珠江水系主干东江博罗县段水源水质分析

目的了解东江博罗县段水源水质状况。方法2000~2004年调查东江博罗县段上下游水源水质状况,按GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅱ类水质标准进行评价和统计学分析。结果博罗县段东江水基本达到Ⅱ类水质标准,仅铁含量超标率为20%,硝酸盐氮超标率为100%。结论东江博罗县段水源主要受有机物污染,在卫生防护和环境保护方面有待加强。     

2001—2011年滦河中下游水质监测结果

目的了解滦河中下游11年间水质定量变化,筛选出主要水质污染指标。方法整理并汇总唐山市环境监测站从2001—2011年滦河两监测点地表水质日常监测的资料,描述水质动态变化情况,计算综合污染指数及污染分担率,并对各指标10年前后水平进行比较。结果滦河中游水质综合污染指数基本在0.2~0.4之间波动,下游呈明显的下降趋势。中游大黑汀水库的分担率较大的水质性状指标为总磷和高锰酸钾盐指数(CODMn),下游滦县大桥分担率较大的指标的分别是为5日生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨氮和CODMn。两监测点均符合地表水Ⅲ类水质标准。上游溶解氧(DO)和氨氮变化明显,而下游重铬酸盐指数(CODCr)、CODMn、BOD5及粪大肠菌群下降明显。结论滦河中下游水质优良,近11年水质有明显地改善,但仍需加强保护。     

淠河总干渠水质生态学监测

目的 开展淠河总干渠水质生态学监测.方法 于2009年5月-2010年4月,对淠河总干渠进行水质理化监测和浮游生物群落的生态调查.采用生物多样性指数(H)和综合污染指数(K)评价水质.结果 共检出浮游藻类7门228种,以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主,藻类数量是硅藻-蓝藻-绿藻型;检出浮游动物84种,以原生动物和轮虫为主,数量上主要是轮虫-桡足类-原生动物较多.淠河总干渠浮游生物数量11.02× 106～79.70× 106个/L,H值为1.85～2.48,K值为0.64～0.71.结论 淠河总干渠受到轻中度～重中度污染,水质等级主要是Ⅲ类,属中-富营养～富营养型水体,水质理化监测与生物监测结果有较好的一致性.     

Physicochemical parameters affecting the perception of borehole water quality in Ghana

Rural Ghanaian communities continue using microbiologically contaminated surface water sources due in part to undesirable organoleptic characteristics of groundwater from boreholes. Our objective was to identify thresholds of physical and chemical parameters associated with consumer complaints related to groundwater. Water samples from 94 boreholes in the dry season and 68 boreholes in the rainy season were analyzed for 18 parameters. Interviews of consumers were conducted at each borehole regarding five commonly expressed water quality problems (salty taste, presence of particles, unfavorable scent, oily sheen formation on the water surface, and staining of starchy foods during cooking). Threshold levels of water quality parameters predictive of complaints were determined using the Youden index maximizing the sum of sensitivity and specificity. The probability of complaints at various parameter concentrations was estimated using logistic regression. Exceedances of WHO guidelines were detected for pH, turbidity, chloride, iron, and manganese. Concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) above 172 mg/L were associated with salty taste complaints. Although the WHO guideline is 1000 mg/L, even at half the guideline, the likelihood of salty taste complaint was 75%. Iron concentrations above 0.11, 0.14 and 0.43 mg/L (WHO guideline value 0.3 mg/L) were associated with complaints of unfavorable scent, oily sheen, and food staining, respectively. Iron and TDS concentrations exhibited strong spatial clustering associated with specific geological formations. Improved groundwater sources in rural African communities that technically meet WHO water quality guidelines may be underutilized in preference of unimproved sources for drinking and domestic uses, compromising human health and sustainability of improved water infrastructure.     

黄河三角洲生活饮用水水质状况分析

目的:调查分析黄河三角洲生活饮用水水质状况。方法:按照GB/5750-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法对2009年-2011年度1052份水样进行检测。结果:水样中总大肠菌群、大肠埃希菌、菌落总数、浑浊度、肉眼可见物、游离余氯等的合格率偏低。结论:农村地区末梢水合格率明显低于城市,提示农村地区要加强对出厂水的消毒处理。     

东江东莞段水质卫生学调查

目的 了解东江东莞段水质状况,为该水域的治理和保护提供科学依据.方法 于2012年3月对东江东莞段7个监测点进行采样,测定23个水质指标.按GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》进行评价.结果 东江东莞段水温变化明显,水质呈弱酸性至中性,色度从清澈透明至发黑不等;氨氮属于Ⅲ～Ⅴ类水标准,溶解氧为2.10～7.60 mg/L,高锰酸盐指数为2.03～13.19 mg/L,五日生化需氧量为2.75～11.31mg/L,在上游均为Ⅱ类水标准,其他均超过Ⅲ类水标准;7个监测点的金属元素中除大盛、中围和泗盛的钾、钠、钙和镁浓度较高外,其余均较低.结论 东江东莞段水源主要受有机物污染.     

