Clinical significance of skip metastasis in patients with gastric cancer

Background Metastasis appearing to bypass or skip tiers of lymph nodes (LNs) has been referred to as skip metastasis. The clinical impact of skip metastasis in gastric cancer remains unclear. Methods In patients with gastric cancer, the clinicopathological features and postoperative prognoses of 21 patients with skip metastasis were evaluated and compared with findings in patients with group 1 (N1) or group 2 (N2) LN metastasis. Results Of the 21 patients with skip metastasis, 9 patients had metastasis in the LN along the common hepatic artery (No. 8a), 8 patients had metastasis in the LN along the left gastric artery (No. 7), 2 patients had metastasis in LNs No. 7 and No. 8a, 1 patient had metastasis in the LN at the splenic hilum (No. 10), and 1 patient had metastasis in LN No. 10 and the LN along the splenic artery (No. 11). The mean diameter of the tumors in the patients with skip metastasis was 5.7 ± 2.4 cm, which was significantly smaller than those in the N1 patients (7.9 ± 4.1 cm) and N2 patients (9.3 ± 4.6 cm). The incidence of serosal invasion, lymphatic vessel invasion, and peritoneal metastasis was lower in patients with skip metastasis compared with N2 patients. The 5-year survival rates were 70.2%, 62.0%, and 31.2% in patients with skip metastasis, patients with metastasis in group 1 LNs, and those with metastasis in group 2 LNs, respectively. The prognosis of patients with metastasis in group 2 LNs was significantly worse than that of patients with either skip metastasis (P = 0.0029) or metastasis in group 1 LNs (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Our data indicate that both the clinicopathological characteristics and the prognoses of patients with skip metastasis were similar to those of patients with N1 LN metastasis, but these features were not similar to those in patients with N2 LN metastasis. The sites of skip metastasis presented in the current study may be the key for applying the concept of the sentinel node in gastric cancer.     

Clinical experiences with hyperthermochemotherapy of hepatic metastasis from gastric cancer

Thermochemotherapy was performed on gastric cancer cases of hepato-metastasis. The subjects were 12 gastric cancer cases having hepato-metastatic lesions (10 synchronous, 2 heterochronous). Using 8 or 13.58 MHz-dielectric heating apparatus, thermotherapy was carried out for 40-60 min (twice a week, 5-35 times, averaging 12.8 per case) at an intra-tumoral temperature greater than 42 degrees C. Chemotherapy consisted of hepato-arterial infusion of MMC 10 mg/BW, CDDP 75 mg/m2 once per 3-4 weeks and consecutive daily administration p.o. of UFT 800 mg/BW. Effect greater than PR was noted in 75% (9/12) on the whole and in 100% (5/5) and 57% (4/7) for H1-2 and H3, respectively. Mean and 50% survival periods were 9.3 and 7.2 months, respectively, with a one-year survival rate of 38%. Chemotherapy-induced side effects were nausea and vomiting in 83% and leukopenia and thrombopenia in 67%, while the only thermotherapy-induced side effect was subcutaneous fatty tissue necrosis in 3 cases. The above results suggested the effectiveness of the present thermochemotherapy in the treatment of hepato-metastasis of gastric cancer.     

胃癌骨转移的临床特点

据文献报道胃癌伴有骨转移发生率为0.46% ～38% ,胃癌伴骨转移的高危因素包括：年轻患者、病理为低分化腺癌、Borrmann Ⅲ型、浸润深度T 3 和T 4、伴多发淋巴转移和胃体部肿瘤。转移途径半数以上为非门脉系统。胃癌伴骨转移而无肝转移病例占69% ,骨转移与淋巴转移区站转移有密切关联,距胃原发病灶3 cm以上存在淋巴转移者,其骨转移发生率为27% 。核素扫描为骨转移提供了诊断途径和可靠的依据,HCG 、CEA 肿瘤标志物检测对诊断骨转移有所帮助,治疗以放化疗为主。骨转移预后较差,大多生存期< 6 个月。     

Prognostic factors affecting long-term outcomes in patients with brain metastasis from esophageal carcinoma

ObjectiveThe incidence of brain metastasis from esophageal cancer (BMEC) has increased in recent years. Thus, it is necessary to identify factors that affect long-term outcomes for such patients.MethodsFrom January 1997 to July 2018, consecutive patients (10,043 patients, 31 with brain metastasis) with esophageal cancer (EC) treated at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital were recruited for retrospective analysis. Demographic, clinical, and pathological variables and the survival data were retrieved.ResultsThe median time from diagnosis of EC to diagnosis of brain metastases was 7.67 (range, 0.43−55.20) months. The median survival time of BMEC patients from diagnosis of primary esophageal tumor was 16.7 (range, 2.33−163.30) months and the median survival time from the point of diagnosis of brain metastasis was 6.47 (range, 0.43−148.13) months. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the pathology type, EC without chemotherapy, and bone metastasis history were significantly associated with a shorter time interval between the first treatment of EC and brain metastasis. Chemotherapy history after brain metastasis, whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) history, and surgery were significant predictors for better long-term survival outcomes.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that the use of surgery, WBRT, and chemotherapy can achieve the best therapeutic effects for BMEC patients.     

Therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastasis Therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastasis

Brain metastasis is a major cause of poor prognosis and high mortality for non-smal celllung cancer patients. The prognosis of non-smal-celllung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastasis is general...     

Favorable indications for hepatectomy in patients with liver metastasis from gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with liver metastasis from gastric cancer (LMGC) is dismal. The purpose of this study was to review our recent outcomes of hepatectomy for LMGC and to determine the suitable candidates for surgery. STUDY DESIGN: The outcomes of 37 patients with LMGC who underwent hepatectomy between 1990 and 2005 were assessed. No extrahepatic distant metastasis and feasibility of macroscopic curative resection were requisite indications for surgery. The prognostic values of clinicopathological factors were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: There was no in-hospital mortality. The median survival time and overall 5-year survival rate after hepatectomy of the patients with LMGC were 31 months and 11%, respectively. Intrahepatic recurrence following hepatectomy was found in 23 patients (62%). Variables independently associated with poor survival were bilobar metastasis (P = 0.002, CI = 1.9-16.3) and a maximum tumor diameter of >or= 4 cm (P = 0.006, CI = 1.4-7.7). The depth of the primary tumor and the timing of metastasis were not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection for LMGC may be indicated in patients with unilobar metastasis and/or tumors less than 4 cm in diameter. Synchronous metastasis is not a contraindication for hepatectomy.     

孤立性脑转移非小细胞肺癌患者的临床决策探讨

既往认为孤立性脑转移非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC ）患者属于Ⅳ期,一般不考虑手术治疗,仅给予化疗或放疗等治疗,但很难达到理想的疗效。近年来通过多学科协作体系（MDT ）给予规范化、个体化治疗,使患者的获益程度明显增加,甚至可以达到治愈。现介绍2 例天津医科大学肿瘤医院多学科协作治疗孤立性脑转移NSCLC 患者的病例,以期探讨和制定相应诊疗规范,让更多的患者受益。     

Treatment and outcomes of 28 patients with spinal metastasis from gynecological cancer

The aim of this study was to provide some useful information concerning clinical characteristics, surgical treatment, potential contributing factor and prognostic factors for patients with gynecological cancer (GC) spinal metastasis. We reviewed 28 patients with GC spinal metastasis in our spine tumor center between July 2008 and July 2015. Surgeries were performed on 22 of them. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify potential prognostic factors affecting spinal metastasis-free survival (SMFS) and overall survival. The operative patients responded favorably according to decrease of VAS score and increase of Frankel grade after surgery. The 1- and 2-year survival rates in all patients were 60.7 and 41.0%, respectively. Univariate analysis suggested that age at diagnosis with GC was the potential contributing factor for spinal metastasis, while Frankel grade, ECOG-PS, visceral metastasis and chemotherapy were the potential prognostic factors affecting survival. Multivariate analysis indicated that the independent prognostic factors came from visceral metastasis and chemotherapy. Surgery played an important role in improving patients’ quality of life. Patients over 50 years old had a shorter SMFS after diagnosed with GC. Visceral metastasis was an adverse prognostic factor for patients with GC spinal metastasis, while chemotherapy was a favorable one.     

Intramuscular metastasis from gastric cancer

Skeletal muscle is an uncommon site of hematogenous metastasis of gastric carcinoma. We report here a rare case of gastric carcinoma with multiple intramuscular metastases. Our patient had advanced gastric carcinoma and complained of left gluteal induration with tenderness. Because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that the gluteal tumor showed iso-signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, with reticulated texture around the tumor, and the patient had advanced gastric carcinoma, we speculated that the tumor was an intramuscular metastatic tumor from primary gastric carcinoma. There were also multiple intramuscular metastatic lesions in both gluteal muscles on the MRI findings that were not detected by physical examination. Therefore, the patient underwent total gastrectomy with combined resection of spleen, with subsequent chemotherapy. Three months after the operation, we excised the gluteal tumor to alleviate the gluteal pain. Histological examinations confirmed that the gluteal tumor was a metastasis from primary gastric carcinoma. Received: October 15, 2001 / Accepted: February 12, 2002     

Muscular metastasis from gastric cancer

The association between gastric cancer and muscle metastasis is extremely rare. Few cases have been reported in the literature. We report a case of a 68-year-old man, with a diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma by endoscopy and biopsy. A painful nodule on the right thigh became noticeable during chemotherapy sessions, where positron emission tomography and percutaneous biopsy diagnosed a muscle metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma. This report demonstrates the importance of further investigation of muscle lesion in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and how we can diagnose and treat these lesions.     

