新型纳米粒给药系统——纳米结构的脂质载体

固体脂质纳米粒（SLN）已被公认是一种新型的纳米粒给药系统，但SLN有不同程度的潜在问题。作为新一代的纳米粒给药系统——纳米结构的脂质载体（Nanostructured lipid carriers，NLC）可减小或者避免SLN有限载药能力及储藏过程包封药物泄漏的问题，而且能调整SLN的释放曲线。NLC以固体脂质与物态上相异的液体脂质混合制备得到，形成3种类型特殊结构的脂质骨架：结晶不完全态、无定形态、复合态。现介绍一种特殊的制备方法，不仅适合于制备NLC，而且也可作为制备高粒子浓度（30％～95％）SLN分散液的方法。描述了NLC作为给药系统潜在的应用前景。     

Anti-inflammatory activity of injectable dexamethasone acetate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers

This work studied the intravenous injection formulation of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with dexamethasone acetate (DA), a poorly water-soluble drug. The goal of this study was to design nanoparticles which could improve therapeutic efficacy of DA on inflammations. Based on the optimized results of single-factor screening experiment, DA-loaded NLCs (DA-NLCs) prepared by an emulsification-ultrasound method were found to be relatively uniform in size (178?±?4?nm) with a negative zeta potential (-38?±?4 mV). The average drug entrapment efficiency was 91?±?3 %. In vitro release tests indicated DA-NLCs possessed a sustained release characteristic and the accumulative release percentage was near 80 % at 23?h. DA-NLCs exhibited an average peak concentration of DA (7.6 μg/ml) in the pleural exudate after intravenous administration to an experimental model of γ-carrageenan-induced pleuritis rats, which was 8.3 times higher than that of free DA (0.9 μg/ml). The γ-carrageenan-induced edema test showed that the anti-acute inflammatory activity of DA-NLCs was stronger than that of free drug at the same drug concentration (P<0.05). In addition, biodistribution results clearly indicated that DA-NLCs preferentially accumulated in mice livers and lungs after intravenous injection. These results revealed that injectable NLCs may serve as a promising carrier for DA, greatly enhancing the selective effect on inflammatory sites, reducing systematic side effects and may be a potential carrier to increase therapeutic efficacy on inflammatory diseases.     

新型纳米结构脂质载体系统的研究进展

目的介绍新型的纳米结构脂质载体系统的研究进展,为其研究和应用提供参考。方法查阅相关文献33篇,进行整理和归纳。结果新型的纳米结构脂质载体能够克服固体脂质纳米粒的一些不足,并具有独特的结构特征,药物的包封机理和释放特征。结论纳米结构脂质载体作为药物传递系统的一种新剂型,具有广阔的发展前景。     

Preparation,characterization and biodistribution of nanostructured lipid carriers for parenteral delivery of bifendate

Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-loaded bifendate (DDB) was prepared by melt-emulsification method to improve drug payloads and liver targeting. The particle size of the prepared formulation analysed by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) was 217.4?nm with a narrow polydispersity index (PI) lower than 0.2, meanwhile the loading capacity increased from 4.3% to 15.7% in comparison with DDB-loaded SLN reported in previous study. The zeta potential value was ?21.91?mV, and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed NLC of irregularly spherical shape. With respect to lipid polymorphism, a less ordered structure of NLC was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, tissue distribution of DDB-loaded NLC and DDB solution were carried out in Kunming strain mice. In tested organs, the distribution of DDB-loaded NLC to liver was higher than that of free drug. These results support the potential applications of NLC for the delivery of DDB.     

Development of ionic-complex-based nanostructured lipid carriers to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of breviscapine

Aim:

Breviscapine isolated from the Chinese herb Erigeron breviscapus (Vant) Hand-Mazz is widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of breviscapine using nanostructured lipid carrier based on an ionic complex formation.

