不同升压维持时间对脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨升压治疗局灶性脑缺血的保护作用及治疗的维持时间.方法40只大鼠随机分为5组:对照组(A组),升压维持时间15 min组(B组)、45 min组(C组)、90 min组(D组)和120 min组(E组).采用大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,观察各组脑梗死体积和神经功能缺损评分.结果B、C、D和E组脑梗死灶体积(P＜0.01),B、C和D组神经功能缺损评分(P＜0.05)均明显低于A组,B组明显低于C、D和E组(P＜0.01).结论缺血3 h再灌注时升压维持时间在2 h以内对脑损伤有保护作用,升压最佳维持时间是15 min.     

活脑新口服液对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学的影响

目的 观察活脑新口服液对急性血瘀大鼠模型血液流变学的影响.方法 采用肾上腺素和冰水浴造成急性血瘀模型,测定血瘀大鼠血液流变学相关指标.结果 活脑新口服液与模型组比较能明显降低急性血瘀模型大鼠的全血粘度(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),明显降低血小板聚集率(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);明显缩短体外血栓长度,减轻其湿重及干重(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 活脑新口服液能明显改善急性血瘀大鼠血液流变学异常,具有良好的治疗作用.     

川芎嗪对紫杉醇致神经病理性疼痛大鼠的疗效及其对坐骨神经中神经生长因子表达的影响

目的探讨川芎嗪对紫杉醇致神经病理性疼痛大鼠的疗效及其对坐骨神经中神经生长因子(NGF)表达的影响。方法成年雄性SD大鼠30只随机分为A组(对照组,n=6)、B组(n=8)、C组(n=8)、D组(n=8)。以首次给药为d1,实验前一日为d0,各组分别在d1、d3、d5、d7腹腔注入2.0 mg/(kg·d)紫杉醇。于d1~d14,B组腹腔注入川芎嗪200 mg/(kg·d),C组口服普瑞巴林3 mg/(kg·d),D组同时腹腔注射川芎嗪和口服普瑞巴林,剂量同B组、C组。分别于d0和d7、d12、d16、d20测定大鼠的机械缩足反射阈值(MWT)和热缩足潜伏期(TWL)。采用透射电镜观察各组大鼠坐骨神经的超微结构,用免疫组化法检测大鼠坐骨神经中NGF的表达。结果 4组大鼠d0时后肢MWT差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);D组大鼠d7~d20时后肢平均MWT与A组及C组相比明显升高(均P0.05);B、C组大鼠d12~d20时后肢MWT与A组相比明显升高(均P0.05);B组d12、d16时MWT明显高于C组(均P0.05)。4组大鼠d0时后肢TWL差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);B、C、D组大鼠d7~d20时后肢TWL与A组相比明显升高(均P0.05);D组大鼠d7~d20时后肢TWL与C组相比明显升高(均P0.05);C组大鼠d16、d20时后肢TWL与B组相比明显升高(均P0.05)。透射电镜下,A组大鼠的坐骨神经纤维髓鞘板层结构明显松散,呈网状,严重脱髓鞘;B组、C组、D组大鼠的坐骨神经纤维髓鞘板层结构较松散,明显脱髓鞘,但较A组明显减轻,且B组、D组脱髓鞘程度较C组更轻。与A组比较,B组和C组大鼠坐骨神经中NGF表达减少不明显(均P0.05),D组大鼠坐骨神经中NGF表达明显减少(P0.05)。结论川芎嗪能有效防治紫杉醇所致的大鼠神经病理性疼痛,疗效与普瑞巴林相似并有协同作用,作用机理可能是减低坐骨神经NGF的表达,减轻神经损伤。     

柴胡总皂甙对戊四氮慢性点燃大鼠海马谷氨酸细胞的影响

目的研究柴胡总皂甙对戊四氮(PTZ)慢性点燃癫痫模型大鼠海马区谷氨酸(Glu)阳性细胞表达的影响。方法48只健康SD大鼠被随机分为6组,即空白组(A组)、生理盐水组(B组)、丙戊酸钠(VPA)组(C组)和柴胡总皂甙高、中、低三种剂量组(D组、E组、F组),每组8只,除A组不做处理外,其他各组采用腹腔注射PTZ慢性点燃造模,造模同时给予VPA、柴胡总皂甙等不同处理因素,连续4周后取脑组织切片进行Glu免疫组化染色,从阳性细胞数、灰度值分析结果。结果在CAl区,B组海马阳性细胞数高于A、C、D、E、F组,有显著性差异(P＜0．05),B组海马各区阳性细胞灰度值低于其他各组,与A、C、D各组比较,有显著性差异(P＜0．05)；而在CA2区和DG区,B组阳性细胞数、灰度值与各组差异无统计学意义。结论柴胡总皂甙可以影响PTZ点燃大鼠海马CA1区的Glu表达水平,从而抑制PTZ慢性点燃大鼠的痫性发作。     

吗啡慢性处理星形胶质细胞释放谷氨酸与HSO14的抑制

目的 研究黑皮质素受体4型拮抗剂HS014对吗啡慢性处理的星形胶质细胞释放谷氨酸（Glu）的影响。方法 原代培养大鼠星形胶质细胞,随机分为五组：空白对照组,吗啡依赖模型组A、B、C、D组,其中A组为吗啡依赖模型对照组,B组加入终浓度为10μmol•L-1纳洛酮,C组加入终浓度为终浓度为0.1μmol•L-HS014;D组加入终浓度为10μmol•L-1纳洛酮和终浓度为0.1μmol•L-HS014,各组用Neurobasal/B27无血清培养液培养细胞,采用高效液相-串联四级杆质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)方法在0,30,60,120min时检测各组细胞Glu的释放量。结果 A组与空白对照组比较有显著性差异（P＜0.05）;30min时,与A组比较,B组Glu释放量明显增多,有显著性差异（P＜0.05）;与B组比较,C组Glu释放量则明显减少,有显著性差异(P＜0.05)。60min和120min时,与A组比较,B组Glu释放量明显增多,有极显著性差异（P＜0.01）;C组的Glu释放量明显增多,有极显著性差异（P＜0.01）;与B组比较,D组Glu释放量则明显减少,有极显著性差异(P＜0.01)。结论 吗啡慢性处理的星形胶质细胞细胞后,Glu释放明显增多,HS014能抑制该反应,纳洛酮能够增加Glu释放。     

