外伤性脾破裂CT征象分析

目的：提高CT对外伤性脾破裂的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析23例外伤性脾破裂的CT表现和手术记录结果或保守治疗复查。23例均为平扫，脾破裂23例；并脾包膜下血肿5例；并腹腔积血3例；并发症11例。结论：典型CT征象：（1）脾形态失常、实质密度不均，脾包膜下血肿及腹腔积血。同时脾破裂有较多并发症；（2）CT增强扫描在脾破裂诊断中有非常重要的作用。     

钝性脾损伤的CT表现及临床价值

目的评价CT在钝性脾损伤诊断中的价值.方法对36例钝性脾损伤病人进行CT检查并回顾性分析.结果36例中完全性破裂28例,中心破裂5例,包膜下破裂3例.CT表现为脾内血肿,脾撕裂,包膜下血肿,脾周血肿及腹腔积血.同时发现肝、肾、胃、十二指肠、腰椎、肋骨等多发性损伤.31例手术,5例保守治疗.结论CT扫描能正确估计钝性脾损伤的损伤范围和程度,为临床治疗提供重要信息.     

迟发性脾破裂的CT诊断（附11例分析）

目的：分析迟发性脾破裂的临床CT特点,旨在为临床诊断提供客观依据。方法：11例病人伤后至就诊时间为2－14天,CT先按常规平扫,其中9例加做了9例加做了强化检查。4例经手术治疗,7例保守治疗并追踪随访。结果：（1）实质血肿5例,其3例为界限清楚的低密度“血湖”影,2例呈不规则低密度“裂隙”影。（2）包膜下血肿3例,呈边界清楚光滑的“新月形”或“半月形”低密度区。（3）混合血肿2例,表现为实质血肿与包膜下血肿并存。（4）脾挫裂伤1例,表现为弥漫性低密度区内有斑片状高密度出血影。结论：CT表现具有特征性,对临床治疗方案的选择有重要价值。     

钝性胰腺断裂伤的CT诊断

目的 探讨钝性胰腺断裂伤的CT表现.方法 回顾性分析经手术证实的6例钝性胰腺断裂伤的CT表现及其特点, 所有病例均行CT平扫,其中2例行增强扫描.结果 胰颈断裂4例,胰头钩突断裂1例,胰体尾断裂1例.CT直接征象为胰腺断裂口,3例于断裂处呈现线条样或宽带状低密度影,与胰腺长轴接近垂直,平扫断裂口边界欠清,增强扫描断裂口边界清楚;3例在平扫上呈楔形不均匀高密度血肿表现.间接表现为创伤性急性胰腺炎:6例均见胰腺局部或弥漫性肿大及胰周积液(血)、网膜囊血肿3例、肾前筋膜增厚6例,腹腔积液5例,胃肠道积气4例,胰管轻度扩张2例;合并脾破裂及十二指肠损伤各1例.结论 CT是诊断钝性胰腺断裂伤的首选方法.     

16层螺旋CT诊断外伤性脾脏破裂的临床价值

目的 探讨外伤性脾脏破裂的CT表现及其临床价值.方法 对53例外伤性脾脏破裂患者行螺旋CT检查,其中35例平扫加增强三期扫描,13例直接增强扫描,5例平扫;并对其CT表现进行回顾性分析.结果 CT诊断脾脏破裂根据Gay分级:Ⅰ级:局限性包膜破裂及小的包膜下血肿,8例,非手术保守治疗;Ⅱ级:小的外周撕裂,实质内血肿＜3cm,15例,其中3例选择性脾脏手术切除,12例非手术保守治疗;Ⅲ级:撕裂延伸至脾门及实质,血肿直径＞3cm,25例,其中20例选择性脾脏手术切除,1例全脾手术切除,4例非手术保守治疗;Ⅳ级:脾脏粉碎及血管破裂,5例,全脾手术切除.结论 外伤性脾脏破裂CT表现具有特征性,诊断的敏感性和准确性都较高,对临床分级及确定治疗方案有着重要的指导意义,从而得到合理的临床治疗,可作为脾脏外伤检查的首选方法.     