Methods:

Breviscapine nanostructured lipid carrier (Bre-NLC) was prepared using the thin film homogenization method. The morphology of Bre-NLCs was determined using transmission electron microscopy. The mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta-potential analysis and entrapment efficiency were analized. In vitro release was studied using the dialysis method. In vitro stability was studied in fresh plasma and liver slurry of rats. In vivo pharmacokinetics was analyzed in rats after intravenous injection of a dose equivalent to breviscapine (10 mg/kg).

Results:

The Bre-NLCs were spherical with a mean particle size of ∼170 nm, a zeta potential of ∼20 mV and a high entrapment efficiency of ∼89%. Compared with a commercially available solution, a substantial decrease in the cumulative release of breviscapine was found for the Bre-NLCs. The NLC has a significantly protective effect against the liver enzyme degradation of breviscapine. After intravenous administration in rats, the Bre-NLCs exhibited a 32 times increase in the AUC_0–t and a 12 times increase in T_1/2 as compared to the commercially available breviscapine solution.

Conclusion:

The results demonstrate that the NLC has great potential to use as a novel sustained release system for breviscapine.     

星点设计效应面法优化氟比洛芬纳米结构脂质载体的处方

目的采用星点设计法以总评"归一值"为指标优化氟比洛芬纳米结构脂质载体的处方。方法以粒径、包封率、载药量、Zeta电位等为评价指标,考察了氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen,FP)加入量、卵磷脂用量、吐温-80和泊洛沙姆188的总量以及去氧胆酸钠的用量对FP-NLC性质的影响。用多元线性方程和二次多项式描述各指标及总评"归一值"和3个影响因素之间的数学关系,根据总评"归一值"的最佳数学模型描绘效应面,选择最佳处方,并进行预测分析。结果 4个影响因素和4个评价指标及总评"归一值"之间存在定量关系。优选的最佳处方为氟比洛芬0.222 g,卵磷脂0.300 g,吐温-80和泊洛沙姆188总质量2.000 g,去氧胆酸钠0.100 g。优化处方各指标的预测值和目标值接近。结论所建立的模型预测性良好,可用于预测和优化氟比洛芬纳米结构脂质载体处方。     

Skin permeation of buprenorphine and its ester prodrugs from lipid nanoparticles: lipid emulsion,nanostructured lipid carriers and solid lipid nanoparticles

The aim of this study was to develop and characterize lipid nanoparticle systems for the transdermal delivery of buprenorphine and its prodrugs. A panel of three buprenorphine prodrugs with ester chains of various lengths was synthesized and characterized by solubility, capacity factor (log K′), partitioning between lipids and water and the ability to penetrate nude mouse skin. Colloidal systems made of squalene (lipid emulsion, LE), squalene + Precirol (nanostructured lipid carriers, NLC) and Precirol (solid lipid nanoparticles, SLN) as the lipid core material were prepared. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the SLN had a more-ordered crystalline lattice in the inner matrix compared to the NLC. The particle size ranged from 220–300 nm, with NLC showing the smallest size. All prodrugs were highly lipophilic and chemically stable, but enzymatically unstable in skin homogenate and plasma. The in vitro permeation results exhibited a lower skin delivery of drug/prodrug with an increase in the alkyl chain length. SLN produced the highest drug/prodrug permeation, followed by the NLC and LE. A small inter-subject variation was also observed with SLN carriers. SLN with soybean phosphatidylcholine (SLN-PC) as the lipophilic emulsifier showed a higher drug/prodrug delivery across the skin compared to SLN with Myverol, a palmitinic acid monoglyceride. The in vitro permeation of the prodrugs occurred in a sustained manner for SLN-PC. The skin permeation of buprenorphine could be adjusted within a wide range by combining a prodrug strategy and lipid nanoparticles.     