吉非替尼(Gefitinib)对非小细胞肺癌的脑部转移具有疗效

目的 比较分析吉非替尼对不同体能表现、既往不同化疗次数、有或无脑部转移病灶的非小细胞肺癌患者的治疗结果。方法 总共有76例患者参加试验。结果 患者的疾病控制率为63．2％(95％CI为52．1％～74．3％)．无疾病恶化牛存期的中位数为5．0个月(95％CI为3．5～6．6个月)，整体生存期的中位数为9．9个月(95％CI为4．9～14．8个月)。其中具有可测量病灶的57例患者的客观反应率为33．3％(95％CI为20．7％～46．0％)。76例患者中有21例患者同时具有可评估的颅内及颅外病灶，其中17例(81．0％)对吉非替尼有相同的颅内及颅外肿瘤反应．而出现脑部转移并不影响患者的生存期。药物引起的副作用大部分是中等反应．仅5例患者发生不可耐受的毒性，其中1例(5．8％)为间质性肺炎。结论 吉非替尼对非小细胞肺癌的脑部转移有疗效．值得进一步没计随机临床试验观察单剂吉非替尼治疗或加上其它形式的治疗在脑部转移的非小细胞肺癌患者中所扮演的角色。     

肝细胞肝癌脑转移临床特性和预后分析

目的：分析肝细胞肝癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）脑转移的临床特点和预后相关因素。方法：回顾性研究2004—0430—2011-12-01我院在放疗科诊治的32例HCC脑转移患者,其中27例接受脑部肿瘤的放射治疗,随访患者的生存情况。结果：32例患者中,27例患者出现中枢神经系统症状,5例无症状即发现颅脑转移。脑转移到死亡的中位生存期为（4．53±2．12）个月,颅脑HCC后到脑转移的中位时间为14．5个月,1年生存率为15．6％。单因素分析显示,颅脑症状（P=0．008）、RPA（P=0．002）、Child-Pugh肝功能分级（P〈0．01）及肝内病灶控制情况（P=0．040）与生存时间相关;多因素分析则显示,颅脑症状、颅内转移灶数目（P=0．027）和是否接受过脑转移灶放疗（P=0．001）是影响患者预后的主要因素。20例脑转移患者已经出现肺转移,21例患者死于肝内病灶未控,5例患者因脑转移灶未能控制而死亡。结论：HCC脑转移患者生存时间短,大部分患者以伴有颅外转移灶,颅内症状、肝功能分级、颅内病灶个数和是否放疗是预后主要因素。     

Clinical and pathological study of gastric cancer with ovarian metastasis

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the treatment strategy for ovarian metastases from gastric cancer, by a retrospective study of the treatment results. Methods: We reviewed the records of patients with ovarian metastases from primary gastric cancer. Ovarian metastases were found in 24 of 897 female patients with gastric cancer. Of these, 21 patients with histologically proven disease were studied. Results: Ovarian metastasis was detected before the primary gastric cancer in 1 patient, simultaneously in 6, and after in 14. Ovarian tumors were detected by computed tomography (CT) in a majority of patients (95%), while uterine tumors were detected in only 29%. Metastasis to the uterus was histologically examined in 14 tumors and confirmed in 11 tumors. All patients with positive endometrial cytology had uterine metastases. Total abdominal hysterectomy was performed with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 12 patients and with unilateral resection in 2. In these 14 patients, 5 were curatively operated. In the clinical course, all patients developed multiple metastases, and patients suffered peritoneal dissemination. None survived for longer than 3 years. The median survival time after ovarian metastases (MST) was 10.3 months for all patients; 3.6 months in patients in their sixties, and 12.5 months in those in their fifties. Survival was significantly longer in patients who underwent curative resection (MST, 30.4 months) compared with those who had noncurative resection (MST, 10.3 months). Conclusion: The prognosis for ovarian metastasis of gastric cancer was poor without curative resection. Because of frequent microscopic metastases to the uterus, total hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy is recommended if curative resection is possible. Received: August 5, 2002 / Accepted: January 14, 2003 Correspondence to:O. Kobayashi     

