胶囊内窥镜的研究进展

论述了胶囊内窥镜的优点、基本组成和国内外的最新研究进展。胶囊内窥镜由无线胶囊、便携式图像接收记录装置、电池组和计算机工作站组成。代表产品国外主要有以色列研制的“M2A” ,日本研制的“Norika3”和韩国研制的“MIRO”。我国也研制成功了自己的“胶囊内窥镜”。     

Multiple angiodysplasias diagnosed by capsule endoscopy

Angiodysplasias are the most frequent vascular lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and sources of significant mortality from bleeding. Small bowel angiodysplasias account for approximately 40% of cases of gastrointestinal bleeding with obscure origin and represent the single most common cause for hemorrhage in this subset of patients. Their cause is unknown but most are probably acquired and the result of a degenerative process associated with aging. The difficulty of their diagnosis stems from their multiple appearance and small size. Examinations that have been performed so far support that the sensitivity of capsule endoscopy (CE) performed during active bleeding was higher than in case of previous overt bleeding and occult bleeding. Case report: A 61-year-old female patient, who has received anticoagulant therapy for 13 years, presented with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin underwent wireless capsule endoscopy after negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. CE showed non-bleeding typical angiodysplasia in the antrum of the stomach and active bleeding in the first third of jejunum without a visible bleeding source. As the next diagnostic step we performed selective mesenteric angiography to clarify the diagnosis and at the same time we also applied radiological intervention. Conclusion: Capsule endoscopy changed in practice guidelines for obscure bleeding and became the first-line method for evaluation of patient after upper endoscopy and colonoscopy have been shown to be negative. If the examination is performed early, CE could shorten considerably the time to diagnosis, lead to definitive treatment and numerous examinations with low yield could be avoided. The therapy of small bowel angiodysplasias is questionable. Radiological intervention poses the least load for the patient.     

胶囊内镜的临床应用与评价

目的评价胶囊内镜对小肠疾病及其对食管、胃、结肠病变的诊断价值。方法对5例健康体检者，39例疑患小肠疾病的患者进行胶囊内镜检查。结果44例患者进行了45次胶囊内镜检查，1例因胶囊内镜滞留在胃内而进行第二次检查，检查过程中患者无任何不适。胶囊内镜顺利通过回盲辩41例，2例胶囊行至回肠末端，1例胶囊滞留于胃内。全部胶囊在检查结束后．排出体外。检出了15种病变：食道静脉曲张、糜烂性胃炎、胆汁返流性胃炎、胃黄色瘤、十二指肠炎、十二指肠溃疡、小肠肿瘤、小肠血管畸形、克罗恩病、小肠单发及多发息肉、非特异性小肠炎、吸收不良综合征、小肠憩室、结肠黑病变、结肠癌。结论胶囊内镜检查操作简单、安全、有效。对消化道疾病尤其是小肠疾病有较高的诊断价值。     

Small bowel stromal tumors diagnosed by capsule endoscopy

Small intestinal stromal tumors account for approximately 35% of all gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Gastrointestinal bleeding is considered as one of the main clinical symptoms for SISTs. Capsule endoscopy has brought revolution in small bowel diagnostics, as it is considered the best method of visualisation of the entire small intestine. Besides, it is well tolerated by patients and is accompanied by a low number of complications. It is also indicated as the first diagnostic method in gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin, following negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. CASE REPORT: 2 patients (a male and a female, aged 58 and 69, respectively) presented with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding have been examined by capsule endoscopy after negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. Videorecords have been assessed in both cases by two independent experts. The capsule reached the Bauchin-valve in both cases during the 8 hours of the testing time and the entire small bowel was clearly visible. - Based on the capsule endoscopic images, for one of the two cases a tumor has been reported as the background of the small intestinal bleeding. In the other case we could mark the location of the bleeding, while we were unable to ascertain the type of the actively bleeding lesion during the test. In order to determine the accurate bleeding source double-balloon enteroscopy was performed in the second case. After surgery the histological and immunohistochemical tests have justified the presence of spindle cell GISTs. Taking into consideration the Fletcher-classification, for the tumor size and the mitotic index, both cases can be classified as a GIST of low malignant potential. CONCLUSIONS: An early diagnosis and application of a definitive therapy become possible by using capsule endoscopy, therefore the chance of survival of the patients might be increased.     