钝性脾损伤的CT研究

目的：提高钝性脾损伤的ＣＴ诊断正确性及探讨ＣＴ分级的价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析３２例钝性脾损伤的ＣＴ表现,其中１９例保守治疗成功,１３例行手术治疗。根据ＣＴ表现分为４级。Ｉ级：局限性包膜破裂或小的包膜下血肿;Ⅱ级：小的外周撕裂或实质内血肿小于３厘米;Ⅲ级：撕裂延伸至脾门或实质内血肿大于３厘米;Ⅳ级：广泛性脾或血管撕裂。结果：ＣＴ显示包膜下血肿９例,实质内血肿１７例,脾撕裂１９例,脾周血肿１８例,     

螺旋CT平扫早期诊断肠和肠系膜钝性伤的临床价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT平扫对肠及肠系膜钝性伤的早期诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析32例经手术证实的急性肠及肠系膜钝性伤的CT表现和临床资料,所有病例均行CT平扫及增强检查,总结其CT征象的临床意义,并对CT平扫及增强检查结果进行对比分析.结果 螺旋CT平扫及CT增强在腹腔积液或血肿、腹腔游离气体、肠系膜渗出及血肿、肠壁肿胀、肠管破裂、肠管扩张伴积液方面,诊断率无显著性差异.结论 螺旋CT平扫对早期诊断急性肠和肠系膜钝性伤有较大临床价值,增强检查可作为CT平扫的重要补充.     

外伤性脾破裂的CT诊断 (附35例分析)

目的探讨CT对外伤性脾破裂的诊断价值以及对临床治疗的指导意义.方法35例外伤性脾破裂,其中32例经手术证实.35例均做CT平扫,4例加做增强,平均年龄为42岁,男女比例为52.结果脾包膜下血肿19例,脾内血肿8例,脾撕裂伤6例,多发性脾撕裂伤2例.结论CT对脾脏破裂能做出明确诊断和分型,也可同时发现脾脏周围器官的损伤,为临床治疗方案提供充分的依据.     

外伤性脾破裂的CT诊断

目的探讨外伤性脾破裂的CT表现及诊断价值. 资料与方法对48例成人闭合性钝性脾破裂的CT、B超表现与外科手术所见进行回顾性分析. 结果 48例中完全性脾破裂39例,中心破裂6例,3例包膜下破裂.48例均行CT检查, 46例确诊, 诊断符合率98.5%; 其中19例同时行B超检查, B超确诊17例, 诊断符合率89.4%.其CT表现为脾内血肿、脾撕裂伤、包膜下血肿、脾周血肿及腹腔积血,同时发现25例合并肝、肾、肋骨、脊柱等损伤. 结论 CT作为一种非损伤性检查手段,能迅速、准确评估脾损伤程度及出血的部位、大小以及腹腔伴随性损伤.肋骨及运动性伪影是CT诊断脾破裂过程中的主要误、漏诊原因,结合彩色多普勒超声检查,可减少运动性伪影造成的误漏诊;CT能为临床选择非手术病例提供重要帮助.     

15例外伤性脾破裂的CT诊断

目的：探讨CT对外伤性脾破裂的诊断价值。方法：15例均脾平扫，4例结合增强扫描。结果：15例外伤性脾破裂，12例经手术证实，脾包膜下血肿8例，脾内血肿3例，脾撕裂伤1例，多发性脾撕裂伤3例，合并周围组织损伤3例。结论：CT对脾脏破裂能作出．明确诊断和分型，同时可发现脾周器官的损伤。     

哨兵血块征:急性上腹部钝挫伤的重要征象

目的：探讨急性上腹部钝挫伤哨兵血块征的价值。方法：收集本院１９９４年１月－２０００年7月的98例上腹部损伤共119个部位的病例资料,结果：哨兵血块征共67例。依次为脾损伤53例,肝损伤8例,肠/肠系膜损伤6例。哨兵血块征为唯一征象的有14例。结论：哨兵血块征是上腹部脏器损伤诊断的一个重要征象,不仅敏感而且准确,在脾损伤尤其是肠/肠系膜损伤诊断时更重要,对临床亦有重要指导作用。     

脾脏钝伤的CT诊断

本文回顾性分析了３２例脾脏钝伤ＣＴ平扫的表现；对脾损伤进行ＣＴ分类；指出腹腔积血和脾周血块（“哨兵血块征”）在诊断脾损伤方面的作用。ＣＴ平扫诊断钝性脾脏损伤是一种敏感、可靠的方法，可帮助外科医生制订治疗方案。ＣＴ平扫诊断钝性脾损伤的灵敏度为９４％，诊断正确率为９１％     

