腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的影响因素

目的：分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）中转开腹的影响因素并探讨其防治措施。方法：对2000年1月至2006年1月1 170例LC术中97例（8.29%）中转开腹情况进行回顾性分析。结果：急性炎症期胆囊炎51例,占中转开腹的52.6%;术中出血25例（25.8%）;怀疑胆总管结石12例（12.4%）;胆囊癌5例（5.15%）;过度肥胖患者4例（4.12%）,开腹手术均获成功,均痊愈出院。结论：熟悉胆道系统解剖及变异、熟练的腹腔镜操作技术是减少LC中转开腹的关键,但适时中转开腹是防止LC严重并发症的最佳选择。     

Risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy

Background Conversion to open cholecystectomy is still required in some patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate preoperative factors associated with conversion to open cholecystectomy in elective cholecystectomy and acute cholecystitis.Methods The records of 1,804 patients who underwent cholecystectomy from May 1992 to January 2004 were reviewed retrospectively. The demographics and preoperative data of patients who required conversion to laparotomy were compared to those with successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Results Conversion to open cholecystectomy was needed in 94 patients (5.2%),of which 44 (2.8%) had no inflammation and 50 (18.4%) had acute inflammation of the gallbladder. Male gender, age older than 60 years, previous upper abdominal surgery, diabetes, and severity of inflammation were all significantly correlated with an increased conversion rate to laparotomy. Also, the conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis patients was associated with greater white blood cell count, fever, elevated total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase levels, and the various types of inflammation.Conclusions None of these risk factors were contraindications to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This may help predict the difficulty of the procedure and permit the surgeon to better inform patients about the risk of conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy.     

Risk factors resulting in conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard treatment for symptomatic gallbladder diseases. However, there still is a substantial proportion of patients in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy cannot be successfully performed, and for whom conversion to open surgery is required. METHODS: In this study, 1,000 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at Ankara Numune Hospital, Fourth Department of Surgery, from March 1992 to July 1999 were prospectively analyzed. The patients studied included 804 women (80.4%) and 196 men (19.6%) with a mean age of 43.8 years (range, 30-80 years). From the data collected, only factors available to the surgeon preoperatively were considered for analysis. These factors included age, gender, history of acute cholecystitis, jaundice or pancreatitis, previous abdominal surgery, obesity and concomitant disease, white blood cell (WBC) count, preoperative liver function tests, ultrasound findings of the gallbladder, preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and suspicion of common bile duct stones. Also we analyzed the case numbers as a measure of institutional experience. RESULTS: Of the 1,000 patients in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted, 48 (4.8%) required conversion to open surgery. The most common reason for conversion was inability to define anatomy in patients with inflamed contracted gallbladder (n = 34). Significantly independent predictive factors for conversion were male gender, previous abdominal surgery, acute cholecystitis, thickened gallbladder wall on preoperative ultrasonography, and suspicion of common bile duct stones. CONCLUSIONS: An appreciation for the aforementioned predictors of conversion will allow appropriate planning by the patient, the institution, and the surgeon.     

Risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the treatment of choice for symptomatic gallstones; however conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC) remains a possibility. Unfortunately, preoperative factors indicating risk of conversion are unclear. Therefore, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with conversion of LC to OC. PATIENTS AND MATERIALS: Records of 564 patients undergoing LC in 1995 and 1996 were reviewed. Patients were assigned to one of two groups: (1) acute cholecystitis defined by the presence of gallstones, fever, leukocyte count >10(4), and inflammation on ultrasound or histology; (2) chronic cholecystitis that included all other symptomatic patients. Demographics, history, and physical, laboratory, and radiology data, operative note, and the pathology report were reviewed. RESULTS: 161 of 564 patients, had acute and 403 patients had chronic cholecystitis; 16 acute cholecystitis patients (10%) were converted from LC to OC and 17 chronic cholecystitis patients (4%) had LC converted to OC. Patients having open conversion were significantly older, had greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and were more likely to be males. LC conversion to OC in acute cholecystitis patients was associated with a greater leukocyte count; in gangrenous cholecystitis patients, 29% had open conversion. CONCLUSIONS: Importantly, these risk factors-older men, presence of cardiovascular disease, male gender, acute cholecystitis, and severe inflammation-are determined preoperatively, permitting the surgeon to better inform patients about the conversion risk from LC to OC. While acute cholecystitis was associated with more than a twofold increased conversion rate, only 10% of these patients could not be completed laparoscopically. Therefore, acute cholecystitis alone should not preclude an attempt at laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹危险因素的分析

目的分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中转开腹的危险因素,为在保证安全前提下,降低中转开腹率提供参考。方法回顾分析328例LC患者的临床资料,采用Logistic回归分析方法,分析LC中转开腹的危险因素。结果 328例LC患者中转开腹26例,占7.93%,主要原因是Calot三角解剖不清(12/26,46.12%),腹腔粘连(9/26,34.62%)。墨菲氏征阳性、胆囊壁厚≥3mm、近6个月发作频数≥2次和黄疸为中转开腹的危险因素。结论对存在危险因素的患者,应术前做好中转开腹和适时选择开腹手术的准备。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除中转开腹手术的危险因素分析

