北京城区女性乳腺癌发病死亡和生存情况20年监测分析

目的 探讨北京城区乳腺癌发病率、死亡率及生存率的变化特点,为乳腺癌的预防与控制提供依据。方法 利用1982-2001年北京城区肿瘤登记报告资料,并结合1982年1月1日至1983年12月30日和1987年1月1日至1988年12月30日两个时期新发病例的随访资料,对北京城区女性乳腺癌的发病率、死亡率、生存率进行比较分析。结果 1982-2001年北京城区女性乳腺癌发病率及世界标准人口标化率呈逐年上升趋势,平均每年递增4．6％和4．9％。其流行特征：（1）年龄别发病率呈现一条由低到高的双峰曲线;（2）20年间各年龄组发病率均呈增高趋势;（3）35～64岁截缩发病率高达95．3／10万;（4）1982-1983年和1987-1988年两个时期相比,5年观察生存率（OSR）从62．0％上升到68．7％,相对生存率（RSR）由66．3％增长到74．2％;（5）20年间,死亡率一直在8／10万～10／10万的水平上波动。结论 北京城区女性乳腺癌发病率呈逐年上升的流行趋势,死亡率呈平稳状态,5年生存率在不断提高。北京市乳腺癌的二级预防是有效果的。     

启东市2001～2007年女性乳腺癌患者的生存率分析

目的对启东市2001～2007年全人群女性乳腺癌登记病例进行生存率分析,为预后评价提供依据。方法 858例登记病例的生存（死亡）情况随访截止于2009年12月31日。用SURV3．01软件计算观察生存率（0S）及相对生存率（RS）。结果 女性乳腺癌患者1、3、5年OS分别为84．36％、73．47％、66．80％,1、3、5年Rs分别为85．40％、76．26％和71．10％。15～34岁、35～44岁、45～54岁、55～64岁、65～74岁及≥75岁各年龄组的5年RS分别为34．98％、80．86％、72．64％0、60．68％、82．45％、67．91％。各年龄组观察生存率间的差异有统计学意义（x^2=53．93,P=0．00）。2001～2007年启东市女性乳腺癌患者的5年RS（71．10％）比1972～1976年及1987～1991年的54．38％和61．28％均有显著提高。结论2001～2007年启东市女性乳腺癌登记病例的总体生存率有较大的提高。     

Incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in the AsiaPacific region

Objective： To provide an overview of the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer for countries in the Asia-Pacific region.Methods： Statistical information about breast cancer was obtained from publicly available cancer registry and mortality databases（such as GLOBOCAN）, and supplemented with data requested from individual cancer registries. Rates were directly age-standardised to the Segi World Standard population and trends were analysed using joinpoint models.Results： Breast cancer was the most common type of cancer among females in the region, accounting for 18% of all cases in 2012, and was the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths（9%）. Although incidence rates remain much higher in New Zealand and Australia, rapid rises in recent years were observed in several Asian countries. Large increases in breast cancer mortality rates also occurred in many areas, particularly Malaysia and Thailand, in contrast to stabilising trends in Hong Kong and Singapore, while decreases have been recorded in Australia and New Zealand. Mortality trends tended to be more favourable for women aged under 50 compared to those who were 50 years or older. Conclusion： It is anticipated that incidence rates of breast cancer in developing countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region will continue to increase. Early detection and access to optimal treatment are the keys to reducing breast cancerrelated mortality, but cultural and economic obstacles persist. Consequently, the challenge is to customise breast cancer control initiatives to the particular needs of each country to ensure the best possible outcomes.     