The sentinel clot sign: a useful CT finding for the evaluation of intraperitoneal bladder rupture following blunt trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency and relevance of the "sentinel clot" sign on CT for patients with traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture in a retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a recent 42-month period, 74 consecutive trauma patients (45 men, 29 women; age range, 12-84 years; mean age, 50.8 years) with gross hematuria were examined by the use of intravenous contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis, followed by retrograde cystography. Contrast-enhanced CT scanning was performed by using a helical CT scanner. CT images were retrospectively reviewed in consensus by two radiologists. The CT findings including the sentinel clot sign, pelvic fracture, traumatic injury to other abdominal viscera, and the degree of intraperitoneal free fluid were assessed and statistically analyzed using the two-tailed x(2) test. RESULTS: Twenty of the 74 patients had intraperitoneal bladder rupture. The sentinel clot sign was seen for 16 patients (80%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture and for four patients (7%) without intraperitoneal bladder rupture (p < 0.001). Pelvic fracture was noted in five patients (25%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture and in 39 patients (72%) without intraperitoneal bladder rupture (p < 0.001). Intraperitoneal free fluid was found in all patients (100%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture, irrespective of an associated intraabdominal visceral injury, whereas 19 (35%) of the 54 patients without intraperitoneal bladder rupture had intraperitoneal free fluid (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Detection and localization of the sentinel clot sign abutting on the bladder dome may improve the accuracy of CT in the diagnosis of traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture, especially when the patients present with gross hematuria.     

Localized clotted blood as evidence of visceral trauma on CT: the sentinel clot sign

We retrospectively reviewed the CT scans of 116 patients with abdominal trauma who had visceral injuries to determine if identification on CT of focal high-density clotted blood (a "sentinel clot") was an accurate sign of injury to an adjacent organ. The sentinel clot sign was sensitive, present in 101 (84%) of 120 visceral injuries with only three false-positive cases. Whereas CT visualized the visceral injury itself in 86% of cases, the sentinel clot was the only clue as to the source of hemorrhage in 14% of the cases. Splenic and bowel/mesenteric injuries were frequently subtle, and the focal clot helped to focus attention on the traumatic lesion. In 9% of splenic trauma cases and 32% of bowel/mesenteric injuries, the sentinel clot was the only positive finding. Localized clot is a frequent and accurate sign of injury to an adjacent organ. By facilitating diagnosis of trauma to a specific organ, it may influence the management decision of surgical vs conservative therapy.     

Lesser sac hematoma as a sign of rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the CT findings of rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the caudate lobe of the liver. The CT scans of five cases of rupture of HCC in the caudate lobe of the liver were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with clinical records. All cases showed exophytic tumors in the caudate lobe of the liver and high-attenuation hematomas in the lesser sac on CT. A lesser sac hematoma may be a sentinel clot sign of rupture of HCC in the caudate lobe. Received: 27 March 2000 Accepted: 18 July 2000     

CT diagnosis of splenic infarction in blunt trauma: imaging features, clinical significance and complications

AIM: The object of this study is to describe the appearance, complications, and outcome of segmental splenic infarctions occurring after blunt trauma using computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen blunt trauma patients were identified with splenic infarction on contrast-enhanced CT. CT images were retrospectively reviewed and the percentage of infarcted splenic tissue and presence of splenic injury separate from the site of infarction were identified. Splenic angiograms were reviewed and follow-up CT images were assessed for interval change in the appearance of the infarcts. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 32 years and the most common mechanism of injury was road traffic accident. The majority (54%) had 25-50% infarction of the spleen. Splenic angiograms were performed in nine patients and seven demonstrated wedge-shaped regions of decreased perfusion corresponding to the infarction seen on CT with no need for intervention. Eleven patients underwent a follow-up CT that demonstrated the following: no significant change in six, near-complete resolution in two, delayed appearance of infarction in one, abscess formation in one, and delayed splenic rupture in one. CONCLUSION: Segmental splenic infarction is a rare manifestation of blunt splenic trauma. The diagnosis is readily made using contrast-enhanced CT. The majority will decrease in size on follow-up CT and resolve without clinical sequelae. Resolution of infarction is also seen and these cases are best described as temporary perfusion defects. Splenic abscess or delayed rupture are uncommon complications that may necessitate angiographic or surgical intervention.     

