口服利福平海藻酸钠微球的制备

［摘要］目的研制口服利福平海藻酸钠微球。方法采用静电液滴法制备利福平海藻酸钠微球，测定粒径大小、包封率、载药量及其影响因素，考察微球的体外释放特点。结果微球球形圆整，分散性好，平均粒径70.2 μm，包封率83.5%，载药量17.1%，在模拟肠液中的释放呈快慢相，时间长而药物释放完全。结论以海藻酸钠、硬脂酸为材料，用静电液滴法制备利福平微球，球径小、包封率高、释药时间长，工艺简便。     

吸附和包埋法制备洛美沙星淀粉微球及其体外释放比较研究

目的制备盐酸洛美沙星淀粉微球,并对其体外释药模式进行研究。方法以盐酸洛美沙星为模型药物,采用吸附载药法和包埋载药法制备了载药淀粉微球,通过测定微球载药量、包封率和在不同的释放介质中的体外释放情况,对上述2种方法制备的载药微球进行质量评价。结果吸附法制备的载药微球的平均载药量为14.54μg·mg^-1,药物包封率为39.72%;而包埋载药法制备的淀粉微球的平均载药量为19.32μg·mg^-1,药物包封率为48.95%。体外释药特性研究表明它们具有缓释特性,其中包埋载药法制备的淀粉微球比吸附载药法制备的淀粉微球有更好的缓释能力,在不同的释放介质中释药曲线也有所不同,在模拟胃液中累计释药量只能得到70%;而在模拟肠液中累计释药量能达到80%以上。结论吸附载药法和包埋载药法制备的载药淀粉微球都具有缓释作用,但后者体外释药具有更明显的缓释效果。     

吸附和包埋法制备洛美沙星淀粉微球及其体外释放比较研究

目的 制备盐酸洛美沙星淀粉微球,并对其体外释药模式进行研究。方法 以盐酸洛美沙星为模型药物,采用吸附载药法和包埋载药法制备了载药淀粉微球,通过测定微球载药量、包封率和在不同的释放介质中的体外释放情况,对上述2种方法制备的载药微球进行质量评价。结果 吸附法制备的载药微球的平均载药量为14.54 µg·mg^-1,药物包封率为39.72%;而包埋载药法制备的淀粉微球的平均载药量为19.32 µg·mg^-1,药物包封率为48.95%。体外释药特性研究表明它们具有缓释特性,其中包埋载药法制备的淀粉微球比吸附载药法制备的淀粉微球有更好的缓释能力,在不同的释放介质中释药曲线也有所不同,在模拟胃液中累计释药量只能得到70%;而在模拟肠液中累计释药量能达到80%以上。结论 吸附载药法和包埋载药法制备的载药淀粉微球都具有缓释作用,但后者体外释药具有更明显的缓释效果。     

载环孢素A海藻酸钙-壳聚糖微球的制备及体外释放特性

目的:针对角膜移植术后免疫抑制治疗需求,制备眼部局部给药的小粒径载环孢素A缓释微球,并进行体外释放考察。方法:以海藻酸钠、壳聚糖为载体材料,采用静电液滴工艺,通过向制备体系添加表面活性剂,制备小粒径载环孢素A微球,设计正交试验优化处方工艺,扫描电镜观察微球表面形态,动态透析法考察微球的体外释放特性。结果:所制微球形态良好,粒径分布窄,平均粒径为(12.4±0.8)μm,包封率为(82.8±1.8)%,载药量为(50.1±1.2)%,体外释放行为用Higuchi方程拟合效果最好。结论:采用静电液滴工艺,通过减小制备体系的表面张力,制备了球形度优良、粒径小、包封率和载药量较高的载环孢素A的壳聚糖-海藻酸盐缓释微球,所得制剂的体外释药规律服从扩散机制。     

多柔比星海藻酸钙微球的制备及其载药、释药性质的研究

目的：考察多柔比星海藻酸钙微球的制备工艺及载药、释药性质。方法：考察不同处方微球的粒径、机械强度、降解等性质，筛选出最佳处方；以多柔比星为模型药物研究其对药物的承载能力及体外释药特性。结果：制备的微球圆整且分散性好，粒径均匀。多柔比星海藻酸钙微球的载药量达30％以上，包封率在90％以上；在体外37℃生理氯化钠溶液中释放显示具有缓释作用。结论：该微球对多柔比星具有较高的承载能力，并有较好的缓释作用，可满足临床治疗动脉栓塞需要。     