目的：分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹手术的危险因素。方法：回顾分析我院5年间2 850例LC临床资料,采用单因素分析至Logistic多元回归分析推算出LC中转开腹的危险因素。结果：LC中转开腹手术115例,中转率为4.03%。LC中转开腹的危险因素有近半年胆囊炎急性发作≥2次,胆囊炎病史>2年,伴有右上腹体征（右上腹压痛、肝区叩痛、Murphy′s征阳性）,胆囊壁厚度≥3 mm和胆囊积液。结论：中转开腹的危险因素有近期胆囊炎发作频数、胆囊炎病史、右上腹体征、胆囊壁厚度和胆囊积液。术前仔细询问病史和完善检查,选择适合的LC患者和提高术者手术技术是降低LC中转开腹率的有效措施。对于存在危险因素的患者应适时的选择开腹手术。     

Risk factors influencing conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy is required in certain cases for the safe completion of the operation. Some factors contribute more to the need for conversion. METHODS: Over a 13-year period, the laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure was attempted in 1263 patients whose mean age was 54 years and 28% being male. The conversion was necessary in 98 cases whose mean age was 60 years, with 42% being male. All data were studied retrospectively. Six factors were examined statistically for a possible correlation with the conversion rate, as well as the trend of it over time. RESULTS: The main reason for conversion was the unclear anatomy owing to previous inflammation, followed by bleeding and choledocholithiasis suspicion, gallbladder carcinoma, bile duct injury, or spilled gallstones. The overall conversion rate was 7.75%. It was significantly increased in males (11.6%) and the elderly (12.4 %), gallbladder inflammation (29%), and morbid obesity (50%). Conversion rate did not change significantly in the first half period (8.1%) of the study, the second half-period (7.6%), in patients with diabetes mellitus (6.7%), or hematological disorders (6%). CONCLUSIONS: The risk for the conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy increases significantly in males, the elderly, obese patients, and when inflammation is present. This observation remains unchanged over time. Diabetes mellitus and hematologic disorders do not predispose in a higher risk for conversion.     

Risk factors for difficulty of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in grade II acute cholecystitis according to the Tokyo guidelines 2013

Angioembolization is the method of choice for treating haemorrhage after blunt pelvic trauma. The aim of this study was to determine technical factors related to endovascular procedures which might be related to patient outcome. This retrospective study included 112 consecutive patients (40 women and 72 men; mean age 57.2 ± 20.0). There were age peaks at 43 and at 77 years. Patients over 65 years had mainly “low-energy” trauma; younger patients were more likely to have polytraumas. Younger patients were more severely injured and had more surgical interventions, larger haematoma volumes, lower Hb levels and required more transfusions than older patients. Women were older than men, had fewer surgeries and waited longer for an angiography (p < 0.05 each). Logistic regression analyses identified the injury severity score (ISS) as relevant for survival before age, haematoma volume and Hb. Propensity score analyses showed that in addition to the need for transfusions, haemoglobin, and haematoma volume, the length of the coils and the number of microcoils used were relevant (p < 0.05 each). The location of haemorrhage in peripheral parietal arteries (superior and inferior gluteal artery) was an influencing factor for re-angiographies, which were associated with considerably longer hospital stays of more than 40 days. Fewer particles had generally been used in these patients. The use of too few coils and not using microparticles in angioembolization for pelvic haemorrhage are major influencing factors for the mortality or re-angiography rate. Special attention should be given to thorough peripheral embolization with microcoils, in particular for haemorrhage from the parietal branches of the internal iliac artery.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹危险因素Logistic分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的危险因素。方法　从 1 337例行LC病人术前的临床症状、体征、辅助检查等指标中分析中转开腹的危险因素。结果　中转开腹 1 3例。 4种因素 ,即胆囊壁厚度、急性胆囊炎的发作次数、一周内出现上腹痛、右上腹体征为中转开腹的危险因素。结论　从 4种危险因素可以预测中转的概率 ,在术前做好高中转风险的心理准备 ,术中能果断做出中转的决定 ,避免手术副损伤     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术转开腹手术的危险因素分析

目的研究多个临床因素对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)转开腹手术的影响。方法对浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院1994年4月至2001年6月的7134例LC的临床资料进行单因素分析,再进行多元逻辑回归分析(逐步排除法),得出影响LC转开腹手术的独立的危险因素。结果男性、高龄(≥65岁)、上腹部手术史、糖尿病、总胆红素升高(≥20.5μmol/L)、胆囊壁增厚(≥4mm)、胆总管直径增宽(≥8mm)、急性胆囊炎是转开腹手术的危险因素。结论可以根据转开腹手术的危险因素指导临床工作。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因分析

