快速PCR方法在哈蟆油真伪鉴别中的应用研究

该研究依据哈蟆油Cyt b基因155位SNP位点设计位点特异性PCR引物,采用碱裂解法提取基因组DNA,2步循环PCR程序进行PCR反应,并对PCR反应条件进行优化,从而建立起一种哈蟆油及其4种常见混伪品的快速PCR鉴别方法。该方法在90℃变性3 s,62℃退火延伸20 s进行32个循环时,加入2μL 100×SYBR GreenⅠ染料,正品显示出明亮绿色荧光,而混淆品不显示荧光。该方法准确、简便,40 min内即可完成鉴别,为哈蟆油药材现场快速鉴定提供技术支持。     

快速PCR方法在山药真伪鉴别中的应用

目的:采用快速聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法建立快速、准确、有效的山药药材真伪分子鉴定方法。方法:收集不同地区山药正品及其混伪品材料,对所有样品进行总DNA的提取,通过对山药及其混淆品DNA条形码rbc L片段进行同源对比分析,根据鉴别位点,设计中药山药的鉴别引物,引物序列为Sy89:5'-AAGGACGATGCTACCACATCGACAC-3',Sy90:5'-ATCCCAATAGGGGACGGCCA-3'。采用2步法进行PCR扩增,并对PCR反应体系和反应程序影响因素进行考察,从而对山药进行真伪鉴别。结果:通过对影响PCR退火温度、退火时间、变性时间、循环次数等因素进行反应程序的优化,并对不同Mix进行考查,获得了山药快速特异性PCR反应程序。PCR扩增反应液为50μL,包括Premix TaqTM25μL,上、下游引物各1.5μL,DNA模板1.5μL,加无菌双蒸水至50μL。PCR扩增程序为98℃预变性1 min,98℃变性10 s,68℃复性15 s,30个循环,72℃后延伸30 s。以1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR产物在250 bp附近处有一清晰条带,而混淆品无条带。结论:快速特异性PCR方法可以简单快速鉴别山药的真伪,为实现中药材分子鉴别的现场运用提供技术支撑。     

维药毛菊苣及其易混品菊苣的位点特异性PCR鉴别研究

目的建立维吾尔药毛菊苣及其易混品菊苣的位点特异性PCR鉴别方法。方法采集不同地理区域的毛菊苣及其易混品,提取样品基因组总DNA。通过对其叶绿体rbcL基因片段进行扩增、测序,进行多重序列比对后根据其变异位点设计位点特异性鉴别引物,对其反应条件进行优化,确定检出限,建立位点特异性PCR鉴别方法。结果建立的位点特异性PCR鉴别体系优化结果为30μL反应体系包含Taq酶0.25 U、10×buffer 2.5μL、d NTP 2.0μL、正、反向引物各0.5μL、总DNA 2μL、dd H_2O 22.25μL。适宜的扩增条件为94℃预变性3 min;94℃变性30 s,55℃退火30 s,72℃延伸1 min,32个循坏;最后72℃延伸7 min。对20份毛菊苣与菊苣药材进行扩增,其中毛菊苣能够扩增出约230 bp目的片段条带,而菊苣样品则不能扩增出明显的目的条带。结论建立并优化了毛菊苣及其易混品菊苣位点特异性PCR鉴别技术,能够准确而可靠的达到2种药材的有效鉴别。     

快速PCR方法在蛇类药材真伪鉴别中的应用

为优化获得一种准确、快速、高效鉴别药典所载蛇类药材(乌梢蛇,金钱白花蛇,蕲蛇)真伪品的方法。该研究以蛇类药材经典PCR鉴定方法为基础,采用碱裂解法提取基因组总DNA,加入特异性PCR引物,采用两步法进行PCR扩增,从而对蛇类药材及其混淆品进行鉴别。通过对影响PCR反应时间的退火温度、变性温度、退火时间、变性时间、循环次数等因素进行优化,并对不同型号PCR仪和Taq酶进行考察,分别获得乌梢蛇、金钱白花蛇、蕲蛇快速PCR反应程序。在PCR产物中加入SYBR Green I染料,正品显示出明亮绿色荧光,而混淆品不显示荧光。所建立的蛇类药材快速PCR真伪检测方法可在30~45 min完成,为蛇类药材现场快速鉴定提供技术支持。     

基于特异性聚合酶链式反应的西红花快速分子鉴别研究

 目的 建立一种基于特异性聚合酶链式反应(PCR)及荧光染料检测快速鉴别西红花真伪品的方法。方法 通过对叶绿体基因片段测序和比对分析,找出西红花与其常见掺伪品序列差异,针对差异碱基设计特异性引物,构建并优化聚合酶链式反应扩增反应体系,使用荧光染料法检测聚合酶链式反应产物,实现西红花的快速鉴别。结果 建立了基于psbA-trnH序列的西红花鉴别体系,优化后的聚合酶链式反应反应条件为90 ℃预变性1 min,90 ℃变性5 s,58 ℃延伸5 s,26个循环。在聚合酶链式反应反应产物中加入染料SYBR Green I,西红花正品出现强烈绿色荧光,而伪品无荧光。结论 位点特异性聚合酶链式反应方法可以简单快速鉴别西红花及其掺伪品。     