胃癌急性穿孔不良结局的临床分析

目的 探讨胃癌穿孔围手术期死亡以及不同手术方式的影响因素,并分析其预后.方法 对我院1998年1月至2010年9月收治的45例胃癌急性穿孔患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.分析围手术期死亡的影响因素,比较不同手术方式的选择及预后.结果 45例胃癌急性穿孔患者中,2例行穿刺引流,11例单纯修补,18例姑息切除,14例根治切除.围手术期死亡率24.4%(11/45).围手术期死亡和存活患者的平均年龄分别为(68.2±5.5)岁、(53.5±9.0)岁,平均穿孔时间分别为(19.4±5.3)h、(10.9±5.4)h,平均BMI分别为(15.1±1.3)kg/m2、(18.3±2.1)kg/m2,差异有统计学意义:围手术期死亡患者合并术前休克、内科疾病及远处转移的比例显著高于围手术期存活患者(P＜0.01).围手术期死亡多见于穿刺引流、单纯修补,姑息切除少见死亡,根治切除无死亡.穿刺引流、单纯修补、姑息切除、根治切除不同手术方式的选择与患者年龄、穿孔时间、BMI以及是否合并术前休克、内科疾病、远处转移相关(P＜0.01).单纯修补、姑息切除、根治切除组的中位生存期分别为9、15、29个月,生存率比较差异有统计学意义.结论 胃癌急性穿孔围手术期死亡与患者一般情况、腹膜炎程度、肿瘤进展情况有关,对其综合、正确判断,选择合理手术方式,可降低围手术期死亡率,并可使部分患者获得根治机会,生存获益.     

Optimizing outcomes for patients with gastric cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from gastric cancer has traditionally been considered a terminal progression of the disease and is associated with poor survival outcomes. Positive peritoneal cytology similarly worsens the survival of patients with gastric cancer and treatment options for these patients have been limited. Recent advances in multimodality treatment regimens have led to innovative ways to care for and treat patients with this disease burden. One of these advances has been to use neoadjuvant therapy to try and convert patients with positive cytology or low-volume PC to negative cytology with no evidence of active peritoneal disease. These strategies include the use of neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy alone, using neoadjuvant laparoscopic heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (NLHIPEC) after systemic chemotherapy, or using neoadjuvant intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy (NIPS) in a bidirectional manner. For patients with higher volume PC, cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have been mainstays of treatment. When used together, CRS and HIPEC can improve overall outcomes in properly selected patients, but overall survival outcomes remain unacceptably low. The extent of peritoneal disease, commonly measured by the peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI), and the completeness of cytoreduction, has been shown to greatly impact outcomes in patients undergoing CRS and HIPEC. The uses of NLHIPEC and NLHIPEC plus NIPS have both been shown to decrease the PCI and thus increase the opportunity for complete cytoreduction. Newer therapies like pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy and immunotherapy, such as catumaxomab, along with improved systemic chemotherapeutic regimens, are being explored with great interest. There is exciting progress being made in the management of PC from gastric cancer and its’ treatment is no longer futile.     

Efficacy of trastuzumab deruxtecan in an advanced gastric cancer patient with brain metastasis

Background: There is no clinical evidence supporting the effectiveness of trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) for treating advanced gastric cancer (AGC) with brain metastasis. Case report: This is a case of a 65-year-old man with human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2)-positive AGC. He was initially treated with capecitabine, cisplatin, and trastuzumab, followed by paclitaxel and ramucirumab, nivolumab, trifluridine and tipiracil, and irinotecan regimens in addition to radiation therapy for brain metastasis. The patient exhibited refractoriness to the standard regimen used for AGC and developed relapse of the brain metastasis after radiation accompanied by headache, nausea, and dizziness. In August 2020, following the approval of T-DXd for HER2-positive AGC, he received T-DXd therapy. After 5 cycles of T-DXd, contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated significant tumor shrinkage and improvement of symptoms. Conclusion: T-DXd demonstrated effectiveness for the treatment of brain metastasis arising from HER2-positive AGC.     

Therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastasis

Brain metastasis is a major cause of poor prognosis and high mortality for non-small cell lung cancer patients. The prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer（NSCLC） patients with brain metastasis is generally poor and more effective treatment is required to improve their prognosis. Whole-brain radiotherapy, surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy are the main treatment for brain metastasis. This review focuses on the five therapeutic strategy and in particular, on targeted therapy.