HPLC法同时测定祛瘀止痛合剂中6种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定祛瘀止痛合剂中芍药苷、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Waters Xbridge C18,流动相为0.1%磷酸-乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为203 nm,柱温为20℃,进样量为5μL。结果:芍药苷、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1检测进样量线性范围分别为0.273 4~2.734μg(r=0.999 9)、0.119 1~1.191μg(r=0.999 9)、0.081 5~0.815μg(r=0.999 9)、0.622 8~6.228μg(r=0.999 9)、0.807 2~8.072μg(r=0.999 9)、1.036 4~10.364μg(r=0.999 9);定量限分别为0.082 0、0.029 8、0.028 5、0.436 0、0.403 6、0.310 9μg,检测限分别为0.027 9、0.009 5、0.010 2、0.124 6、0.121 1、0.093 3μg;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为97.85%~100.34%(RSD=0.81%,n=6)、98.14%~101.22%(RSD=1.09%,n=6)、98.42%~102.15%(RSD=1.29%,n=6)、97.77%~100.25%(RSD=0.96%,n=6)、97.32%~99.53%(RSD=0.81%,n=6)、98.28%~101.51%(RSD=1.11%,n=6)。结论:该方法简便快速、稳定可行、重复性好,可用于祛瘀止痛合剂中6种成分含量的同时测定。     

HPLC法测定更年乐片中朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、川续断皂苷Ⅵ和大花双参苷A

目的建立多波长HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定更年乐片中朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、川续断皂苷Ⅵ和大花双参苷A的方法。方法依利特C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈–0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长:270 nm(朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷)、210 nm(川续断皂苷Ⅵ)、230 nm(大花双参苷A);体积流量为1.2 m L/min;柱温为室温;进样量20μL。结果朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、川续断皂苷Ⅵ和大花双参苷A分别在7.14~142.80μg/m L(r=0.999 8)、5.64~112.80μg/m L(r=0.999 6)、6.35~127.00μg/m L(r=0.999 5)、7.90~158.00μg/m L(r=0.999 3)与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系;朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、川续断皂苷Ⅵ和大花双参苷A的平均回收率分别为99.24%、96.93%、97.81%、98.32%,RSD值分别为1.28%、0.94%、1.24%、1.50%。结论该方法是一种快速、灵敏、准确的分析方法,可作为更年乐片的质量控制方法。     

白薇化学成分与药理作用的研究进展

目的:总结白薇化学成分与药理作用的研究进展,为其深入开发与利用提供参考。方法:以"白薇""萝藦科""化学成分""药理作用""生物活性""Cynanchum atratum""Cynanchum versicolor""Asclepiadaceae""Chemical constituents""Pharmacological activity""Biological activities"等为关键词,在中国知网、万方数据、维普网、PubMed、SciFinder、Web of Science等数据库中组合查询2006年7月-2020年8月发表的相关文献,对白薇化学成分及药理作用的研究进行归纳与总结。结果与结论:白薇为萝藦科植物直立白薇C.atratum Bge.或蔓生白薇C.versicolor Bge.的干燥根及根茎,其主要化学成分包括C₂₁甾体皂苷类、挥发油类、生物碱类、芳香类化合物等,如直立白薇苷A、白前苷A、正十六烷酸、9-脱氢安托芬、3,4-二羟基苯乙酮;具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、美白等多种药理作用。然而,现有研究大多集中在直立白薇上,对蔓生白薇的研究较少;对化学成分的研究主要集中在C₂₁甾体皂苷类化合物上,而涉及其他类型化合物的研究不多;有关C₂₁甾体皂苷类的药理活性研究主要集中在单个化合物层面上,而构效关系研究较为少见。因此,为了更好地开发和利用白薇药材资源,有必要进一步对其化学成分、药理作用、作用机制及构效关系等进行深入研究。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射测定血塞通注射液中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、Re及Rb1的含量

目的:用HPLC-ELSD测定血塞通注射液中三七皂苷R1 、人参皂苷Rg1、Re及Rb1的含量.方法:色谱柱填料为氨基键合硅胶,流动相为乙腈-水(80∶20);漂移管温度为90 ℃,载气流速为2.1 L*min-1.结果: 三七皂苷R1 、人参皂苷Rg1、Re及Rb1的线性范围和相关系数分别为:0.30～2.01μg(r=0.999 1)、1.50～9.98 μg(r=0.999 7)、0.45～3.00μg(r=0.999 2) 及1.20～8.03μg(r=0.999 6);回收率(n=6)分别为103.1%(RSD=2.7%)、98.1%(RSD=2.3%)、102.8%(RSD=2.6%)及96.9%(RSD=2.5%).结论:该方法简便、准确、分离效果好,无干扰,可用于血塞通注射液的质量控制.     