中国乳腺癌全人群生存率分析研究进展*

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在我国乃至全球乳腺癌居女性恶性肿瘤发病率首位,严重影响女性的健康。人群为基础的癌症生存分析能够反映某一国家或地区癌症预防、诊断、治疗的整体水平,为有针对性地制定卫生政策提供基础数据支持。在世界范围内由于人种、社会经济文化、基础医疗保健、诊疗水平等多方面存在差异,不同国家或地区乳腺癌生存率差距较大。乳腺癌生存率与肿瘤分期、受体状态、治疗方式等密切相关,通过深入比较相关因素与乳腺癌生存率的关系,为预测乳腺癌预后、提高临床诊疗水平提供帮助。本文着重概述国内外乳腺癌生存现状,并针对目前我国癌症监测工作提供相关参考建议。      

Increasing incidence and constant mortality rates of breast cancer: Time trends in Stockholm County 1961–1973

Summary This study describes trends in breast cancer incidence and survival in Stockholm County during 1961–1973. A discrepancy between increasing incidence and constant mortality rates was reflected in a significantly improved survival of the more recently treated patients. However, no change in survival was found when the patients were classified by axillary node status. The improvement thus seemed entirely the result of a more favorable stage distribution. The shift towards less advanced tumors was mainly caused by an increased agestandardized incidence of node-negative tumors, whereas the incidence of more advanced tumors seemed relatively unchanged. The survival from first distant metastasis was significantly increased; the use of combination chemotherapy might have contributed to this. The increase, however, was only moderate and did not seem to have contributed much to the improved overall survival. It is concluded that several confounding factors must be recognized when time trends in breast cancer are analyzed. A straightforward interpretation of observed changes is therefore not always possible. An increasing detection of tumors with relatively benign biological properties or lead time bias may well contribute to seemingly improved results.     

Time trends of breast cancer survival in Europe in relation to incidence and mortality

Increasing breast cancer survival, observed in most western countries, is not easily interpreted: it could be due to better treatment, more effective treatment due to earlier diagnosis or simply lead-time bias. Increased diagnostic activity (e.g., screening) can inflate both incidence and survival. To understand interrelations between incidence, mortality and survival trends and their consequences, we analyzed survival trends in relation to mortality and incidence. Starting with observed survival from EUROCARE, mortality from WHO and using the MIAMOD method, we estimated breast cancer incidence trends from 1970 to 2005 in 10 European countries. To smooth out peaks in incidence and survival due to early diagnosis activity, survival trends were assumed similar to those observed by EUROCARE in 1983-1994. The following patterns emerged: (1) increasing survival with increasing incidence and declining or stable mortality (Sweden, Finland); (2) slight survival increase, marked incidence increase and slight mortality decrease (Denmark, the Netherlands and France); (3) increasing survival, marked decrease in mortality and tendency to incidence stabilization (UK); (4) marked survival increase, steady or decreasing mortality and moderate increases in incidence (Spain, Italy); (5) stable survival, increasing incidence and mortality (Estonia). In most countries survival increased, indicating a real advantage for patients when accompanied by decreasing or stable mortality, and attributable to improved cancer care (Sweden, UK, France, Italy and Spain). In Finland (with high survival), the Netherlands and Denmark, increasing mortality and incidence indicate increasing breast cancer risk, probably related to life-style factors. In Estonia, low and stable survival in the context of increasing incidence and mortality suggests inadequate care.     

Incidence,mortality, survival,and disease burden of breast cancer in China compared to other developed countries

Breast cancer was the most diagnosed malignant neoplasm and the second leading cause of cancer mortality among Chinese females in 2020. Increased risk factors and widespread adoption of westernized lifestyles have resulted in an upward trend in the occurrence of breast cancer. Up to date knowledge on the incidence, mortality, survival, and burden of breast cancer is essential for optimized cancer prevention and control. To better understand the status of breast cancer in China, this narrative literature review collected data from multiple sources, including studies obtained from the PubMed database and text references, national annual cancer report, government cancer database, Global Cancer Statistics 2020, and Global Burden of Disease study (2019). This review provides an overview of the incidence, mortality, and survival rates of breast cancer, as well as a summary of disability-adjusted life years associated with breast cancer in China from 1990 to 2019, with comparisons to Japan, South Korea, Australia and the United States.     