Identification of a Meckel's diverticulum bleeding by urgent capsule endoscopy

A 10 year-old patient was admitted to our hospital due to severe gastrointestinal bleeding. His symptoms included hematochezia and fainting. Neither emergency upper endoscopy nor colonoscopy had identified the site of bleeding. During the colonoscopy they noticed that fresh blood entered the cecum from the ileum. An urgent capsule endoscopy was performed 8 hours after the patient admission. They placed the capsule with specific endoscopic technique into the proximal duodenum under general anesthesia. During 3,5 hours by the small bowel passage the capsule moved to the ileum and a focal bleeding lesion was detected at this site, suggesting the typical picture of bleeding Meckel's diverticulum. The patient was transfused by 1 unit of blood, with a minimum haemoglobin level 95 g/l. By surgery the ulcerated Meckel's diverticulum was identified and resected. Histopathology showed ectopic gastric mucosa. Surgical resection of the diverticulum resulted complete healing of this patient. The capsule endoscopy diagnosis was prompt, precise, and the all examinations were carried out within 24 hours. Involving urgent small bowel capsule endoscopy into the diagnostic workup of the obscure bleeding patient could considerably shorten the time to achieve a correct diagnosis and allowed the early institution of definitive treatment. By this one could spare a great number of costly alternative investigations with low diagnostic yield.     

Small intestine capsule endoscopy in the diagnostics of coeliac disease

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy precipitated by the gluten content of cereals. It had for long been considered a childhood condition as clinical symptoms manifested when gluten was introduced into the diet. The introduction of specific serological markers changed our understanding of the epidemiology and semiology of the syndrome. The main difficulty of the diagnostics arises from the fact that over 50% of patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy show atypical symptoms, while coeliac-disease patients with extra-gastrointestinal manifestations show no gastrointestinal symptoms at all. Diagnostics of coeliac disease is currently based on the detection of specific antibodies and the histological assessment of the duodenum. Macroscopic signs of villous atrophy (reduction in the number or loss of Kerking's folds, vascular pattern visible through the mucosa, "mosaic or micronodular" pattern, "scalloped" folds) are clearly visible in untreated patients. Capsule endoscopy, contrary to conventional endoscopic approaches, enables non-invasive, pain-free investigation of the entire small intestine. Duodenal mucosa is visualised at an 8:1 magnification during the investigation, enabling the assessment of villous atrophy by an experienced investigator. Based on preliminary experience, standard upper tract endoscopy and capsule endoscopy appear to exhibit equal levels of sensitivity and specificity for coeliac disease. The advantage of CE versus upper tract endoscopy lies in the complete assessibility of the small intestine, thus also enabling the assessment of the spread and severity of the disease. The disadvantage associated with the approach is the lack of histological biopsy samples. CE is recommendable as a first line approach for patients with proven coeliac disease when alarm conditions appear.     

器官功能不全老年患者胶囊内镜检查的护理

目的总结器官功能不全的老年患者行胶囊内镜检查中护理配合的经验体会。方法应用GIVEN和OMOM两种胶囊内镜系统对36例合并器官功能不全的患者进行检查,采取器官功能监测,风险告知,心理护理,特殊肠道准备以及健康教育等措施行互利配合。结果合并器官功能不全的38例老年患者,32例患者成功检查完小肠。所有患者小肠疾病的检出阳性率为72％。所有检查的患者依从性良好,自觉无明显不适,取检查前器官功能检测指标与检查后相比较,各项指标均无明显恶化。结论经过特殊肠道准备和多种护理配合,同时做好相应的护理应急预案,器官功能不全的老年患者采用胶囊内镜行胃肠道检查是安全有效的,值得临床推广。     

