血管紧张素I转换酶基因多态性与糖尿病视网膜病和糖尿病心肌梗塞关联

目的探讨血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶(angiotensin Ⅰ-converting enzyme, ACE)基因多态性与糖尿病视网膜病和心肌梗塞之间的关联性.方法应用PCR技术,对1型糖尿病33例视网膜病患者和36例非视网膜病患者、2型糖尿病68例伴心肌梗塞患者和57例伴视网膜病患者以及190例无并发症患者的ACE基因插入/缺失型多态性进行了检测.结果 ACE基因与视网膜病之间无关联.而2型糖尿病心肌梗塞患者与非心肌梗塞患者比较, DD纯合子频率显著增高(41.2% vs 33.2%),D等位基因频率也显著增高,差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 D等位基因(相对风险为1.50)和DD基因型(相对风险为1.33)可能是2型糖尿病心肌梗塞发生的风险因子.     

血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶基因多态性与糖尿病视网膜病和糖尿病心肌梗塞关联

目的　探讨血管紧张素 转换酶 ( angiotensin - converting enzyme,ACE)基因多态性与糖尿病视网膜病和心肌梗塞之间的关联性。方法　应用 PCR技术 ,对 1型糖尿病 33例视网膜病患者和 36例非视网膜病患者、2型糖尿病 6 8例伴心肌梗塞患者和 5 7例伴视网膜病患者以及 190例无并发症患者的ACE基因插入 /缺失型多态性进行了检测。结果　 ACE基因与视网膜病之间无关联。而 2型糖尿病心肌梗塞患者与非心肌梗塞患者比较 ,DD纯合子频率显著增高 ( 4 1.2 % vs 33.2 % ) ,D等位基因频率也显著增高 ,差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 D等位基因 (相对风险为 1.5 0 )和 DD基因型 (相对风险为 1.33)可能是 2型糖尿病心肌梗塞发生的风险因子     

非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者ACE基因多态性与大、微血管病变关系的研究

目的探讨ACE基因插入／缺失多态性与非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM)患者并发大、微血管病变的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应技术检测了176例NIDDM患者和50名健康个体ACE基因内含子16插入／缺失多态性。结果对照组与NIDDM组ACE基因型及等位基因频率分布相似(P＞0.05);NIDDM患者DD型亚组冠心病、脑梗塞的频率分别为54%和31%,明显高于II型亚组的22%(P＜0.01)和14%(P＜0.05);NIDDM患者DD型糖尿病肾病的发生率为51%,明显高于II型的31%(P＜0.05)。糖尿病视网膜病变、周围神经病变及任何证据的微血管病变均按II、DI、DD顺序递增(P＞0.05)。结论 ACE基因的D等位基因可增高NIDDM患者并发大、微血管病变的危险性。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因I/D多态性与血脂水平及原发性高血压的相关性探讨

目的 探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因I/D多态性与血脂水平及原发性高血压（EH）的关系,为EH的病因学研究提供依据。方法 采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）对开滦煤矿汉族人群ACE基因Alu I/D多态性进行基因型检测。用全自动生化分析仪测定血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）含量。结果 调查人群中,HDL水平,携带ACE基因II基因型者高于携带ID、DD基因型者; LDL水平, 携带ID、DD基因型者高于携带II基因型者。EH组与非EH组比较,ACE基因不同基因型原发性高血压患病率不同, 携带ID(19.88%)、DD(20.82%)基因型者患病率高于携带II(14.26%)基因型者(P<0.05); ACE等位基因频率在两组间分布有差异（P<0.05,P<0.01）;除HDL含量和携带ID、II基因型者LDL含量外,其余血脂指标EH组与NEH组相比,各项均有差异（P<0.05）。在NEH组,TC水平,携带II基因型者高于携带DD基因型者;LDL水平,携带ID、DD基因型者高于携带II基因型者。结论 ACE基因不同基因型EH患病率不同,ACE基因I/D多态性与TC、HDL、LDL等血脂水平有关。     