奥扎格雷纳米结构脂质载体的制备及体外评价

目的:制备奥扎格雷纳米结构脂质载体(ozagrel-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers,OZ-NLC),并考察其理化性质及体外释放。方法:采用熔融-超声乳化法制备OZ-NLC,通过正交设计法优化处方与制备工艺,使用透射电镜(TEM)、激光粒度测定仪、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)及X-射线衍射仪(XRD)考察OZ-NLC的理化性质,通过溶出试验评价其体外释放效果。结果:所制备的OZ-NLC呈球形或类球形;平均粒径为(115±10)nm;Zeta电位为(-37.6±8.9)mV;平均包封率为(61.3±5.2)%;XRD与DSC表明药物以无定形形式分散于OZ-NLC中。与奥扎格雷混悬液相比,OZ-NLC的体外溶出量明显提高且具有很好的缓释效果。结论:熔融-超声乳化法制备的OZ-NLC对促进难溶性药物奥扎格雷的口服吸收具有一定的指导价值。     

Optimization of nanostructured lipid carriers of lamotrigine for brain delivery: in vitro characterization and in vivo efficacy in epilepsy

Objective: The aim of the present work was to investigate the efficacy of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to enhance the brain targeting of lamotrigine (LMT) following intranasal (IN) administration.

Methods: Formulation was optimized using four-factor three levels Box– Behnken design to establish the functional relationships between variables on responses, that is, particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE) and percentage cumulative drug release of LMT-loaded NLCs. NLCs were evaluated for particle size, surface morphology, %EE and in vitro release and ex vivo permeation. The developed formulation was subjected to stability study, in vivo efficacy and scintigraphic study in Wistar rat model.

Results: The NLCs had a mean particle size of 151.6 ± 7.6 nm, polydispersity index of 0.249 ± 0.035, zeta potential of 11.75 ± 2.96 mV and EE of 96.64 ± 4.27%. The drug release from NLCs followed Fickian diffusion with a flux value of 11.73 μgcm^?2h^?1. Sustained drug concentration was obtained in NLCs carrying LMT after IN administration after 24 h. γ scintigraphy studies further proved high accumulation of drug in brain.

Conclusion: Hence we can conclude that IN administration of LMT NLCs in rats is able to maintain higher brain concentration of LMT compared to IN and oral drug solution.     

Mucoadhesive chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of amphotericin B

This study describes the properties of an amphotericin B-containing mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), with the intent to maximize uptake within the gastrointestinal tract. We have reported previously that lipid nanoparticles can significantly improve the oral bioavailability of amphotericin B (AmpB). On the other hand, the aggregation state of AmpB within the NLC has been ascribed to some of the side effects resulting from IV administration. In the undissolved state, AmpB (UAmpB) exhibited the safer monomeric conformation in contrast to AmpB in the dissolved state (DAmpB), which was aggregated. Chitosan-coated NLC (ChiAmpB NLC) presented a slightly slower AmpB release profile as compared to the uncoated formulation, achieving 26.1% release in 5?hours. Furthermore, the ChiAmpB NLC formulation appeared to prevent the expulsion of AmpB upon exposure to simulated gastrointestinal pH media, whereby up to 63.9% of AmpB was retained in the NLC compared to 56.1% in the uncoated formulation. The ChiAmpB NLC demonstrated mucoadhesive properties in pH 5.8 and 6.8. Thus, the ChiAmpB NLC formulation is well-primed for pharmacokinetic studies to investigate whether delayed gastrointestinal transit may be exploited to improve the systemic bioavailability of AmpB, whilst simultaneously addressing the side-effect concerns of AmpB.     