多层螺旋CT虚拟内窥镜的临床应用

多层螺旋CT虚拟内窥镜是一种新的非侵入性诊断方法，它使用计算机处理CT产生的三维医学图像，生成人体内部特定解剖结构的三维动态视图，以模拟标准内窥镜的检查过程和视觉效果。它具有非侵入性、重复使用、动态病理分析、无检查死区等独特优点，因此很快在临床中得到了应用。     

胶囊内镜在慢性腹痛临床诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨胶囊内镜在慢性腹痛患者中的临床应用价值。方法选择行胶囊内镜检查的不明原因慢性腹痛患者43例及无症状体检者25例,对其诊断结果进行统计学分析。结果（1）腹痛组与体检组胶囊胃运行时间分别为（43．1±11．3）min和（41．7±10．9）min,小肠运行时间分别为（224．8±60．2）min和（220．5±53．9）min,两组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）在慢性腹痛组发现小肠非特异性炎症13例,小肠息肉3例,小肠血管畸形2例,小肠单发小溃疡2例,小肠克罗恩病1例,小肠钩虫病1例,小肠淋巴瘤1例。无症状体检组发现小肠非特异性炎症3例,小肠息肉1例,血管畸形1例,单发溃疡1例。腹痛组小肠疾病的检出率（53．5％）明显高于健康体检组（24％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）在胃、结肠病变的检出中腹痛组检出率39．5％,体检组检出率52％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论胶囊内镜在慢性腹痛尤其是小肠疾病的临床诊断中具有良好的应用价值。     

The role of capsule endoscopy in the diagnosis of small bowel Crohn's disease

Historically, there have been several modalities available for diagnosing small bowel diseases, but - until recently - endoscopic examination of this part of the gastrointestinal tract was not possible. With its direct visualization of bowel mucosa, the 2002 premier of capsule endoscopy was a major break-through in gastroenterology. The most important indication of small bowel capsule endoscopy is Crohn's disease, it provides valuable diagnostic information in patients with suspected, proven and post-operative disease, too. Several clinical studies proved CE's superiority over other methods. Although young age was a contraindication initially, numerous studies have proved its safety and efficacy in pediatric patients. Complications of CE are rare, the main risk is capsule retention and consequent small bowel ileus which can be prevented by a previous trial examination with a digestible, biodegradable patency test-capsule.     

New devices for gastrointestinal endoscopy

Advances in endoscopic therapeutic techniques and procedures are reducing invasiveness, thereby lightening the burden on the patient. At the same time, they are increasing the burden on those who administer the endoscopic therapy to ensure successful outcomes. As we enter the era of minimally invasive therapy, a clear need has arisen for the formulation of a basic strategy for the types of therapeutic methods and devices that can and should be provided for use in clinical medicine. Therefore, I introduced the perspective of my own experience by my original criterion.     

Role of capsule endoscopy in patients with portal hypertension and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Limited number of data are available on small bowel changes due to portal hypertension. The present retrospective, comparative study was aimed to analyse the diagnostic yield and to describe the findings with capsule endoscopy of cirrhotic patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Capsule endoscopy findings of 11 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension and 22 non-cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding who had undergone non-diagnostic upper endoscopy and colonoscopy were compared. Capsule video recordings were evaluated by two investigators at both workplaces. Patients after capsule endoscopy were followed-up until a mean of 19 (1-42) months. RESULTS: In total 7 men and 5 women were examined at two medical centres in 48 months with a mean age of 66.2 (+/-7.6) years. The average period between the first clinical symptoms and capsule endoscopy was 15.7 (+/-14.9) months. During this period patients were hospitalized in an average of 2.8 (+/-1.3) times and 7.9 examinations were performed per patients prior to capsule endoscopy. A small bowel bleeding source was diagnosed in all 11 patients. Two definitive bleeding sources were observed in 7 patients (63%). Lesions connected to portal hypertension were found in all patients (8 angiodysplasias, 2 portal hypertensive enteropathies and 1 bowel varix). During the follow-up period rebleeding occurred in 27.3% of cirrhotic patients compared with 18.2% rebleeding rate in the control group. CONCLUSION: Capsule endoscopy is a useful method in patients with portal hypertension and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. Multiple angiodysplasias are often diagnosed in the background of small bowel bleedings, and several bleeding sources frequently occur in these patients.     