血管紧张素系统基因多态性与原发性高血压的相关研究

目的：探讨中国人血管紧张素原（angiotensinogen,AGT)基因的蛋白产物M235T、血管紧张素Ⅱ-I型受体（AT1R)基因的蛋白产物A1166C以及血管紧线素转换酶（angiotensin convertingenzyme,ACE)基因I／D多态性与高血压病（hypertension,HT)的关系。方法：用PCR以及PCR加酶解方法检测了161例HT患者及134名健康人（normotensive controls,NT)ACEI/D基因多态性、AGTM235T及AT1RA1166C突变,并检测了血清ACE活性。结果：HT组ACEI／D基因多态性等位基因频率I为0．571,D为0．429,等位基因频率及基因型频率与NT组比较差异无显著性（P＞0．05）;＜60岁HT组D等位基因频率（0．457)显著高于NT组（0．358,P＜0．05）。HT组与NT组的AGT235T分别为0．813及0．832,两组间差异无显著性。AT1RA1166C的C等位基因频率HT组为0．021,NT组为0．053,两组间差异无显著性;但在＜60岁NT组AGTM235T显著高于NT组。两组中均发现ACE基因型与血清ACE活性相关。HT组DD－TT及ID－TT联合基因型显著高于对照组。结论：D等位基因及AGT235T对于HT早期发病可能有重要意义,DD－TT及ID－TT基因型人群可能是高血压发病的高危人群。     

肾素-血管紧张素系统基因多态分析在壮族IgA肾病预后判断中的价值

目的:通过分析肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)3个关键基因血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)基因A1166C多态、血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态和血管紧张素原(AGT)基因M235T多态在壮族IgA肾病患者中的分布,进而探讨RAS基因多态在壮族IgA肾病预后判断中的价值.方法:选取壮族IgA肾病患者68例(肾病组),并选取70例健康体检者作为健康对照组.采用直接聚合酶链反应和聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测RAS ACE基因I/D多态、AT1R基因A1166C多态和AGT基因M235T多态,并分析其与肾脏病变程度、蛋白尿、高血压、肾功能损害等的关系.结果:肾病组ACE基因I/D多态性与健康对照组比较差异有统计学意义,DD基因型和D等位基因在肾病组中占显著优势(P＜0.05),而不同HAAS病理分级比较,ACE I/D多态DD基因型在≥Ⅲ级组中占显著优势(P＜0.05),肾损害组DD基因型分布频率高于无肾损害组(P＜0.05),ACE基因I/D多态在伴蛋白尿组和不伴蛋白尿组、伴高血压组和不伴高血压组中的分布差异均无统计学意义;各组中AT1R A1166C和AGT M235T基因型与等位基因分布频率差异均无统计学意义.结论:ACE I/D多态的DD基因和D等位基因是壮族IgA肾病发生的易感因素之一,携带DD基因患者易于表现为严重病理分级和出现肾功能损害,DD基因型是预测壮族IgA肾病预后不良的标志.     

血管紧张素原和血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与妊高征发病的相关性研究

目的探讨血管紧张素原(AGT)、血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性与妊高征(PIH)发病的相关性.方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析 ,检测60例PIH患者(PIH组)及40例正常孕妇(对照组)的AGT基因CD235.Met→Thr变异多态性及ACE基因插入与缺失多态性.结果-PIH组TT型占56.6%,高于对照组的30%,两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05),PIH组T等位基因频率为0.75,高于对照组的0.59,两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05).PIH组DD型占46.7%,高于对照组的22.5%,两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05),PIHI I型占30%,低于对照组的60%,两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05),PIH组D等位基因频率为0.58,高于对照组的0.31,两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 AGT基因TT型、ACE基因DD型与PIH发病有关联.     

