膀胱移行细胞癌术后的异时性上尿路肿瘤

目的：探讨膀胱癌术后上尿路上皮肿瘤的发生率和临床特征,提高异时性上尿路肿瘤的诊治水平。方法：对422例浅表性膀胱癌(低危178例,中危136例,高危108例)和215例浸润性膀胱痛患者术后上尿路上皮性肿瘤的发生情况及临床特点进行分析。结果：637例膀胱癌患者发生异时性上尿路肿瘤16例,其中浅表组10例,浸润组6例。浅表组和浸润组、浅表高危组和中危组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05),浅表中危、高危组与低危组差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。16例上尿路肿瘤患者均行肾输尿管全长切除术,术后3例死于肿瘤转移和复发。结论：膀胱肿瘤的病理分级、肿瘤数目、原位癌等是发生异时性上尿路肿瘤的危险因子,浸润性膀胱癌术后发生上尿路肿瘤的预后较浅表性者差。     

肾盂移行细胞癌的经皮手术及局部放疗

关于上尿路的移行细胞癌(TCC)采用哪种治疗方法最好仍有争议。近年来已认识到低期低级的上尿路TCC可用保守性手术安全地治疗。对膀胱单发非浸润TCC,泌尿科医师不会推荐膀胱切除术。肾脏(作为比膀胱更为有用的器官)由于同样的原因,更不应因单个非浸润性肿瘤而切除。然而,直到最近,对所有肾TCC仍是广泛采用肾—输尿管切除术治疗。作者对6例有膀胱癌史,X线发现肾盂肾盏充盈缺损的患者进行经皮检查或治疗。2例证实无肿瘤;4例有多灶性或复发性TCC,均经皮电灼或切除。术后在手术通路内插入放射性铱丝(~(192)Ir),给予预防性     

原发性上尿路移行细胞癌术后膀胱癌

原发性上尿路移行细胞癌术后膀胱癌宋波，刘志平，金锡御，熊恩庆，杜瑞涛报告１７例继发于上尿路移行细胞癌术后膀胱癌（ＴｃｃＢ），分析其发生与手术方法及病理的关系和对预后的影响。临床资料原发性上尿路移行细胞癌手术３个月以后出现ＴｃｃＢ患者１７例。男１３例，...     

膀胱癌术后再发上尿路肿瘤临床分析（附11例报告）

膀胱癌是泌尿系肿瘤中最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，上尿路肿瘤术后膀胱癌再发率为15％-40％，但膀胱癌术后再发上尿路癌的发生率文献报道不一。我院自1996—2006年共收治膀胱癌316例，术后再发上尿路癌11例，行根治性患侧上尿路全切术10例，输尿管部分切除＋膀胱部分切除＋输尿管膀胱吻合术1例，现报告如下。     

尿细胞角蛋白检测在诊断尿路移行细胞癌中的价值

目的　评价尿细胞角蛋白检测在诊断尿路移行细胞癌 (TCC)中的价值。　方法　采用ELISA法检测 5 2例尿路TCC及 86例泌尿系非TCC患者尿液中细胞角蛋白 8和 18的含量 (UBC值 )。　结果　TCC患者尿UBC均值为 34.8μg/L ,与泌尿系非TCC患者 9.4 μg/L比较 ,差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。以 8.4 μg/L为最适临界值 ,尿细胞角蛋白诊断TCC的敏感性为 73.1% ,特异性为 73.3% ,阳性预测值为 6 2 .3% ,对复发性膀胱TCC的敏感性达 10 0 %。　结论　尿细胞角蛋白检测是诊断尿路TCC的一种较为敏感、特异且无创的方法 ,适用于膀胱癌患者的术后随访。     

膀胱癌膀胱全切术后继发尿道癌22例分析

目的:探讨膀胱癌膀胱全切术后继发尿道癌的原因、诊治及其预防。方法:回顾性分析209例膀胱癌行全膀胱切除术后22例继发尿道癌患者的临床资料。结果:膀胱全切术后继发尿道癌与膀胱原发肿瘤大小、数量、是否复发、部位、病理分级和分期密切相关(P0.05),其中危险因素越多,尿道癌复发率越高。结论:膀胱癌膀胱全切除术后尿道癌发生与尿路上皮源性肿瘤的多中心性和肿瘤种植有一定关系。     