HPLC同时测定左归丸中的5种成分

目的 采用HPLC法同时测定左归丸中尿囊素、薯蓣皂苷元、梓醇、麦角甾苷和吉奥诺苷B1的含量.方法 采用依利特C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2％磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.3 mL· min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为224(尿囊素)、210(薯蓣皂苷元和梓醇)和330(麦角甾苷和吉奥诺苷B1)nm.结果 尿囊素、薯蓣皂苷元、梓醇、麦角甾苷和吉奥诺苷B1的线性范围分别为7.270～145.4μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)、5.150～103.0 μg·mL-1(r=0.9992)、5.730～114.6 μg·mL-1(r =0.9998)、6.740 ～134.8 μg·mL-1(r =0.9995)和5.100～102.0 μg·mL-1(r =0.9997);其平均加样回收率分别为98.37％、96.92％、99.11％、96.65％、98.31％,RSD分别为0.89％、1.28％、1.10％、0.57％、1.34％(n=6).结论 所用方法简便快捷、回收率好、重复性好,可用于左归丸中尿囊素、薯蓣皂苷元、梓醇、麦角甾苷和吉奥诺苷B1的含量测定.     

HPLC-ELSD同时测定跌打丸中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的含量

目的 建立同时测定跌打丸中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁和人参皂苷Rb1含量的HPLC-ELSD检测方法。方法 采用Phenomenex Kinetex C₁₈色谱柱(100 mm×4.6 mm,2.6 μm),柱温30 ℃,流速0.5 mL·min^-1,流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,ELSD检测器,漂移管温度110 ℃,载气(空气)体积流量3.0 L·min^-1。结果 三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb1分别在0.158~3.16 μg(r=0.999 8),0.407~8.14 μg(r=0.999 5),0.446~8.92 μg(r=0.999 9)内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为97.55%(RSD=1.04%),98.09%(RSD=1.03%),97.34%(RSD=0.81%)。结论 该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于跌打丸的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法同时测定保心宁片中3种皂苷含量

目的建立同时测定保心宁片中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1含量的高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法。方法采用C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈(A)-水(B),梯度洗脱(A相0～12 min为19%,12～60 min为19%～36%,60～70 min为36%),检测波长203 nm,流速1.0 mL/min。结果三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1进样量分别在0.764～6.365μg(r=0.999 9),0.633～5.275μg(r=0.999 9)和0.699～5.825μg(r=0.999 9)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率分别为101.74%(RSD=2.35%),100.02%(RSD=0.13%)和101.23%(RSD=2.58%)。结论所用方法简单易行、准确可靠,可作为保心宁片的质量控制方法。     

蔓生白薇中白薇新甙的分离和结构鉴定

中药白薇品种比较混乱,据谢宗万等考证,正品白薇应为萝藦科植物直立白薇(Cynanchum atratum Bunge)和蔓生白薇(C.versicolor Bunge)的根。张壮鑫等报道了直立白薇的C_(21)甾体成分,本文报道蔓生白薇的化学成分。     

HPLC-ELSD测定复方丹参片中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1的含量

目的建立复方丹参片中三七皂苷Rl,人参皂苷Rg1及人参皂苷Rb1含量的方法.方法采用HPLC-ELSD方法,Agilent ODS C18柱(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,ELSD为栓测器,载气为氮气流速2.0 L·min-1,漂移管温度70℃.结果三七中皂苷R1,人参皂苷Rg1及人参皂苷Rb1的线性范围分别为0.21～2.14μg(r=0.999 8),1.0～10.0μg(r=0.999 3)和0.93～9.28 μg(r=0.999 1),平均回收率(n=5)分别105.7%(RSD 2.O%),100.7%(RSD 1.2%)和101.4%(RSD 1.2%).结论方法简单,快速和准确,用于复方丹参片的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定复方皂矾丸中西洋参的含量

目的:建立复方皂矾丸中西洋含量测定测方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法同时测定西洋参中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb1的含量.结果:高效液相色谱人参皂苷Rg1的线性范围是0.63～5.06 μg(r＝0.999 9),平均加样回收率101.12%(RSD＝2.14%),人参皂苷Re的线性范围是1.05～8.4 μg(r＝0.999 8),平均加样回收率100.71%(RSD＝1.57%),人参皂苷Rb1的线性范围是2.468～19.744μg(r＝0.999 7),平均加样回收率97.22%(RSD＝1.92%).结论:该方法操作简便、结果准确、重现性好,可用于复方皂矾丸中西洋参的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.