Role of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of peritoneo-intestinal lesions resulting from closed trauma. Experience at 2 emergency departments

INTRODUCTION: Small and large bowel mesenteric injuries from blunt abdominal trauma are rare and often difficult to diagnose. Computed Tomography used in cases of blunt abdominal trauma has been found sensitive in detection of bowel and mesenteric injuries and discrimination of operable from nonoperable candidates. PURPOSE: A retrospective study of the CT examination of 24 patients, with surgically confirmed bowel and mesenteric injuries, was performed. Our goal was to evaluate the various CT signs of blunt bowel and mesenteric injury and the related frequency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our series includes 24 patients, 16 of them (first group) were investigated with CT at Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, while the remaining 8 (second group) at University of Bari. Patients of the first group, 11 men and 5 women, age ranging from 18 to 77 years, were submitted to a conventional abdominal CT performed after i.v. administration of contrast media. Patients of the second group, 7 men and 1 woman, age ranging from 4 to 81 years, were submitted to helical CT performed with the following parameters: 10 mm slice thickness, 5-mm contiguous intervals from the level of the diaphragm to the pubic bone, pitch 1.5. Helical CT was performed in all cases before and after i.v. administration of contrast material injected at a rate of 3.5 ml/sec. A scanning delay of 40 seconds after the beginning of contrast injection was routinely used. In all patients the following CT signs were retrospectively searched on: peritoneal or retroperitoneal fluid, mesenteric hematoma, hazy streaky changes in mesenteric fat, high-density clot (sentinel clot) adjacent to the involved bowel, pneumoperitoneum, retropneumoperitoneum, extravasation of intravenous contrast material, bowel wall thickening. RESULTS: In the first group the following CT signs were observed: mesenteric hematoma (87.5%), hazy streaky changes in mesenteric fat (56.25%), peritoneal or retroperitoneal fluid (37.5%), sentinel clot (25%), bowel wall thickening (18.75%), extravasation of intravenous contrast material (12.5%). In the second group the following CT signs were observed: peritoneal or retroperitoneal fluid (87.5%), bowel wall thickening (50%), mesenteric hematoma (37.5%), sentinel clot (25%), pneumoperitoneum (12.5%), retropneumoperitoneum (12.5%), hazy streaky changes in mesenteric fat (12.5%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Bowel and mesenteric injuries from blunt trauma are infrequent and difficult to diagnose clinically, as the physical and laboratory findings may be subtle and are often overshadowed by other injuries in patients with multisystem trauma. CT represents a proven modality in the evaluation of bowel and mesenteric injuries: careful inspection and technique are required to detect often subtle findings. In our series of 24 patients with surgically confirmed bowel and mesenteric injuries, the presence of mesenteric hematoma and of peritoneal or retroperitoneal fluid were the more frequent CT signs observed. Radiologists may play a crucial role in the timely diagnosis of these injuries, allowing prompt and appropriate management of these patients.     

CT"内脏依靠征"对创伤性横膈破裂的诊断价值

目的：描述CT“内脏依靠征“,评价该征在腹部钝性外伤后横膈破裂的诊断价值。材料和方法：对10例经手术证实的外伤性膈疝病人的CT检查资料进行回顾性分析,评价“内脏依靠征“的诊断价值。结晶：依据“内脏依靠征“,CT明确诊断横膈破裂右侧3例,左侧6例,1例右侧破裂漏诊,总诊断准确率90％。结论：“内脏依靠征“很好地显示了横膈破裂的特征,有助于提高CT对腹部钝性外伤后横膈破裂的诊断准确率。     

Helical CT of diaphragmatic rupture caused by blunt trauma

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of helical CT with sagittal and coronal reformatted images in detecting diaphragmatic rupture after blunt trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chest and abdominal helical CT scans obtained in 41 patients with suspected diaphragmatic injury after major blunt trauma were reviewed by three observers who were unaware of surgical findings. Coronal and sagittal reformatted images were reviewed for each patient as well. Findings consistent with diaphragmatic injury, such as waistlike constriction of abdominal viscera (i.e., the "collar sign"), intrathoracic herniation of abdominal contents, and diaphragmatic discontinuity were recorded. Sensitivity and specificity of helical CT were calculated on the basis of surgical findings and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Helical CT was performed preoperatively in 23 patients with diaphragmatic rupture (left, n = 17; right, n = 5; bilateral, n = 1). An additional 18 patients underwent helical CT to further evaluate suspicious findings seen on chest radiography at admission and were found to have an intact diaphragm. Sensitivity for detecting left-sided diaphragmatic rupture was 78% and specificity was 100%. Sensitivity for the detection of right-sided diaphragmatic rupture was 50% and specificity was 100%. The most common CT finding of diaphragmatic rupture was the collar sign, identified in 15 patients (sensitivity, 63%; specificity, 100%). Diaphragmatic discontinuity was seen in four patients. CONCLUSION: Helical CT, especially with the aid of reformatted images, is useful in the diagnosis of acute diaphragmatic rupture after blunt trauma. Helical CT can be used to detect 78% of left-sided and 50% of right-sided injuries.