上尿路移行细胞癌术后发生膀胱癌的危险因素分析

目的探讨上尿路移行细胞癌临床与病理特点及对术后膀胱癌发生及预后的影响.方法对133例肾盂和(或)输尿管癌病例的临床特点与术后发生膀胱癌以及预后情况分别应用Cox比例风险模型分析,作Kaplan-Meier曲线并行LogRank检验.结果133例患者接受根治手术后发生膀胱癌者40例,占30.1%.原发上尿路肿瘤数目、分期和有无同发膀胱癌对术后发生膀胱癌有显著影响,风险度>1,回归系数>0,二者间相关系数小.应用LogRank检验显示原发肿瘤为单发者术后无膀胱癌发生的机率低于多发者(P=0),随着病理分期的升高,膀胱癌发生率随之增加(P＝0.0039).首次发生膀胱癌者有92.5%在2年之内.原发肿瘤数目、分期、有无同发膀胱癌以及术后膀胱癌发生间隔时间对存活率有显著影响,四种因素的相关系数小.结论原发上尿路肿瘤的数目、分期和有无同发膀胱癌为术后发生膀胱癌的危险因素;原发肿瘤数目、分期、有无同发膀胱癌以及术后膀胱癌发生间隔时间对存活率有显著影响.     

尿路移行细胞癌患者服含马兜铃酸成分药物的情况分析

目的：探讨尿路移行细胞癌（transitional cell carcinoma,TCC）患者服用含马兜铃酸（aristolochic acid,AA）成分药物的情况和与AA相关TCC的临床特点。方法：对2000年1月～2006年3月间我院住院的112例尿路TCC患者服用含AA成分药物等情况进行调查,并对服药情况和临床特点作进一步分析。结果：112例TCC患者中有18例（16.1%）曾服用含AA成分药物,其中2例诊断马兜铃酸肾病。涉及药物有排石冲剂（2例）、冠心苏合丸和龙胆泻肝丸（共14例）、含关木通或广防己中药煎剂（2例）。均按常规剂量,除1例外17例均为间断服药,自开始服药至发现肿瘤的平均时间为11.1年。12/18例（66.7%）为女性,15/18例（83.3%）首发表现为间断全程无痛性肉眼血尿。肿瘤累及上尿路7例、下尿路6例,上下尿路同时累及5例。治疗上均按外科常规处理,6/18例（33.3%）术后肿瘤复发。结论：尿路TCC患者服用含AA类药物的情况比较多见,本组服含AA类药物的TCC患者中女性较多,肿瘤累及上下尿路数基本相同,其他临床特点与普通人群尿路TCC的特点相同。     

淋巴血管侵犯独立预测上尿路移行细胞癌疾病特异生存率

作者通过总结手术治疗的上尿路移行细胞癌(TCC)大宗病例,分析了淋巴血管侵犯(LVI)和传统预后因素对生存的预后影响,创建了上尿路TCC危险因素分析的预后模型。选取1980—2002年连续173例上尿路TCC手术患者,比较LVI和其他病理特征,以确定疾病特异性生存率。     

上尿路移行细胞癌微侵袭手术治疗的现状

运用腹腔镜、输尿管镜、经皮肾镜技术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌(Transitional Cell Carcinoma,TCC),不同程度减小了对患者的创伤,提高了生活质量,同时引发人们对微侵袭手术带来的上尿路TCC预后的关注,以及能否替代传统术式的思考。现就上尿路TCC微侵袭手术治疗的现状作一综述。     

Bladder cancer in Sri Lanka: Experience from a tertiary referral center

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies occurring worldwide. No published data exists on bladder cancer in Sri Lanka. The objective of the study was to determine the clinicopathological characteristics of histologically confirmed transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in Sri Lanka. METHODS: Three hundred and one patients were diagnosed with primary bladder cancer during a 7.5-year period from 1993 to 2000. Two hundred and eighty-one patients (239 men and 42 women; mean age, 66 years; range, 26-88) with TCC of the bladder were evaluated with regard to clinical presentation, cystoscopic findings and histopathological data. RESULTS: Transitional cell carcinoma accounted for 93.4% of primary bladder cancer. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 6:1. The majority of patients (63.7%) were in the 7th and 8th decades of life. Painless hematuria was the most common presenting symptom (52.7%), followed by painful hematuria (39.2%). The median duration of hematuria for all TCC patients, as well as for muscle-invasive TCC patients, was 3 months. Papillary configuration at cystoscopy, was found in 89.7% of non-invasive urothelial tumors. In contrast, 77.8% of invasive TCC patients had a solid/mixed tumor configuration. One hundred and forty-five patients (51.6% of TCC) had non-invasive urothelial tumor and 136 patients (48.4%) had muscle-invasive disease. In the non-invasive urothelial tumor category, 61 patients (42.0%) had pTa tumors and 84 patients (58.0%) had pT1 tumors. Of newly diagnosed TCC cases, 5.3% were found to be T1G3 urothelial carcinomas. Fifty-six patients (38.6%) with non-invasive urothelial tumor had a tumor greater than 5 cm in size. CONCLUSIONS: More than 90% of primary bladder tumors in Sri Lanka are TCC, with nearly half the patients having muscle-invasive diseases on initial presentation. Even in non-invasive urothelial tumors, the majority (58.0%) have lamina propria invasion.     