济南市城乡女性乳腺癌2012-2015年发病和死亡分析

目的 乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤.为了解济南市乳腺癌发病和死亡情况,对济南市2012-2015年女性乳腺癌发病和死亡现状进行了分析,为开展乳腺癌干预措施和确定乳腺癌研究方向提供依据.方法 利用济南市肿瘤监测系统提供的2012-2015年女性乳腺癌发病、死亡资料以及相应的人口资料,计算城区与农村地区年粗发病率/死亡率、世标率、年度变化率、发病年龄、绝经前/后患者比例、年龄别发病率/死亡率和城区与农村地区乳腺癌发病率、死亡率之比,采用Excel 2007、SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 2012年济南市城区和农村地区女性乳腺癌发病年龄分别为(54.40±12.40)和(52.02±12.48)岁,2015年分别为(55.34±12.14)和(53.15±12.10)岁,与2012年相比2015年城区和农村地区平均发病年龄分别增加了0.94和1.13岁;＜50岁年龄组乳腺癌患者的比例城区由2012年的38.20％降至2015年的33％,农村地区由2012年的47.10％降至2015年的43.65％.2012-2015年济南市城区女性乳腺癌年均发病率为52.77/10万,年均死亡率为9.76/10万,农村地区年均发病率为44.77/10万,年均死亡率为10.78/10万.2012-2015年济南市城、乡地区女性乳腺癌患者发病率比值30～＜55岁年龄组在0.97～1.08,25～＜30岁年龄组以及≥55岁年龄组在1.20～1.55,合计比值为1.24.2012-2015年济南市城乡地区女性乳腺癌发病率高峰分别在55～＜60岁(121.21/10万)和50～＜55岁(94.73/10万),≥60岁随着年龄增长发病率逐渐下降.死亡率高峰城乡地区分别在65～＜70岁(22.34/10万)和50～＜55岁(25.04/10万),济南市城区≥60岁随着年龄增长死亡率未见明显下降,而农村地区≥60岁随着年龄增长死亡率有所下降.结论 济南市女性乳腺癌年均发病率城区高于农村地区,而死亡率农村地区高于城区;发病、死亡高峰年龄城区均晚于农村地区.应采取相应的提早干预措施对肿瘤早发现、早治疗以改善预后.     

Prognostic value of the interpectoral lymph nodes in breast cancer: A 20-year survival study

Introduction The indication and extent of axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer remains open to controversy. Materials and method In this context, a 20-year survival study has been made of 1600 breast cancer patients subjected during surgical treatment to systematic dissection of the accomiothoracic vascular pedicle together with the accompanying lymph nodes (Rotter and Grossman interpectoral lymph node groups). An anatomical study of these nodes was also conducted in 100 necropsies, with the evaluation of 200 acromiothoracic vascular pedicles. Results The interpectoral lymph nodes were anatomically present in 42% of the necropsies and in 35.1% of the patients subjected to surgery. The prognosis was much worse in cases of neoplastic infiltration of the interpectoral lymph nodes (Kaplan-Meier survival study), regardless of the influence of other prognostic factors. Conclusions In view of the results obtained, the designation of grade N3 of the TNM classification is proposed for malignancies with positive interpectoral lymph node infiltration.     

Radiological and surgical placement of port devices: a 4-year institutional analysis of procedure performance,quality of life and cost in breast cancer patients

Objective. Guidelines have been developed for appropriate post-therapy surveillance for breast cancer recurrence. Two objectives of post-therapy surveillance are to support and counsel patients and to detect potentially curable local recurrences and new cancers in the opposite breast. The objective of this investigation was to assess the impact of guideline surveillance (history, physical examination, and annual mammography) on cancer-related worries and all-cause mortality.Study design and setting. We collected data on a cohort of 303 Massachusetts women with stages I or II breast cancer diagnosed between 1992 and 1994. Cases were women with increasing cancer-related worries or decedents. We used risk-set sampling to match five controls to each case on follow-up time. Cases and members of their matched risk set were characterized with respect to receipt of guideline surveillance and covariates preceding the date of their outcomes.Results. The adjusted odds ratio associating guideline surveillance in the preceding year with an increase in cancer-related worries equaled 0.37 (95% CI=0.14–0.99). The adjusted odds ratio associating continuous guideline surveillance with all-cause mortality equaled 0.66 (95% CI=0.51-0.86). Conclusion. The results are consistent with the stated objectives of surveillance follow-up of breast cancer patients after the completion of their primary therapy.     