Changes in productivity and contaminants in bald eagles nesting along the lower Columbia River, USA

Previous studies documented poor productivity of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the lower Columbia River (LCR), USA, and elevated p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furans in eagle eggs. From 1994 to 1995, we collected partially incubated eggs at 19 of 43 occupied territories along the LCR and compared productivity and egg contaminants to values obtained in the mid-1980s. We found higher productivity at new nesting sites along the river, yet productivity at 23 older breeding territories remained low and was not different (p = 0.713) between studies. Eggshell thickness at older territories had not improved (p = 0.404), and eggshells averaged 11% thinner than shells measured before dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane use. Decreases in DDE (p = 0.022) and total PCBs (p = 0.0004) in eggs from older breeding areas occurred between study periods. Productivity was not correlated to contaminants, but DDE, PCBs, and dioxin-like chemicals exceeded estimated no-effect values. Some dioxin-like contaminants in eggs were correlated to nest location, with highest concentrations occurring toward the river's mouth where productivity was lowest. Although total productivity increased due to the success of new nesting pairs in the region, egg contaminants remain high enough to impair reproduction at older territories and, over time, may alter productivity of new pairs nesting near the river's mouth.     

Population dynamic of Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus in flooded areas of the River Drava in Osijek, Croatia.

Populations of adult mosquitoes occurring in the Osijek area in eastern Croatia were monitored from May 1995 to September 2000 with Centers for Disease Control-style traps baited with dry ice. A total of 106,663 adults was caught, ranging from 0 (several times) to 21,120 in May 1995. The mosquitoes captured represented 18 species. Aedes vexans was the most abundant, followed by Ochlerotatus sticticus. Both of these species have breeding sites in flooded areas in the areas surrounding Osijek. Furthermore, these 2 species comprised 86% of total adult mosquitoes collected. The life cycles of these species and their abundances were positively correlated with water level. The peak occurrence of these species was in late spring to early summer. During 6 years, adult mosquito populations were significantly correlated with the water level of the Drava River.     

Predicting moderate improvement and decline in pediatric asthma quality of life over 24 months

Objective  

To determine factors associated with 24-month change in quality of life in children with asthma and their parents during the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP).     

Changes in blood trihalomethane concentrations resulting from differences in water quality and water use activities

Water disinfection is extremely important for the protection of public health; however, it also forms by-products, including trihalomethanes (THMs). Previous studies of health effects from disinfection by-products have lacked accurate methods to quantify exposure over time. As a first step in establishing a better system for exposure assessment, the authors investigated which household water use activities cause a significant increase in internal dose concentrations of THMs. In this study, 7 subjects in 2 different cities carried out 12 common activities that involved water use. In 3 of these activities-bathing, showering, and washing dishes by hand-the blood concentrations of THMs increased substantially. Further analysis of the data suggested that tap water concentrations primarily controlled the blood concentrations from bathing exposure, whereas tap water concentrations and ambient air concentrations resulting from water use affected the blood concentrations from showering exposure. Further studies will focus on variables in these activities that can alter exposure.     

浙江嵊州剡溪相关区域的水质现状分析

目的:了解嵊州剡溪相关区域的水质现状及影响,为政府部门水污染治理效果评价提供科学依据,以确保当地居民合理、安全地利用水资源。方法:对嵊州剡溪相关区域的嵊新交接段布三个断面进行监测,采用单因子指数评价法对嵊州剡溪水质综合评价。结果:嵊州剡溪相关区域的水质良好,另外其铁和锰分别超标0.68倍和0.4倍。结论:经过多年治理,目前剡溪相关区域的水质为良好,但尚不适于用作直接的生活饮用水源。     

贵州三岔河水质时空分布特征与评价

目的了解贵州三岔河水质的时空分布特征。方法分别于2014年枯水期(2月22—27日)和丰水期(8月17—23日),选取三岔河26个采样点,在丰、枯水期对河流溶解氧、氨氮等6项指标进行监测,探讨水质的季节变化特征和空间差异,并分别采用单因子水质标识指数法、单因子评价法、综合水质标识指数法和改良模糊标识指数法对三岔河水质进行分析及评价。结果三岔河上游水质优于中、下游,枯水期水质污染较丰水期严重,其主要污染物为总氮,其次为化学需氧量和总磷,呈现富营养化状态。相比于其他评价方法,改良模糊标识指数法比较适于三岔河水质的评价。枯水期各采样点水质主要以Ⅴ类水为主,而丰水期水质主要以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水为主。结论应关注三岔河枯水期的水质污染。     

24年住院分娩围产保健质量变化趋势分析

目的:对海淀区妇幼保健院1983年10月~2007年9月间107 023例住院分娩产妇围产保健质量的主要监测指标进行统计分析,旨在寻找现行工作的差距,明确今后围产保健工作的重点。方法:采用描述性研究(计算各种率和比)和分析性研究(计数资料的卡方检验),分析差异的显著性。结果:24年间各种监测指标总的发生率分别是:孕产妇死亡率为6.54/10万;围生儿死亡率为8.53‰;妊高征发生率为7.64%;产后出血发生率为4.73%;早产发生率为4.16%;新生儿窒息发生率为1.25%;出生低体重发生率为3.69%;出生缺陷发生率为129.95万/。孕产妇死亡率的控制处于先进水平,围生儿死亡率前10年呈现逐年下降趋势,后10年下降趋势不明显;妊高征发生率呈现下降趋势,且表现出明显的季节性差异;剖宫产率呈现快速增长态势,剖宫产率存在明显月份差异;出生缺陷、早产发生率呈现上升态势;低出生体重发生率呈现下降趋势;新生儿窒息发生率不同年份波动较大,后期下降趋势明显。结论:该院围产保健工作质量呈现整体提高态势,今后围产保健工作重点为:继续巩固现有围产保健工作成果,使孕产妇死亡率、围生儿死亡率维持在低水平,深入开展有关早产、出生缺陷、低出生体重、新生儿窒息发生的病因学及防治对策研究,以便采取针对性围产保健措施,使指标稳中有降,采取综合性防控措施有效降低剖宫产率,预防和减少以妊高征及产后出血为主的产科并发症的发生,全面提高围产保健综合质量。