Independent predictors of contralateral metachronous upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma after nephroureterectomy: Multi-institutional dataset from three European centers

Objectives:   To identify the variables predictive of contralateral metachronous upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UUT-TCC) after nephroureterectomy (NFU) for non-metastatic UUT-TCC.
Methods:   Clinical and pathological data of 234 patients who had undergone NFU for UUT-TCC from 1989 to 2005 in three European urological centers were retrospectively collected and analyzed.
Results:   The median follow-up duration for the whole cohort was 34 months. Contralateral metachronous UUT-TCC was detected in 14 patients (6%). Three patients were treated by NFU, while seven patients underwent ureterectomy and reimplantation and four patients were treated by endoscopic resection plus bacillus Calmette–Guérin instillations within the UUT through a nephrostomic tube. On univariate analysis, a prior history of bladder TCC before NFU was the only factor predictive of the occurrence of contralateral UUT-TCC. Specifically, the 5-year probabilities of being free from contralateral UUT-TCC were 96.6% for the patients with de novo UUT-TCC, and 91.1% and 55.3% for those having non-muscle-invasive and muscle invasive bladder TCC before the UUT cancer, respectively. All survival differences were statistically significant (no history of bladder TCC vs history of non-muscle-invasive bladder TCC, log rank P value 0.015; history of non-muscle-invasive bladder TCC vs history of muscle-invasive bladder TCC, log rank P value 0.035).
Conclusions:   In our multicenter dataset of patients who had undergone NFU for UUT-TCC, contralateral metachronous UUT-TCC occurred in 6% of the patients. A prior history of bladder TCC before NFU was the only variable predictive of UUT recurrence at univariate analysis.     

Independent predictors of metachronous bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) after nephroureterectomy for TCC of the upper urinary tract

OBJECTIVE

To identify the prognostic factors predictive of metachronous bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in a multi‐institutional dataset of patients who had undergone nephroureterectomy (NU) for nonmetastatic upper urinary tract (UUT) TCC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The clinical and pathological data of 231 patients who had had NU for UUT‐TCC from 1989 to 2005 in three European centres were collected retrospectively, and analysed for clinical and pathological variables.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up was 38 months; during the follow‐up, bladder TCC was detected in 109 patients (47.2%), and was significantly more common in patients who had UUT‐TCC after previous bladder TCC (P < 0.001), in those with ureteric cancer (P = 0.022), and in those with pT2 UUT‐TCC (P = 0.017). On multivariate analysis, a previous history of bladder TCC was the only independent predictor of metachronous bladder TCC (hazard ratio 2.825; P < 0.001). The 5‐year probability of being free from metachronous bladder TCC was 45.5%. A history of bladder TCC (P < 0.001) and UUT tumour site (P = 0.01) were significantly associated with the probability of bladder recurrence‐free survival. On multivariate analyses, a previous history of bladder TCC (hazard ratio 2.226; P < 0.001) and the presence of ureteric TCC (1.562; P = 0.036) were independent predictors of the probabilities of being free from metachronous bladder TCC.

CONCLUSION

In this multi‐institutional study of patients who had had NU for UUT‐TCC, a history of bladder TCC was the only independent predictor of metachronous bladder TCC, while both a history of bladder TCC and the presence of ureteric tumours were predictive of the probabilities of being free from metachronous bladder TCC.     

Multiple primary cancers limited to the urological field

We analyzed the clinical features of multiple primary cancers arising from the urogenital organs. Between January 1980 and December 1999, 300 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 661 patients with urothelial carcinoma (bladder cancer and renal pelvic-ureteral cancer) (TCC) and 391 patients with prostate cancer (PC) were treated at our hospital. Of these patients, 20 patients had double genitourinary cancers. The double cancers consisted of RCC and TCC in 1 case, RCC and PC in 6 cases, and TCC and PC in 13 cases. Seven cases had synchronous tumors. The average interval in the metachronous cases was 68 (range: 12-209) months. The age at diagnosis of the second cancer was 68-94 (mean: 77.6) years old. The follow-up period ranged from 4-168 (mean: 38) months; Six patients are alive with no evidence of disease and 6 patients died of cancer. Even when limited to the urological section, the frequency of multiple primary cancers is increasing.     

Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential and grade associated with extensive invasive low-grade urothelial carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To report five cases of papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (UNLMP) and papillary urothelial carcinoma of low grade (UCLG) associated with extensive muscle invasion, and to investigate the clinical and histopathological presentation and their immunohistochemical properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive cystectomy and correlating transurethral resection (TUR) of urinary bladder tumour specimens were reviewed to identify cases of UCLG having extensive invasion into the urinary bladder wall. All specimens were stained immunohistochemically, as were those from 10 control cases having reactive urothelium or superficial UNLMP. The clinical charts were reviewed. RESULTS: Of a total of 95 cystectomy cases there were four of UNLMP or UCLG with extensive invasion. An additional case was added from our consultation file. All five cases had biopsies misdiagnosed as benign lesions or prostatic adenocarcinoma. The superficial invasive components consisted of UCLG conforming to the previously described entities of nested transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), microcystic or deceptively benign-appearing TCC. Immunostaining for cytokeratin 20, MIB-1 and p53 was similar to reactive epithelia, whereas E-cadherin immunoreactivity was slightly different, with focal negativity compared with extensive immunoreactivity in invasive vs noninvasive UCLG. Four patients developed distant metastases; three died within a follow-up of 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: UNLMP and UCLG that widely and deeply invade the bladder accounted for 4% of urothelial carcinoma (UC) in cystectomy specimens and commonly pose diagnostic problems in superficial TUR specimens. From this study with few cases the diagnosis of this entity in superficial biopsies is aided by an awareness of it and by identifying 'benign appearing' nests of urothelial cells which are deeply seated in the stroma. Immunostaining is unlikely to be very useful.     

Surgical Treatment Results of Invasive Non-Transitional Cell Tumours of the Bladder

Although the majority of bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (TCC), non-transitional cell tumours (non-TCT) have significant importance because of their aggressive clinical course. We evaluated the treatment results of invasive transitional and non-transitional bladder tumours treated in our department. Non-transitional cell tumours were demonstrated in 51 (9.6%) of 527 bladder cancer cases from 1992 to 1998 in our department. Radical cystectomy was performed in 177 invasive bladder cancer patients and of these 47 (26.5%) had non-transitional cell tumours. The majority of patients (92.15%) with non-transitional cell tumours of the bladder had invasive disease at the time of diagnosis. The distribution of non-transitional cell tumours was: 24 (51%) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 15 (31.7%) undifferentiated carcinoma (UC), 4 (8.5%) adenocarcinoma and 4 (8.5%) sarcoma. Overall 12 and 42 months disease specific survival rates for TCC patients were 69.37% and 47.22%, respectively, whereas overall 12 months survival rate for non-TCT patients was 47.61%. The survival rates after radical cystectomy for SCC, UC, adenocarcinoma and sarcoma were 35.8%, 41.5%, 37.5% and 75%, respectively. In the literature, the incidence of non-transitional tumours is 5%. However, in our department, we observed an incidence of 26.5% between 1992 and 1998. We also arrived at the conclusion that non-transitional tumours of the bladder tend to be more aggressive than invasive urothelial tumours and in most patients invasive disease was also present at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis and radical cystectomy are the most important factors that influence the survival in cases of invasive non-transitional cell tumours of the bladder.     

上尿路移行细胞癌12例误诊分析

目的探讨上尿路移行细胞癌的误诊原因。方法回顾性分析12例上尿路移行细胞癌患者在诊治过程中的误诊情况。误诊为肾炎4例,上尿路结石3例,泌尿系感染3例,肾结核1例,前列腺增生1例。结果 12例患者均经手术治疗,术后病理证实肾盂移行细胞癌9例,输尿管移行细胞癌3例,伴膀胱移行细胞癌2例。通过B超、静脉尿路造影（IVU）、逆行肾盂造影、CT、输尿管镜及膀胱镜等检查均提示发现肿瘤病灶。8例患者随访6个月~15年,3例死于肿瘤进展,2例术后出现膀胱移行细胞癌。结论对长期血尿病史患者需进一步病因检查,B超、IVU、CT等影像学检查具有重要的诊断价值,同时应提高对检查结果的正确分析和判读能力。     

