盾叶薯蓣中甾体类化合物的分离与结构鉴定

目的:对盾叶薯蓣进行化学成分研究。方法:应用多种色谱法分离盾叶薯蓣中的化学成分,采用多种光谱分析法鉴定它们的结构。结果:从盾叶薯蓣中分离得到6个甾体类化合物,即三角叶薯蓣皂苷(1)、原三角叶薯蓣皂苷(2)、盾叶新苷(3)、薯蓣皂苷(4)、3-O-[β-D-葡萄吡喃糖(1→4)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖-薯蓣皂苷元(5)、薯蓣皂苷元(6)。结论:化合物1、2为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

胡芦巴种子化学成分研究

目的对胡芦巴Trigonella foenum-graecum的化学成分进行研究。方法运用Sephadex LH-20凝胶、硅胶柱色谱、半制备高效液相色谱等多种色谱技术进行分离和纯化,并通过其理化性质和NMR数据综合分析,鉴定化合物结构。结果从胡芦巴乙醇提取物中得到6个甾体皂苷类和黄酮类化合物,分别为22-甲氧基-胡芦巴皂苷Ⅱb(1)、芰脱皂苷元(2)、薯蓣皂苷元(3)、木犀草素(4)、木犀草苷(5)、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷(6)。结论化合物1为新化合物,化合物5和6是从该植物中首次分离得到。     

闭鞘姜属两种植物的化学成分研究

目的 :研究闭鞘姜和光叶闭鞘姜的化学成分。方法 :溶剂提取 ,硅胶柱色谱分离 ,理化性质和光谱数据鉴定结构。结果 :从闭鞘姜中分离鉴定了 6个化合物 ,为薯蓣皂苷元 (1) ,薯蓣次苷B(2) ,薯蓣皂苷元酮 (3) ,环阿尔廷醇 (4) ,25-烯-环阿尔廷醇 (5 ) ,二十八烷酸 (6 ) ;从光叶闭鞘姜中分离鉴定了 4个化合物 ,为二十四烷酸 (7) ,琥珀酸(8) ,β-谷甾醇 (9) ,胡萝卜苷 (10)。 结论 :化合物 3～6为首次从闭鞘姜中分得 ;化合物 7～10为首次从光叶闭鞘姜中分得。     

大叶铁线莲乙醇提取物正丁醇部位的化学成分研究

目的研究大叶铁线莲Clematis heracleifolia全草的化学成分。方法利用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20凝胶、ODS反相柱色谱和半制备高效液相色谱等分离方法进行分离纯化,结合核磁共振、质谱等波谱学技术鉴定其化学结构。结果从大叶铁线莲全草75%乙醇提取物的正丁醇萃取部位分离鉴定了10个化合物,包括三萜皂苷6个、黄酮苷1个、木栓烷型三萜2个和植物甾醇1个,分别为3,23-二羟基-齐墩果-18-烯-28-酸-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、刺楸皂苷B(2)、粗齿铁线莲皂苷B(3)、刺五加苷A_1(4)、皂苷PJ_3(5)、异株五加苷B(6)、金丝桃苷(7)、木栓酮(8)、表木栓醇(9)和β-谷甾醇(10)。结论化合物1是新化合物,命名为大叶铁线莲皂苷D;化合物2～9均为首次从大叶铁线莲中分离得到。     

木豆叶的化学成分研究

目的:研究木豆叶的化学成分。方法:采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱及RP-18柱色谱进行分离纯化,并运用波谱数据对所分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果:从木豆叶中分离得到11个化合物,经波谱解析分别鉴定为:水杨酸(1)、儿茶酚(2)、尿嘧啶(3)、印度黄檀苷(4)、染料木苷(5)、牡荆苷(6)、木犀草素(7)、芒柄花苷(8)、染料木素(9)、β-谷甾醇(10)、豆甾醇(11)。结论:其中,化合物2~4、8为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