基于极低功耗数模混合集成电路芯片的智能型胶囊式内窥镜检查系统的研制

目的：研制开发基于极低功耗数模混合集成电路芯片的新型智能胶囊式内窥镜检查系统,并对整个系统进行详细分析。方法：系统采用自行设计的极低功耗数模混合集成电路芯片,使捕获图像的最大分辨率和最高图像传输速率大幅提升。结果：该系统进一步缩小了胶囊式内窥镜的体积,延长了工作时间;其捕获图像的最大分辨率达到480×480像素,最高图像传输速率可达12帧/s。结论：新型智能胶囊式内窥镜检查系统实现了更小体积、更长工作时间、更高分辨率以及更快传输速率等设计目标,且安全性高,依从性好,应用前景广阔。     

Screening and surveillance for hereditary polyposis and non-polyposis syndromes with capsule endoscopy

The hereditary polyposis syndromes and non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma have been considered as scarcely occurring but inheritable dominant autosomal syndromes. The increasing risk of small bowel carcinoma and prevention of obstruction and intussusception have been making frequent and acute surgical interventions unavoidably led to the necessity of screening and surveillance the patients. Earlier the diagnosis of these symptoms was difficult to establish because traditional radiological methods have a low yield for small polyps. Furthermore, small bowel is only partially accessible with traditional endoscopic techniques such as upper endoscopy, colonoscopy and push-enteroscopy. The "wireless" capsule endoscopy has opened the way then for the non-invasive and painless test of the entire small intestine. - Test results have been cumulated to justify the efficiency and safety of capsule endoscopy concerning the syndromes above. This method can be applied safely even consequently to repeatedly performed surgical interventions by low risk of capsule retention. As the results compared of the diagnosed familial adenomatous polyposis and of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome reflect on capsule endoscopy, its diagnostic sensitiveness is stated as significantly higher than the Barium-contrast X-Ray and MR-enterography. Nevertheless, determination of size and location of polyps has become more problematic when evaluating the test results.     

Wireless capsule endoscopy and its role in gastroenterology: our results and a review of the literature

INTRODUCTION: Since its recent introduction, capsule endoscopy has revolutionized the diagnostics of diseases of the small bowel. The number of studies on the use of this method is constantly increasing. Along with this, our knowledge about the usability and diagnostic power of capsule endoscopy is growing and the indications for this technique are getting progressively more accurate. AIMS: To study the usability of capsule endoscopy in suspected Crohn's disease, in gastrointestinal bleeding of small bowel origin, and in undetermined abdominal complains. METHOD: Capsule endoscopy was performed in 20, previously examined, carefully selected patients. RESULTS: Positive findings were recorded in all patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and in 3/4 of patients with suspected Crohn's disease. However, in patients with indeterminate abdominal complains, the capsule endoscopy proved to be inefficient. CONCLUSION: In the study below, based on their own experience, the authors try to provide an overall picture of capsule endoscopy by reviewing contemporary medical literature. The usability of the capsule endoscopy in suspected Crohn's disease and gastrointestinal bleeding of small bowel origin is suggested by the results of the study.     

Diagnosing Crohn's disease: an economic analysis comparing wireless capsule endoscopy with traditional diagnostic procedures.