社会因素对乳腺癌生存时间的影响

目的 :探讨生活环境和职业因素对乳腺癌的生存时间影响。方法 :收集1998年浙江省肿瘤医院入户随访资料中的1986年 1月 1日～ 1990年 12月 3 0日 5 5 7例乳腺癌住院患例 ,分析不同居住地、职业对乳腺癌患者生存时间影响。结果 :5 5 7例乳腺癌患者 5年、8年生存率分别为72 5 3 % ( 4 0 4/ 5 5 7)和 5 2 2 4% ( 2 91/ 5 5 7)。Ⅲ期乳腺癌城镇患者 8年生存率达 5 5 10 %( 2 7/ 49) ,明显高于Ⅲ期农村患者的 3 8 2 7%( 3 1/ 81) ,χ2 =4 0 5 ,P =0 0 44 2 5。Ⅲ期干部患者 8年生存率高于农民患者 ( 73 3 3 %vs45 65 % ,χ2 =4 0 3 ,P =0 0 44 5 9)。结论 :乳腺癌的生存率存在城乡差异和职业差异。这可能与环境因素、社会心理因素、经济文化、医疗环境等社会因素有关     

Influence of education level on breast cancer risk and survival in Sweden between 1990 and 2004

On account of limited recent data regarding the role of education in breast cancer risk and prognosis, we conducted this study to assess the association between education level and in situ and invasive breast cancer risk and invasive breast cancer survival, using the 2006 update of the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Cox's proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) adjusted for age, time-period, parity, age at first birth, county of residence, and family history of breast cancer. Compared to women completing less than 9 years of education, university graduates were more likely to be diagnosed with in situ (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.28-1.63) and invasive (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.20-1.36) breast cancer, and the lack of homogeneity between these two HRs was statistically significant, p = 0.007. Further stratification revealed that the lack of homogeneity was greatest for breast cancers diagnosed before age 50. Compared to women completing less than 9 years of education, university graduates were associated with the highest survival following a breast cancer diagnosis (lowest fatality hazard ratio), HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.61-0.75. Further research is warranted to elucidate possible behaviors or characteristics associated with education that could explain the differences in incidence and survival, such as compliance with cancer screening.     

Twenty-year outcome of prevalence,incidence, mortality and survival rate in patients with malignant bone tumors

Malignant bone tumors are a group of rare malignant tumors and our study aimed to update the recent epidemiologic estimates based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. Patients diagnosed with malignant bone tumors from 2000 to 2019 were included and their characteristics were retrospectively described. The limited-duration prevalence, annual age-adjusted incidence and mortality were calculated, and the annual percentage changes were analyzed to quantify the rate change. Finally, observed survival and relative survival rate were illustrated. Subgroup analysis across tumor type, age, gender, tumor Grade, primary tumor site and stage was also performed. As for results, a total of 11 655 eligible patients with malignant bone tumor were selected. Osteosarcoma was the most common tumor type, followed by chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chordoma. The estimated limited-duration prevalence of malignant bone tumors increased from 2000 (0.00069%) to 2018 (0.00749%). Steady age-adjusted incidence was observed in all patients during the study period while the highest rate occurred in osteosarcoma. Mortality rates differed in subgroups while elder patients (older than 64 years) presented the highest mortality rate compared to other age groups. In all bone tumors, the 10-year observed survival and relative survival rates were 58.0% and 61.9%, respectively. Chondrosarcoma patients had the best survival outcome, followed by osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, chordoma and other bone tumors. In conclusion, different epidemiologic performance in incidence and mortality was observed across tumor type as well as other demographic and clinicopathological variables, which provide potential suggestion for further adjustment of medical resource.     