甲基强的松龙和地塞米松治疗放射性脑水肿的差异

目的研究甲基强的松龙及地塞米松治疗放射性脑水肿的差异。方法建立大鼠脑胶质瘤模型。实验分组：A组（大剂量甲基强的松龙组）、B组（小剂量甲基强的松龙组）、C组（地塞米松组）、D组（对照组）、E组（空白组）。各组均颅内种植肿瘤，于种植15天后A、B、C、D各组给予C060照射，A、B、C组大鼠照射前后分别给予甲基强的松龙和地塞米松治疗。测量大鼠脑水肿情况。结果治疗后，与其他各组比较，D组大鼠脑组织含水率最高，E组最低（P〈0．05）；C组大鼠脑组织含水率明显高于A、B两组（P〈0．05）；但A、B两组间无显著性差异（P〉O．05）。结论甲基强的松龙和地塞米松都可以有效防治放射性脑水肿，且甲基强的松龙比地塞米松疗效更好。     

睾酮对戊四氮致(癎)大鼠行为学及脑电图变化的影响

目的 探索睾酮(testosteron,T)在戊四氮致(癎)大鼠癫(癎)发作中的作用.方法 观察正常致(癎)A组、阉割致(癎)B组、阉割后加小剂量睾酮致(癎)C组及阉割后加大剂量睾酮致(癎)D组大鼠行为学及脑电图的变化.结果 行为学:B组的潜伏期较A组、C组及D组明显缩短(P＜0.05),D组的潜伏期较C组明显延长(P＜0 05).B组的重型发作程度亦较A组明显(P＜0.05);脑电图:B组的(癎)波潜伏期较A组、C组及D组明显缩短(P＜0.05),D组的潜伏期较C组明显延长(P＜0.05).B组的(癎)波频度较A组、C组及D组明显增多(P＜0.05).B组的(癎)波总变异(TV)变化百分比较A组、C组及D组明显增大(P＜0.05),D组的TV变化百分比较C组明显减小(P＜0.05).结论 睾酮具有一定的抗(癎)作用,且大剂量更加明显.     

PDLLA／NGF复合导管促进周围神经缺损再生的形态学研究

目的探究聚d,L-乳酸,神经生长因子(PDLLA/NGF)可吸收性复合导管桥接对大鼠坐骨神经缺损再生修复的促进作用,为临床上周围神经损伤再生修复提供实验依据。方法60只SD大鼠随机均分4组:自体神经移植(A组),单纯PDLLA导管(B组),PDLLA加一次性给NGF(C组),复合导管(D组)。制作坐骨神经10 mm缺损,按上述分组桥接,手术后1、2、3月每组各取5只修复处组织。行大体观察、三头肌湿重、光镜观察与图像处理、电镜超微结构观察。结果同时间段组间比较,三头肌恢复率A组高,D组次之,C组较差,B组最差(P<0.05)。组织学观察及图像分析显示,D组再生神经的数、质量都显著优于B、C组(P<0.05),接近A组。电镜观察显示A、D组中段神经纤维密度大、直径大、髓鞘厚,内有发育良好的神经丝和微管。B、C组神经稀、直径小、髓鞘薄、无髓神经相对多。结论PDLLA/NGF复合导管具有良好的组织相容性。用该管桥接修复大鼠受损的坐骨神经,能有效地促进其再生。     

甲状腺素凝胶促进周围神经损伤修复的实验研究

目的 探讨甲状腺素凝胶对大鼠坐骨神经损伤修复的作用.方法 54只雄性SD大鼠双侧坐骨神经切断造成0.8 cm缺损,用甲壳素导管桥接神经缺损后随机分为3组,每组18只.A组管内注入甲状腺素凝胶,B组管内注入赋形剂明胶,C组管内注入等渗盐水.术后第4、8周分别检测各组运动神经传导速度(MNCV)并收集标本,行特殊染色、S -100免疫组织化学染色,观察再生神经的组织学变化,并进行统计学分析.结果 术后4、8周 A组神经传导速度优于B、C组,其差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),B、C2组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组S -100免疫组织化学染色示阳性神经纤维数及特殊染色显示再生有髓神经纤维数均多于B、C组(P＜0.05),B、C组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 局部应用甲状腺素凝胶可以促进周围神经的再生和功能恢复.     

甘露醇对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织NO及神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨甘露醇对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤脑组织NO及神经细胞凋亡的影响.方法SD大鼠48只,随机等分成4组,每组12只.A组:假手术组;B组:模型组,即局灶性脑缺血再灌注组;C组:小剂量甘露醇组;D组:大剂量甘露醇组.采用硝酸还原酶法及TUNEL法分别检测各组大鼠脑组织NO含量及神经细胞凋亡数目.结果 B组脑组织NO含量及神经细胞凋亡数目均明显多于A组(P＜0.01);C组、D组脑组织NO含量及神经细胞凋亡数目均较B组减少(P＜0.05);C组与D组脑组织NO含量及神经细胞凋亡数目比较,无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论甘露醇的脑保护作用不完全与脱水降颅压有关,还可能与下调缺血再灌注后脑组织NO含量、抑制神经细胞凋亡有关.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.