续断化学成分研究

目的:对续断的化学成分进行分离和鉴定。方法:采用硅胶色谱柱、RP-C18柱色谱等色谱方法对续断甲醇提取物进行成分分离和纯化,根据理化性质和光谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果:分离鉴定了12个化合物,分别为:蔗糖(1)、β-谷甾醇(2)、齐墩果酸(3)、Triplostoside A(4)、马钱苷(5)、马钱酸(6)、獐牙菜苷(7)、Epi-Vogelo-side(8)、Vogeloside(9)、木通皂苷D(10)、Cauloside A(11)、7-Deoxyloganic acid(12)。结论:其中,化合物8、9、12为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

皱叶重楼根茎的化学成分及抗菌活性研究北大核心CSCD

藜芦科植物皱叶重楼目前仅分布于我国云南省,其化学成分尚未被系统地研究。该研究通过多种柱色谱方法及半制备高效液相等分离手段,从皱叶重楼根茎的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了9个化合物,分别为pariposide G(1)、cerin(2)、豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(3)、β-蜕皮激素(4)、麦冬皂苷C′(5)、甲基原纤细薯蓣皂苷(6)、纤细薯蓣皂苷(7)、重楼皂苷H(8)、parisyunnanoside G(9)。其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物1~9均为首次从该植物中分离得到。对所有化合物的抗细菌和真菌活性进行了评价,实验结果表明麦冬皂苷C′对白色念珠菌[MIC90=(4.68±0.01)μmol·L^(-1)]和白色念珠菌氟康唑耐药株[MIC90=(4.66±0.02)μmol·L^(-1)]有较强的抑制作用。     

苦味叶下珠的化学成分研究

目的对苦味叶下珠Phyllanthus amarus的化学成分进行研究。方法采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex-20柱色谱、重结晶及制备高效液相色谱等技术提取分离苦味叶下珠的化学成分,采用UV、IR、EI-MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、HMQC及HMBC等光谱方法鉴定化合物结构。结果从苦味叶下珠乙醇提取物的石油醚部位分离得到化合物1～3,分别鉴定为棕榈酸(1)、对羟基苯甲醛(2)、齐墩果酸(3);从二氯甲烷部位分离得到化合物4～9,分别鉴定为stigmast-5-en-3-ol,oleate(4)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸(5)、胡萝卜苷(6)、芹菜素(7)、木犀草素(8)、叶下珠新苷(9)。结论化合物9是新化合物,命名为叶下珠新苷,化合物4～8为首次从苦味叶下珠中分离得到。     

绵萆薢中甾体皂苷的分离鉴定

目的:分离、鉴定绵萆薢根茎中的甾体皂苷类化合物。方法:采用溶剂提取、硅胶柱色谱及ODS柱色谱进行分离纯化,通过化学和光谱分析鉴定化合物结构。结果:分离得到3种甾体皂苷类化合物,分别鉴定为:薯蓣皂苷(Ⅰ),原薯蓣皂苷(Ⅱ),原纤细薯蓣皂苷(Ⅲ)。结论:化合物Ⅱ,Ⅲ为首次从绵萆薢中分离得到的呋喃型甾体皂苷。     

白英的化学成分

目的：研究白英Solanum lyratum Thunb.全草的化学成分。方法：采用正相、反相硅胶柱色谱及Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱和制备薄层等手段进行分离纯化, 通过波谱解析和理化鉴别进行结构鉴定。结果：分离鉴定出 11个化合物, 分别为薯蓣皂苷元（1）、剑麻皂苷元（2）、丁香醛（3）、丁香酸（4）、对羟基苯甲醛（5）、莨菪亭（6）、N-顺式阿魏酰基酪胺（7）、β-谷甾醇（8）、胡萝卜苷（9）、赤藓糖醇（10）、甘露醇（11）。结论：化合物 7 为首次从茄科植物中分离得到, 化合物10、11为首次从茄属植物中分离得到, 化合物 3-5 为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。