Correlation of changes between 2-year disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival in adjuvant breast cancer trials from 1966 to 2006.

BACKGROUND: Although disease-free survival (DFS) is accepted as a valid end point in adjuvant breast cancer trials, improvement in 2-year DFS has never been formally established as an adequate correlate for 5-year overall survival (OS). We set out to ascertain if changes in 2-year DFS can be used to accurately predict 5-year OS changes. DESIGN: We conducted a systematic Medline search (1966-2006) for randomized adjuvant breast cancer trials of >100 patients per arm with 2-year DFS and 5-year OS data. A univariate regression model weighted by trial sample size was constructed to determine whether 2-year DFS differences between treatment arms within trials were predictive of 5-year OS differences. RESULTS: A total of 126 studies containing 149 treatment comparisons met the inclusion criteria. Difference in 2-year DFS was a significant predictor of difference in 5-year OS. For every 1% increase in 2-year DFS difference, the 5-year OS difference increased by 0.5%-0.55%. The proportion of variation explained ranged from 0.38 to 0.42, with a wide prediction interval. CONCLUSION: There is a statistically significant correlation, of moderate strength, between difference in 2-year DFS between treatment comparisons and difference in 5-year OS but the correlation is not strong enough to be used as a predictor.     

Smoking and survival after breast cancer diagnosis

We examined whether a history of smoking is associated with an increased risk of death from any cause or from breast cancer, among women diagnosed with breast cancer. This was a prospective observational study among 5,056 women from the Nurses' Health Study with Stages I-III invasive breast cancer diagnosed between 1978 and 2002 and for whom we had information on smoking, and who were followed until January 2002 or death, whichever came first. Subjects were classified as current, former or never smokers based upon smoking status at the biennial questionnaire immediately preceding the breast cancer diagnosis. In multivariate-adjusted analyses, compared with never smokers, women who were current smokers had a 43% increased adjusted relative risk (RR) [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.24-1.65] of death from any cause. A strong linear gradient was observed with the number of cigarettes per day smoked, p-trend <0.0001; the RR (95% CI) for 1-14, 15-24 and 25 or more cigarettes per day was 1.27 (1.01-1.61), 1.30 (1.08-1.57) and 1.79 (1.47-2.19). In contrast, there was no association with current smoking and breast cancer death; the RR (95% CI) was 1.00 (0.83-1.19). Current and past smokers were more likely than never smokers to die from primary lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other lung diseases. We conclude that a history of smoking increased mortality following diagnosis with breast cancer, but did not increase mortality from breast cancer.     

Social class is an important and independent prognostic factor of breast cancer mortality

Reasons of the important impact of socioeconomic status on breast cancer prognosis are far from established. This study aims to evaluate and explain the social disparities in breast cancer survival in the Swiss canton of Geneva, where healthcare costs and life expectancy are among the highest in the world. This population-based study included all 3,920 female residents of Geneva, who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer before the age of 70 years between 1980 and 2000. Patients were divided into 4 socioeconomic groups, according to the woman's last occupation. We used Cox multivariate regression analysis to identify reasons for the socioeconomic inequalities in breast cancer survival. Compared to patients of high social class, those of low social class had an increased risk (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.4, 95% CI: 1.6-3.5) of dying as a result of breast cancer. These women were more often foreigners, less frequently had screen-detected cancer and were at more advanced stage at diagnosis. They less frequently underwent breast-conserving surgery, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy, in particular, in case of axillary lymph node involvement. When adjusting for all these factors, patients of low social class still had a significantly increased risk of dying of breast cancer (HR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.6). Overmortality linked to low SES is only partly explained by delayed diagnosis, unfavorable tumor characteristics and suboptimal treatments. Other factors, not measured in this study, also could play a role. While waiting for the outcome of other researches, we should consider socioeconomic status as an independent prognostic factor and provide intensified support and surveillance to women of low social class.