回顾性分析近6年来腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术中转开腹患者的临床资料。780例LC中，中转开腹25例（3.2％）。中转开腹的原因：胆囊与周围组织粘连紧密10例（1.28％），胆囊严重急性炎症4例（0.51％），Calot三角“冰冻样”粘连4例（0.51%），不能处理嵌顿结石3例（0.39%），肝外胆管变异2例（0.25%），脐下第一穿刺孔周围广泛粘连1例（0.12%），胆囊床出血不止1例（0.12%）。中转开腹者无1例死亡，无术后并发症。提示LC中转开腹原因主要是胆囊周围粘连及腹腔粘连，术中发现有特殊情况，完成LC有困难者，应及时中转开腹。     

Reasons and risk factors for intraoperative conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy

Purpose

The aim of this study was to analyze the reasons and risk factors for intraoperative conversion from laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy.

Methods

The study involved 407 patients in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy was planned between January 1998 and July 2006. The patients were divided into two groups (the LC completed group and the conversion group), and the two groups were compared.

Results

Laparoscopic surgery was intraoperatively converted to open surgery in 47 cases (11.6 %). The reasons for the conversion consisted of adhesions (15 cases), inflammation (8 cases), adhesion plus inflammation (9 cases), bleeding (8 cases), common bile duct injury (4 cases), suspected common bile duct injury (1 case), injury of the duodenal bulb (1 case) and respiratory disorder (1 case). The group of patients who required conversion to open surgery had a significantly higher percentage of males (P = 0.042) and prevalence of acute cholecystitis (P < 0.001) than the group of patients for whom laparoscopic surgery could be completed. A multivariate logistic regression analysis of these significant predictors showed that male sex [odds ratio (OR) 1.95] and acute cholecystitis (OR 8.45) were significant.

Conclusion

Particular attention is needed when laparoscopic surgery is considered for male patients with acute cholecystitis.     

Prediction of conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery with artificial neural networks

Background  

The intent of this study was to predict conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) to open surgery employing artificial neural networks (ANN).     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹危险因素分析

目的:探讨急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的危险因素。方法:回顾分析我科401例急性胆囊炎患者行LC的临床指标,并进行多因素分析。结果:391例成功完成LC,10例中转开腹。结论:急性胆囊炎LC失败的危险因素有上腹部手术史,白细胞、总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶增高,胆囊管结石嵌顿,发病超过72h。急性胆囊炎患者行LC的危险因素有助于外科医师在术前对患者进行全面评估,以提高LC的成功率,减少并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因分析及时机选择

目的:研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中转开腹的原因及时机。方法:将成功施行LC的胆囊炎合并胆囊结石患者归入LC组,中转行开腹胆囊切除术(open cholecystectomy,OC)的患者归入OC组,进一步根据中转开腹的时机分为主动中转组与被动中转组,以观察LC中转开腹的危险因素及术中、术后各项指标。结果:OC组上腹部手术史例数、急性胆囊炎发作例数、白细胞计数、胆囊壁厚度均大于LC组;主动中转组手术时间、术中出血量、输血例数、术后引流量、排气时间、下床时间、术后住院时间均明显优于被动中转组。结论:上腹部手术史、急性胆囊炎发作、白细胞计数偏高及胆囊壁厚度增加均是中转开腹的危险因素,根据术中探查情况选择合适的中转开腹时机具有积极的临床意义。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹手术105例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中转开腹的原因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2012年12月我科收治3047例LC中105例中转开腹的临床资料,分析其中转开腹的原因并总结。结果本组患者的中转开腹率为3.45%,分析原因主要为胆囊三角严重粘连、解剖困难、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆管损伤、大出血、意外胆囊癌等,105例患者经中转开腹后无严重并发症,均痊愈出院。结论准确严格把握LC手术适应证,术中规范、精细操作可有效降低中转开腹率,而当操作困难或对手术没把握时,应及时中转开腹以确保手术安全性。     

Risk factors analysis and scoring system application of conversion to open surgery in laparoscopic colorectal surgery

To analyze the risk factors of laparoscopic colorectal surgery conversion rate, and establish the scoring system, retrospective study was performed and 429 patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal surgery were analyzed. Conversion rate was 15.58%, and the risk factors include age, body mass index (BMI), operation number, abdominal operation history, invasion or metastasis, and tumor size. Scoring system established with age (≥ 65: 7, <65: 0), weight (BMI ≥ 25: 11, BMI <25: 0), operation number ≤ 25 (yes: 5, no: 0), abdominal operation history (yes: 12, no: 0), tumor size (≥ 6 cm: 22<6 cm: 0), and invasion or metastasis (yes: 34, no: 0). 18.5 uses to predict the conversion. Conversion rate below 18.5 is 5.21%, and above 18.5 is 42.62%. We concluded that scoring system is simple, convenient, and applicable.