脑卒中患者血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与心率变异性的关联研究

目的　探讨脑卒中患者血管紧张素转换酶 (angiotensin- converting enzyme,ACE)基因多态性和心脏心率变异性的关系。方法　应用聚合酶链反应方法检测 4 3名正常人、4 6例脑梗塞患者、4 0例脑出血患者 ACE基因的插入 /缺失多态性 (insertion/deletion,I/D) ,并用心率变异性 (heart rate variability,HRV)分析方法观察其 HRV的时域、频域和混沌参数。结果　缺血性、出血性脑卒中患者的 ACE基因缺失型 (DD)及 D等位基因频率明显高于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,DD型患者的 HRV的参数值升高 ,即相邻心搏间期的均方根值、相邻心搏间期差大于 10 ms的心搏间期数占心搏间期总数的百分比、总功率谱、高功率谱、低频功率谱、混沌参数 ,明显高于 ACE基因插入型 (II)、ACE基因插入 /缺失混合型 (ID)患者 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 HRV的相关参数和遗传相关 ,提示脑卒中患者有 ACE DD基因型的人 ,有脑源性心脏自主神经功能紊乱发生的危险性。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与妊高征的相关性研究

目的　探讨血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因第 1 6内含子插入片段 (Ⅰ )和缺失片段 (D)的多态性与妊娠高血压综合征 (PIH)的相关性。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 -限制性片段长度多态性检测 60例PIH孕妇 (PIH组 ) ,40例正常妊娠孕妇 (对照组 )的ACE基因插入与缺失多态性。结果　PIH组ACE基因DD型和Ⅱ型频率分别为 46 7%(2 8/ 60 )和 30 %(1 8/ 60 ) ,而对照组则分别为 2 5 %(1 0 / 4 0 )和 57 5 %(2 3/ 4 0 ) ,两组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5) ,PIH组Ⅰ等位基因频率为 0 4 ,D等位基因频率为 0 6 ,对照组分别为 0 7,0 3 ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　ACE基因DD型个体与PIH发病存在相关性。     

ACE/DD基因型和MYH7突变与原发性高血压左室肥厚的关系

 目的 探讨ACE/DD基因型与MYH7突变联合作用和高血压左室肥厚（LVH）的关系。方法 对102例高血压LVH患者与101例高血压非LVH患者以及100例正常对照进行病例-对照研究。超声心动图测量和计算左室重量指数（LVMI）。用聚合酶链反应（PCR）、限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）检测ACE/ID多态性,双脱氧末端测序方法检测MYH7基因突变。结果 高血压LVH组ACE基因DD基因型频率显著高于高血压非LVH组和正常对照组（P<0.01）;MYH7基因未发现突变。结论 ACE基因多态性与高血压LVH形成有关,DD基因型易发生左心室肥厚。MYH7基因突变与高血压LVH无明显关系,ACE基因DD基因型与MYH7基因间不存在联合作用。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Pitfalls in TRAP assay in routine detection of malignancy in effusions

Telomerase has been found to be reactivated in a majority of cancers but is inactive in most somatic cells. Our principal goal was to determine the potential use of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay as marker for malignancy in cytological effusions. The simple selection criterion was the cytological diagnosis, and routine samples were classified into malignant (58 samples) and nonmalignant (233 samples). Of the malignant samples, 44/58 (76%) were positive by TRAP assay. Of the 14 telomerase-negative cytology-positive samples, RNA integrity was poor in 9, indicating suboptimal sample conservation for molecular analysis. In 3 of the remaining 5 samples with a negative TRAP assay, a high number of malignant cells was observed, and these cells might have been telomerase-negative. Thus, the sensitivity of TRAP assay for the presence of malignant cells was about 76%. In the cytologically nonmalignant effusions, the presence of telomerase activity was observed in 24% (55/233). Of these, 6% were highly suspicious for malignancy, 9% were doubtful, and 9% were cytologically nonmalignant effusions confirmed by a follow-up of 12 mo or more. According to these data, the specificity of the TRAP assay to detect tumor cells in effusions ranged only between 82-91%. Our results indicate that, although the TRAP assay is positive in 6-15% of putative malignant effusions, the relatively high number of TRAP false-negative and false-positive cases renders this test unsuitable for routine diagnostic purposes.