The purpose of this study was to review economic considerations related to establishing a diagnosis of Crohn's disease, and to compare the costs of a diagnostic algorithm incorporating wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) with the current algorithm for diagnosing Crohn's disease suspected in the small bowel. Published literature, clinical trial data on WCE in comparison to other diagnostic tools, and input from clinical experts were used as data sources for (1) identifying contributors to the costs of diagnosing Crohn's disease; (2) exploring where WCE should be placed within the diagnostic algorithm for Crohn's; and (3) constructing decision tree models with sensitivity analyses to explore costs (from a payor perspective) of diagnosing Crohn's disease using WCE compared to other diagnostic methods. Literature review confirms that Crohn's disease is a significant and growing public health concern from clinical, humanistic and economic perspectives, and results in a long-term burden for patients, their families, providers, insurers, and employers. Common diagnostic procedures include radiologic studies such as small bowel follow through (SBFT), enteroclysis, CT scans, ultrasounds, and MRIs, as well as serologic testing, and various forms of endoscopy. Diagnostic costs for Crohn's disease can be considerable, especially given the cycle of repeat testing due to the low diagnostic yield of certain procedures and the inability of current diagnostic procedures to image the entire small bowel. WCE has a higher average diagnostic yield than comparative procedures due to imaging clarity and the ability to visualize the entire small bowel. Literature review found the average diagnostic yield of SBFT and colonoscopy for work-up of Crohn's disease to be 53.87%, whereas WCE had a diagnostic yield of 69.59%. A simple decision tree model comparing two arms--colonoscopy and SBFT, or WCE--estimates that WCE produces a cost savings of 291dollars for each case presenting for diagnostic work-up for Crohn's. Sensitivity analysis varying diagnostic yields of colonoscopy and SBFT vs. WCE demonstrates that WCE is still less costly than SBFT and colonoscopy even at their highest reported yields, as long as the diagnostic yield of WCE is 64.10% or better. Employing WCE as a first-line diagnostic procedure appears to be less costly, from a payor perspective, than current common procedures for diagnosing suspected Crohn's disease in the small bowel. Although not addressed in this model, earlier diagnosis with WCE (due to higher diagnostic yield) also could lead to earlier management, improved quality of life and workplace productivity for people with Crohn's disease.     

OMOM胶囊内镜在老年人消化道疾病诊断中的应用

目的探讨OMOM胶囊内镜在老年人消化道疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2008年5月至2013年4月接受OMOM胶囊内镜检查并完成的86例老年消化道疾病患者的临床资料。结果所有老年受检者耐受良好,胶囊均顺利排出,胃内平均停留时间50．64min,小肠平均运转时间315．86min。86例中共有38例获得阳性诊断（44．19％,38/86）,其中45例因不明原因消化道出血检查者28例获得阳性诊断（62．22％,28,45）;28例因腹痛、腹泻检查者5例获得阳性诊断（17．86％,5,28）;9例因贫血检查者5例获得阳性诊断;4例因其他原因检查者均未获得阳性诊断。结论OMOM胶囊内镜检查操作简单、安全、无创,老年人的耐受性佳,不明原因消化道出血是其主要检查原因,且有较高的诊断率。     

Evaluation of diagnostic yield and clinical impact of capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The major indication of small bowel capsule endoscopy is the diagnostics of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. The present retrospective study was aimed to analyze the diagnostic yield, positive and negative predictive values and clinical impact of capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 36 month period at two workplaces 66 capsule endoscopy studies were performed in 62 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding who had undergone non-diagnostic upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. Capsule video recordings were evaluated by two investigators at both workplaces. Capsule endoscopy findings were divided into 3 groups according to the bleeding source: definitive bleeding source (48 patients), uncertain bleeding potential (5 patients), and negative finding (8 patient). Patients after capsule endoscopy were followed-up until a mean of 20 (1-41) months. RESULTS: A definitive small bowel bleeding source was detected in 78.7% of the cases studied by capsule endoscopy. Definitive bleeding sources included angiodysplasia (28 cases), small bowel Crohn's disease (5 cases), small bowel tumor (5 cases), small bowel stenosis (2 cases), NSAID therapy related ulcer (1 case), non-specific inflammation (1 case) and helminthiasis (1 case) respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of capsule endoscopy studies were 95.8% and 84.6% respectively. In cases with definitive bleeding sources 72% of patients received therapy in accordance with capsule endoscopy findings (surgery in 18 patients, medical treatment modification in 16 patients, chemoembolisation in 1 patient). During the follow-up period 17.7% of the patients had rebleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Capsule endoscopy is a useful and effective diagnostic method in cases with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Effective therapy may be introduced in accordance with the majority of positive capsule endoscopy results.