龟板水提物缓释微球的制备及其特性

目的：制备高包封率的龟板水提物缓释微球。方法：分别采用海藻酸钙凝胶珠、海藻酸钙-壳聚糖微胶囊和海藻酸钙-羧甲基纤维素钠微胶囊体系制备龟板水提物缓释微球,并考察其外观形态、包封率和体外释药等特性。结果：制得的龟板-海藻酸钙凝胶珠、龟板-海藻酸钙—壳聚糖微球和龟板-海藻酸钙-羧甲基纤维素钠微球外观圆整,表面光滑,且粒径均匀;包封率分别是46．7％、49．9％和82．3％;海藻酸钙凝胶珠有明显的突释现象,海藻酸钠—壳聚糖微球的突释现象和缓释效果有所改善,而海藻酸钙-羧甲基纤维素钠微球无突释现象,其缓释可达14小时以上。结论：龟板-海藻酸钙-羧甲基纤维素钠微球包封率高,同时具有优良的缓释性能。     

SPG膜乳化法制备槲皮素缓释微球的工艺优化与表征及体外释放研究

目的 以槲皮素作为模型药物,制备聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)缓释微球,考察其粒径及其分布、形态、包封率、载药量和体外释药性质.方法 采用SPG膜乳化法制备微球,单因素法初步优化制备处方;粒径分析仪检测微球的粒径及其分布;光学显微镜观察微球形态;通过紫外分光光度法测定微球的包封率和载药量;利用直接释药法和超速离心法...     

胸腺肽明胶微球的制备和体外释药的特性

目的:为提高胸腺肽的生物利用度,增强疗效,制备胸腺肽的明胶微球.方法:用乳化交联法制备胸腺肽明胶微球,正交设计法筛选其最佳制备工艺,Lowry法测定药物的含量,计算微球的载药量、包封率及体外释药量.结果:微球粒径范围为1.0～30.2 μm,平均粒径为14.64 μm,平均载药量为20.20%(w/w),平均包封率为80.82%,其体外释药符合Higuchi方程,稳定性考察实验结果表明其稳定性较好.结论:本法制备的胸腺肽明胶微球粒径分布集中,粒径大小符合设计要求,体外释药有明显的缓释作用,具有良好应用前景.     

格列吡嗪缓释微球的制备及释药特性考察

目的采用球晶造粒技术制备格列吡嗪缓释微球并考察体外释药特性。方法以乙基纤维素和水溶性高分子材料聚乙二醇6000为载体,采用球晶造粒技术制备格列吡嗪缓释微球,对微球的形状、粒径分布、载药量、包封率和体外释药等进行了考察。结果该法所制微球外观圆整、流动性好,粒度分布在40～190μm内的微球占总数的99%,载药量为35.6%,包封率为89.5%,体外释药行为符合Higuchi方程,24h累计释药量96%。结论该法可用于制备格列吡嗪缓释微球。     

载羟基喜树碱聚乳酸微球的制备与体外释药研究

目的:研究载羟基喜树碱的聚乳酸微球的制备方法并考察其体外释药性质。方法:以PLA为成膜材料,采用改良乳化-溶剂挥发法,制备载羟基喜树碱的聚乳酸微球并优化制备工艺;对载药微球进行表征;超声介导下进行载药微球的体外释药试验。结果:微球粒径在1～7μm,大小均一;羟基喜树碱浓度在10mg.mL-1下,载药微球包封率为62.2%,载药量为1.69%;药物体外释药符合Higuchi方程。结论:采用乳化-溶剂挥发法,以PLA为成膜材料可制得具有较高包封率的羟基喜树碱微球,有望实现降低羟基喜树碱给药量、减少不良反应,提高靶向性的目标。     

Microencapsulation of a hydrophilic drug into a hydrophobic matrix using a salting-out procedure. I: Development and optimization of the process using factorial design

The congealable disperse phase method for preparing sustained release microspheres involves an emulsification process using water as the external phase and molten hydrophobic wax as the disperse phase into which the drug is loaded. Attempts to entrap highly water-soluble drugs using this process have often resulted in low loading efficiency as the drugs partition into the external water phase during emulsification and are lost. A novel method employing salts and wetting agents was developed to improve the loading efficiency of the highly water-soluble drug, guaifenesin, using this method. The drug/wax ratio (D/W) and the presence of salts and wetting agents greatly influenced microsphere properties. To optimize the process for drug loading efficiency and release rate, three different D/Ws, salts and wetting agents were chosen and a full 3(3) factorial design experiment was performed. Any significant differences among the levels of the variables and their individual and joint effects on entrapment efficiency and T50 (time for 50% drug release) were determined. Entrapment efficiencies in the range 35.1-86.3% were obtained for the various factor-level combinations of the variables. Particle size was in the range 140-385 microm and T50 was 0.59-2.72 h for the microspheres obtained. The D/W and type of salt used significantly affected drug entrapment and T50, while the nature of wetting agent was not significant at p < 0.05. The microspheres prepared using 1:4 D/W showed the highest entrapment efficiency and slowest drug release.     