Changes of phenotypic expression of prostatic antigen in secondary transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate: evidence for induction phenomenon as a mechanism for acquisition of prostatic antigens in prostatic transitional cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: In vitro and experimental studies of mesenchymal-epithelial interaction for the prostatic stroma have demonstrated that the prostatic stroma is capable of inducing the nonprostatic epithelium to acquire many features of prostatic epithelium. We investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in vivo in human prostatic stroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder: (a) 20 with glandular lumen; (b) 20 without glandular lumen: (c) 10 mixed TCC-adenocarcinoma (ACA); and (d) 10 with synchronous or metachronous TCC of the prostate; and three primary TCC of the prostate were examined and submitted for immunostaining for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA). RESULTS: There was a spectrum of immunostaining for PSA ranging from negative reactivity in TCC without glandular lumen of the urinary bladder, to focal and weak reactivity in single cells with varying degrees of nonmucinous glandular differentiation and to strong reactivity in groups of cells in primary and synchronous or metachronous TCC in the prostate. The areas of carcinoma geographically closest to the prostate and with the most extensive nonmucinous glandular differentiation displayed the most frequent and strongest immunoreactivity for PSA. The immunoreactivity for PAP was usually stronger than for PSA. Four cases of TCC and mixed TCC-ACA were immunoreactive only for PAP. Furthermore, there was a change in the phenotype of TCC in the urinary bladder as it spread into the prostate. For 10 TCC in the urinary bladder with synchronous or metachronous tumor in the prostate, all TCC in the urinary bladder were negative for PAP and PSA, whereas six TCC in the prostate were focally positive. CONCLUSIONS: The spectrum of immunoreactivity for PAP and PSA and the change in immunoreactivity of TCC of the urinary bladder as it spreads into the prostate are likely induced by the prostatic stroma through the mechanism of mesenchymal-epithelial interaction. Prostate 47:172-182, 2001.     

Inverted papilloma of the bladder: A review and an analysis of the recent literature of 365 patients

ObjectivesUntil the 1970s, inverted urothelial papilloma (IUP) of the bladder was generally regarded as a benign neoplasm. However, in the 1980s, several reported cases suggested the malignant potential of these papillomas, including cases with features indicative of malignancy, recurrent cases, and cases of IUP synchronous or metachronous with transitional cell carcinoma. The aim of this systematic review and analysis of the literature since 1990 to date is to contribute to unresolved issues regarding the biological behavior and prognosis of these neoplasms to establish some key points in the clinical and surgical management of IUP.Materials and methodsDatabase searches yielded 109 references. Exclusion of irrelevant references left 10 references describing studies that fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria.ResultsOne problem regarding these neoplasms is the difficulty of obtaining a correct histopathologic diagnosis. The main differential diagnosis is endophytic urothelial neoplasia, including papillary urothelial neoplasia of low malignant potential or urothelial carcinoma of low or high grade, while other considerably rare differential diagnoses include nephrogenic adenoma, paraganglioma, carcinoid tumor, cystitis cystica, cystitis glandularis, and Brunn's cell nests. The size of the lesions ranged from 1 to 50 mm (mean 12.8 mm). Most cases occurred in the fifth and sixth decade of life. The mean age of affected patients was 59.3 years (range 20–88 years). Analysis of the literature revealed a strong male predominance with a male/female ratio of 5.8:1. The most commonly reported sites of IUP were the bladder neck region and trigone. Of 285 cases included in 8 studies, 12 cases (4.2%) were multiple. Out of the total of 348 patients, 6 patients (1.72%) had a previous history of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, 5 patients (1.43%) had synchronous transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, and 4 patients (1.15%) had subsequent transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. The time before recurrence was <45 months (range 5–45 months, mean 27.7 months) after surgery.ConclusionsInverted papilloma could be considered a risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma, and it is clinically prudent to exclude transitional cell cancer when it is diagnosed. Follow-up is needed if the histologic diagnosis is definitive or doubtful. We recommend 4-monthly flexible cystoscopy for the first year and then every 6 months for the subsequent 3 years. Routine surveillance of the upper urinary tract in cases of inverted papilloma of the lower part of the urinary tract is not deemed necessary.     

Subsequent upper urothelial cancer following bladder tumor

A total of 110 patients were treated with primary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder from 1990 to 2000. During the follow-up period, which was for at least two years, four patients (3.6 percent) had subsequent upper urothelial cancer at an average of 61.5 months after initial treatment of the bladder tumor. Two of the four patients received transurethral resection several times, and the remaining two patients underwent radical cystectomy for the initial bladder tumor. The histopathological findings of subsequent upper urothelial cancer were almost the same as those for the initial bladder tumor. One patient had accompanying carcinoma in situ (CIS) and the other had adenocarcinoma with TCC. Since 1) high grade, 2) multiple, 3) recurrent and 4) occupational bladder tumors, 5) concomitant CIS, 6) vesicoureteral reflux and 7) tumor invasion of the intravesical ureters have been reported to be risk factors for developing subsequent upper urothelial cancer, patients with bladder tumors who have these risk factors should be followed-up closely.