Design and characterization of Amoitone B-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for controlled drug release

Abstract

Amoitone B, a novel compound chemically synthesized as the analogue of cytosporone B, has been proved to own superior affinity with Nur77 than its parent compound and exhibit notable anticancer activity. However, its application is seriously restricted due to the water-insolubility and short biological half-time. The aim of this study was to construct an effective delivery system for Amoitone B to realize sustained release, thus prolong drug circulation time in body and improve the bioavailability. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) act as a new type of colloidal drug delivery system, which offer the advantages of improved drug loading and sustained release. Amoitone B-loaded NLC (AmB-NLC) containing glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and various amounts of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) were successfully prepared by emulsion-evaporation and low temperature-solidification technology with a particle size of about 200?nm and a zeta potential value of about ?20?mV. The results of X-ray diffraction and DSC analysis showed amorphous crystalline state of Amoitone B in NLC. Furthermore, the drug entrapment efficacy (EE) was improved compared with solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). The EE range was from 71.1% to 84.7%, enhanced with the increase of liquid lipid. In vitro drug release studies revealed biphasic drug release patterns with burst release initially and prolonged release afterwards and the release was accelerated with augment of liquid lipid. These results demonstrated that AmB-NLC could be a promising delivery system to control drug release and improve loading capacity, thus prolong drug action time in body and enhance the bioavailability.     

氟比洛芬纳米结构脂质载体凝胶剂的物理性质

目的制备氟比洛芬纳米结构脂质载体凝胶剂,并对其物理性质如流变学性质、黏附性和凝胶强度等进行研究。方法分别采用同轴圆筒流变仪和物性分析仪研究氟比洛芬纳米结构脂质载体的流变学性质、黏附性和凝胶强度,并研究了不同贮存温度对上述性质的影响。结果流变学研究结果表明FP-NLC凝胶具有良好的黏弹性,为假塑性流体,高温不利于保持其内部网状结构;物性分析结果表明凝胶剂在低温贮存时能够保持较高的黏附性和凝胶强度。结论氟比洛芬纳米结构脂质载体凝胶剂的流变学性质、黏附性和凝胶强度等物理性质受贮存温度影响较大,将其开发成制剂时需考虑其放置稳定性。     

长春西汀纳米结构脂质载体的体外释放研究

目的：制备长春西汀纳米结构脂质载体,考察其体外释放规律。方法：选择pH7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）作为释放介质,采用透析法测定长春西汀纳米结构脂质载体的体外释放。结果：长春西汀纳米结构脂质载体在24h释放为44%,药物在体外呈现缓释释放,符合Weibull分布。结论：所制备长春西汀纳米结构脂质载体体外缓释效果良好。     

纳米结构脂质载体肺部给药研究进展

传统吸入疗法不能使药物靶向到肺的特定部位,而纳米载体药物的肺部给药系统可克服传统吸入药物的不足。其中纳米结构脂质载体是固体和液体脂质的混合物经表面活性剂乳化后形成的纳米粒,具有更好的胶体稳定性和持续的药物释放行为。其组成成分具有无毒、生理惰性和生物相容性的特点,还具有良好的雾化特性,特别适用于肺部应用,并且生产过程简单（高压均质）,适合大规模生产。本文介绍了常见肺部给药纳米载体,概述了纳米结构脂质载体应用于肺部的优势,为其在肺部给药领域中的深度开发提供参考。     

葛根素纳米结构脂质载体大鼠体内药动学与组织分布

目的:制备葛根素纳米结构脂质载体(葛根素-NLCs),并考察其在大鼠体内的药动学及组织分布特性。方法:采用热熔乳化超声-低温固化法制备葛根素-NLCs,考察了葛根素-NLCs的粒径分布、Zeta电位和形态学性质;研究了葛根素-NLCs在大鼠体内的药动学与组织分布特征。结果:葛根素-NLCs平均粒径为(116.2±34.5)nm,多聚分散系数为0.217±0.024,Zeta电位为(-37.2±3.6)mV,包封率为(87.4±4.3)%。葛根素-NLCs在大鼠体内的AUC_0-t和MRT_0-t分别为葛根素注射剂的3.69和2.13倍;组织分布结果表明葛根素-NLCs在大鼠肝、脾、脑内的相对摄取率分别为葛根素注射液的3.95,3.41和2.30倍。结论:葛根素-NLCs延长了药物在血浆中的滞留时间,在体内具有良好的肝、脾和脑靶向性,可提高药物疗效。     

Vincristine and temozolomide combined chemotherapy for the treatment of glioma: a comparison of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for dual drugs delivery

Context: Glioma is a common malignant brain tumor originating in the central nervous system. Efficient delivery of therapeutic agents to the cells and tissues is a difficult challenge. Co-delivery of anticancer drugs into the cancer cells or tissues by multifunctional nanocarriers may provide a new paradigm in cancer treatment.

