeruli of non-nephrectomized and unilateral nephrectomized mice. Fifty-five non-nephrectomized, 40 nephrectomized, and 7 control Swiss albino mice were used. Half of each group was vaccinated only with diphtheria-tetanus and the other half with multiple vaccines, which are used in pediatric practice. Each group was divided into subgroups, which were vaccinated with increasing frequency. No immune deposits were detected in the choroid plexus of any vaccinated mice. There were immune deposits in glomeruli in 2 of 55 (3.6%) of the non-nephrectomized and in 3 of 40 (7.5%) of the nephrectomized mice (P=0.199). The difference between the diphtheria-tetanus and multiple vaccine groups in non-nephrectomized (P=0.236) and nephrectomized (P=1.000) mice was not significant. A significant positive correlation between increased frequency of vaccination and glomerular immune complex deposition 8 weeks after the last immunization was detected in the multiple vaccine group of nephrectomized mice (P=0.048, r=0.447). Our results suggest that the large number and frequent doses of vaccines would not lead to immune complex deposition in choroid plexus and do not significantly increase the deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli in unilateral nephrectomized mice compared with non-nephrectomized mice.     

Cariporide对未成熟兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨甲磺酸苯甲酰胍类化合物Cariporide对未成熟兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。　方法　以离体灌注幼兔心脏为模型 ,将 2 4只幼兔心脏随机均分为对照组 (应用St.ThomasⅡ液 )和实验组 (应用Cariporide St .ThomasⅡ液 ) ,常温缺血 60min ,期间每 2 0min灌注 1次保护液 ,恢复灌注后 ,测定心率、心律、平均动脉压、冠脉流量、左心室收缩压、左心室舒张末压、左心室压力微分 (±dp/dt)和心肌酶。将另 6只幼兔的心肌单细胞悬液随机均分为基础 (未予缺氧处理 )、钙对照和钙实验组 (经缺氧、再复氧处理 ,钙实验组于缺氧时加入Cariporide 1μmol/L) ,用激光共聚焦显微镜测定心肌细胞内游离钙 ([Ca2 ]i)浓度 ,以钙荧光强度比值表示。　结果　与对照组相比 ,实验组缺血、再灌注后室颤发生率低 ,心肌酶漏出量少 ,平均动脉压、左心室收缩压、冠脉流量及±dp/dt均明显增加 ,左心室舒张压低。未成熟兔心肌细胞内 [Ca2 ]i浓度 ,钙实验组比钙对照组明显减少 (P <0 0 1) ,钙实验组与基础组差异无显著意义 (14 4 6± 12 8与 13 75± 10 2 ,P >0 0 5)。结论　Cariporide对未成熟心肌缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用 ,其机制是抑制心肌细胞内 [Ca2 ]i超载引起的缺血再灌注损伤     

Adverse effect of exercise on immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis

To assess the effect of strenuous daily exercise on immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (GN), rabbits were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: Group I (n = 12): treadmill exercise for 28 days plus twice weekly intravenous injections of saline. Group II (n = 10): treadmill exercise for 28 days plus twice weekly intravenous bovine serum albumin (BSA) injection. Group III (n = 9): intravenous doses of BSA, as in group II, but no exercise. Blood and urine samples were collected from each animal periodically during the 28-day experimental period. On the 29th day of the study all animals were sacrificed and tissue taken for renal histopathologic studies. We found that in group II (exercise + GN) abnormal albuminuria was more frequent (p less than 0.001), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels rose significantly with time (p less than 0.02) and hematuria (blood in renal tubules) was more common (p less than 0.05), compared to group III (GN only). The differences between groups II and III could not be explained by the effect of exercise alone since group I (exercise only) developed no abnormal albuminuria, BUN levels or hematuria during the course of the study. These findings suggest that strenuous exercise superimposed on active immune complex-mediated GN results in worsening of the abnormal glomerular function.