快速PCR技术鉴别中药材蛤蚧的方法研究

目的:建立简单快速鉴别蛤蚧的特异性PCR方法。方法:对比蛤蚧及其伪品细胞色素C氧化酶I亚基基因(CO I)序列,设计蛤蚧特异性PCR鉴别引物,优化特异性PCR条件,对蛤蚧及其7种常见混淆品进行扩增及荧光检测。结果:扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳和荧光检测,所有蛤蚧药材均能扩增出约400 bp的特异性条带,加入SYBR Green I染料后,在365 nm下出现强烈绿色荧光,混伪品不具特异条带和绿色荧光,鉴别操作可在30 min内完成。结论:快速PCR结合荧光染料检测可快速鉴别蛤蚧及其常见伪品,为蛤蚧的快速鉴定提供了新的思路和方法。     

基于双向位点特异性PCR的金银花真伪鉴别方法研究

目的:筛选获得金银花真伪鉴别SNP位点并建立双向位点特异性PCR方法,用于鉴别金银花和其常见伪品以及两者的混杂品.方法:通过对GenBank收录的忍冬属植物叶绿体trnL-trnF序列进行对比分析,获得金银花真伪鉴别SNP位点;并依据该SNP位点设计特异性引物,对84份金银花基原植物及其市售饮片、伪品进行双向位点特异性PCR扩增,并根据真伪品的特异性条带进行金银花药材鉴别.结果:退火温度为61℃时,正品均出现468 bp的条带,红腺忍冬、华南忍冬、灰毡毛忍冬、黄褐毛忍冬、水忍冬、金银忍冬、郁香忍冬、新疆忍冬、繁果忍冬等9个伪品均出现324 bp的条带,在正品DNA中掺入5％以上伪品时同时出现正品和伪品条带.结论:双向位点特异性PCR可以鉴别金银花真伪品及两者的混杂样品.     

菟丝子、莱菔子与其易混淆品的快速PCR法鉴别研究

完善快速PCR鉴定检测体系,并建立菟丝子或莱菔子的分子鉴别方法。收集不同地区的菟丝子、莱菔子及其易混淆品材料,所有样品进行总DNA的提取,通过对菟丝子、莱菔子及其易混淆样品ITS片段进行扩增、测序,进行同源比对后根据其变异位点设计特异性鉴别引物,采用2步法进行PCR扩增,从而对菟丝子或莱菔子进行鉴别。通过对影响PCR退火温度、变性温度、退火时间、变性时间、循环次数等因素进行优化,并对不同型号PCR仪进行考察,分别获得菟丝子、莱菔子快速PCR反应程序。在稀释后的PCR产物中加入SYBR GreenⅠ染料,正品显示出明亮绿色荧光,而混淆品不显示荧光,且可有效的避免因引物二聚体而存在的假阳性问题。快速PCR方法可以简单快速鉴别菟丝子、莱菔子,为实现药材分子鉴别的现场运用提供技术支撑。     

太子参药材的快速分子鉴定

为建立一种简便快捷的太子参分子鉴定方法,对太子参药材及其混伪品的r DNA-ITS片段进行比对分析,找出特异性片段,设计太子参鉴别引物,并优选扩增条件,扩增产物经100×SYBR Green I染色后紫外光下观察。结果显示,PCR扩增反应液(包括DNA Taq聚合酶预混液5.5μL,Tzs-2F,Tzs-2R各10 pmol,DNA模板20~80 ng,双重灭菌蒸馏水加至25μL)经95℃预变性1 min,95℃变性5 s,56℃退火延伸15 s,30个循环,72℃后延伸30 s后,在扩增产物中加入1μL100×SYBR Green I混匀后于紫外光下呈绿色荧光的为太子参,混伪品无绿色荧光出现。40 min内即可完成DNA提取、扩增等整个鉴定过程。该方法能特异性扩增太子参DNA,紫外光下肉眼观察即可鉴定药材的真伪,且操作简捷、结果准确、利于推广,可为快速鉴定中药材的真伪提供参考。     

金银花配方颗粒质量快速检测体系研究

中药配方颗粒在临床上的应用逐渐广泛,但目前缺乏快速简便的质量控制方法。该研究将位点特异性PCR技术和酶联免疫检测方法(ELISA)用于金银花配方颗粒质量的快速检测,即利用位点特异性PCR技术对金银花配方颗粒进行真伪鉴别,利用酶联免疫检测技术对金银花配方颗粒进行指标性成分的快速检测,从而为金银花配方颗粒质量快速检测标准建立奠定基础,也为其他中药配方颗粒质量标准的研究提供参考。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.