Preparation and in vitro dissolution profile of zidovudine loaded microspheres made of Eudragit RS 100, RL 100 and their combinations

The objective of present investigation was to evaluate the entrapment efficiency of the anti-HIV drug, zidovudine, using two Eudragit polymers of different permeability characteristics and to study the effect of this entrapment on the drug release properties. In order to increase the entrapment efficiency optimum concentration of polymer solutions were prepared in acetone using magnesium stearate as droplet stabilizer. The morphology of the microspheres was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope, which showed a spherical shape with smooth surface. The mean sphere diameter was between 1000-3000 microm and the entrapment efficiencies ranged from 56.4-87.1%. Polymers were used separately and in combination to prepare different microspheres. The prepared microspheres were studied for drug release behavior in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, because the Eudragit polymers are independent of the pH of the dissolution medium. The release profiles and entrapment efficiencies depended strongly on the structure of the polymers used as wall materials. The release rate of zidovudine from Eudragit RS 100 microspheres was much lower than that from Eudragit RL 100 microspheres. Evaluation of release data reveals that release of zidovudine from Eudragit RL 100 microspheres followed the Higuchi rule, whereas Eudragit RS 100 microspheres exhibited an initial burst release, a lag period for entry of surrounding dissolution medium into polymer matrix and finally, diffusion of drug through the wall material.     

高压静电法制备氟氯西林钠微胶囊及其质量评价

目的制备氟氯西林钠微囊并研究其特性。方法利用高压静电法制备氟氯西林钠微囊,对制成微囊的形态、包封率、载药量以及体外溶出度进行观察检测。结果所制氟氯西林钠微囊球形度圆整,表面有凹陷少许,平均粒径220μm载药量58.57%,包封率达96.97%,8h时体外累积溶出百分率达80%以上。结论微囊制备工艺稳定、可行,质控方法简单,粒径分布及溶出符合氟氯西林钠的用药要求。     

盐酸表柔比星-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物纳米粒的制备

摘要目的制备盐酸表柔比星 聚乳酸 羟基乙酸（PLGA）共聚物纳米粒,对其进行质量评价。方法采用乳化 溶剂挥发法制备盐酸表柔比星纳米粒;对主要处方因素如PLGA用量、外水相中聚山梨酯 80用量、泊洛沙姆188和聚山梨酯 80比例进行正交设计,以药物的包封率、载药量和药物利用率等为考察指标。结果采用优化后处方制得的纳米粒药物包封率为（32.6±1.2）%,载药量为（7.2±0.5）%,药物利用率为（51.6±3.4）%,纳米粒平均粒径166.6 nm,药物可持续160 h释放。结论该方法制备盐酸表柔比星纳米粒工艺简单,无需使用聚乙烯醇,药物释放缓慢。     

Microencapsulation of a hydrophilic drug into a hydrophobic matrix using a salting-out procedure. I: Development and optimization of the process using factorial design

The congealable disperse phase method for preparing sustained release microspheres involves an emulsification process using water as the external phase and molten hydrophobic wax as the disperse phase into which the drug is loaded. Attempts to entrap highly water-soluble drugs using this process have often resulted in low loading efficiency as the drugs partition into the external water phase during emulsification and are lost. A novel method employing salts and wetting agents was developed to improve the loading efficiency of the highly water-soluble drug, guaifenesin, using this method. The drug/wax ratio (D/W) and the presence of salts and wetting agents greatly influenced microsphere properties. To optimize the process for drug loading efficiency and release rate, three different D/Ws, salts and wetting agents were chosen and a full 3³ factorial design experiment was performed. Any significant differences among the levels of the variables and their individual and joint effects on entrapment efficiency and T₅₀ (time for 50% drug release) were determined. Entrapment efficiencies in the range 35.1-86.3% were obtained for the various factor-level combinations of the variables. Particle size was in the range 140-385 µm and T₅₀ was 0.59-2.72 h for the microspheres obtained. The D/W and type of salt used significantly affected drug entrapment and T₅₀, while the nature of wetting agent was not significant at p &lt; 0.05. The microspheres prepared using 1:4 D/W showed the highest entrapment efficiency and slowest drug release.     

美罗培南脂质体冻干粉的制备及对耐药沙门菌抑制作用的研究

目的 研制一种长效、安全的新型美罗培南脂质体冻干粉,解决突发战争或紧急灾害条件下创伤感染缺乏长效抑菌药物的现状。方法 用薄膜分散法制备美罗培南脂质体,筛选葡萄糖、乳糖和甘露醇3种保护剂,经冷冻干燥制成冻干剂。透射电镜观察脂质体形态并摄制照片,对其含量、稳定性和体外释药性进行检测,并采用模拟药敏纸片法对其抑菌效果进行评估。结果 美罗培南脂质体外观呈球形,分布均匀,平均粒径为(98.1±8.2) nm,多分散系数(PDI)为0.208,包封率为(76.51±2.33)%,5%甘露醇为冻干保护剂最好,体外释药模式显示药物有缓释的特征,抑菌实验显示美罗培南脂质体具有明显的长效抑菌作用。结论 薄膜分散法制备美罗培南脂质体具有可行性,脂质体性质稳定,粒径较小,具有缓释效果,抑菌效果好。     

载阿霉素海藻酸钠纳米粒的制备及体外释药行为研究

目的以海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,ALG)为材料,制备载阿霉素海藻酸钠纳米粒(doxorubicin loading nanoparticles,DOX-ALG-NPs),并对其载药、释药特性进行研究。方法采用微乳-离子交联法制备空白海藻酸钠纳米粒(ALG-NPs),以吸附法载药制备阿霉素海藻酸钠纳米粒(DOX-ALG-NPs)。采用效应面法对ALG-NPs的处方进行优化,并考察ALG-NPs悬液浓度、药载比、孵育时间及孵育温度对ALG-NPs载药性能的影响。对DOX-ALG-NPs的基本性质及体外释药行为进行考察。结果成功制备了粒径为(262.0±4.5)nm的ALG-NPs及粒径为(159.8±8.1)nm、包封率及载药量分别为(94.2±0.5)%和(19.05±0.085)%的DOX-ALG-NPs。与原料药DOX相比,DOX-ALG-NPs在生理盐水与PBS(pH=7.4)中均呈现明显的缓释作用,在生理盐水和PBS中2 h与5 h时分别释放药物(38.1±1.5)%与(55.5±1.1)%、(40.0±1.8)%与(48.1±2.5)%,24 h时分别释放(73.1±3.2)%、(60.3±3.4)%。结论所制备的DOX-ALG-NPs形态圆整,粒径小且分布均匀,包封率及载药量较高,具有缓释性能,有望用作抗癌药物传递系统。     

利培酮长效注射微球的制备及体外释放的研究

目的：制备利培酮长效注射微球并考察其体外释放行为。方法：使用乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）为材料,采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备利培酮微球,观察微球的形态及粒径,测定微球的载药量和包封率,考察微球的体外释放情况。结果：利培酮微球表面圆整,粒径集中在40～80μm之间。微球的包封率较高,达到80％以上,以低分子量PLGA（50：50）制备的微球,体外突释很高达到40％以上;以高分子量PLGA（75：25）制备的微球,在高载药量时突释较小,可持续释放达3周以上。结论：以高分子量PLGA制备的高载药量的利培酮微球,体外突释较小可缓释达3周以上。     

月桂酸二乙醇酰胺修饰利福喷丁脂质体的制备、性质及肺部给药

目的制备表面活性剂修饰利福喷丁(RIF)脂质体，进行该脂质体水化性能、载药量、释药速度和肺部给药研究。方法采用薄膜超声法制备利福喷丁脂质体，比较月桂酸二乙醇酰胺(LDEA)，Tween 80和azone修饰利福喷丁脂质体的形态、包封率、释药速度和离体猪肺膜透过性，通过纤支镜进行肺部给药研究。结果RIF-LDEA脂质体粒径在15～50 nm，包封率为83.0%，表观透膜系数Kp为44.29；LD₅₀为675 mg·kg^-1。结论LDEA修饰使利福喷丁脂质体的载药量增加1倍、释药速度的可调性强及安全性好。经纤支镜介导灌注给药治疗肺内膜结核的效果显著。