Objective: In this study, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were constructed for co-delivery of vincristine (VCR) and temozolomide (TMZ) to develop the synergetic therapeutic action of the two drugs. The antitumor effects of these two systems were compared to provide a better choice for gliomatosis cerebri treatment.

Methods: VCR- and TMZ-loaded SLNs (VT-SLNs) and NLCs (VT-NLCs) were formulated. Their particle size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug loading capacity were evaluated. The single TMZ-loaded SLNs and NLCs were also prepared as contrast. Anti-tumor efficacies of the two kinds of carriers were evaluated on U87 malignant glioma cells and mice bearing malignant glioma model.

Results: Significantly better glioma inhibition was observed on NLCs formulations than SLNs, and dual drugs displayed the highest antitumor efficacy in vivo and in vitro than all the other formulations used.

Conclusion: VT-NLCs can deliver VCR and TMZ into U87MG cells more efficiently, and inhibition efficacy is higher than VT-SLNs. This dual drugs-loaded NLCs could be an outstanding drug delivery system to achieve excellent therapeutic efficiency for the treatment of malignant gliomatosis cerebri.     

Preparation of the nanostructured lipid carriers of artemisinin and its pharmacokinetic evaluation

Artemisinin (ART) is a widely used active drug for malaria, including severe and cerebral malaria. However, its therapeutic efficacy is affected by its lower bioavailability. In the present study, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were proposed as carrier of ART to improve pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. ART-NLC was prepared by high-pressure homogenization based on orthogonal design. The particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and percentage of drug loading (DL) of ART-NLC were (53.06±2.11) nm, (–28.7±3.59) mV, 73.9%±0.5% and 11.23%±0.37%, respectively. ART-NLC showed the sustained release characteristics and scarcely the hemolysis effect on human red blood cells. The pharmacokinetics of ART-NLC for rats after tail intravenous injection (i.v) or intraperitoneal injection (i.p) were investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). And ART solution was designed as control preparation. For rats of i.v groups, the AUC0–∞ ((707.45±145.65) ng·h/mL) of ART-NLC were significantly bigger than that of ART ((368.98±139.58) ng·h/mL). The MRT ((3.38±0.46) h) of ART-NLC was longer than that of ART ((1.39±0.61) h). And similar results were observed for rats of i.p groups. The AUC0–∞ ((1233.06±235.57) ng·h/mL) and MRT ((4.97±0.69) h) of ART-NLC were both bigger than those of ART, which were (871.17±234.03) ng·h/mL) and (1.75±0.31) h), respectively. Compared with ART, ART-NLC showed a significant increase in AUC0–∞ (P<0.05) and MRT (P<0.001) for both i.p and tail i.v administrations.     

托伐普坦纳米结构脂质载体的制备与药动学研究

目的 制备托伐普坦纳米结构脂质载体（Tol-NLCs）,以提高托伐普坦（Tol）的口服生物利用度。方法 根据溶解度对辅料进行筛选,包括固体脂质（双硬脂酸甘油酯、山嵛酸甘油酯、聚乙二醇-8山嵛酸甘油酯、单硬脂酸甘油酯和单亚油酸甘油酯）、液体脂质（油酸聚乙二醇甘油酯、单油酸甘油酯、月桂酸聚乙二醇甘油酯和单辛酸丙二醇酯）和表面活性剂（聚山梨酯80、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油、聚乙二醇-15羟基硬脂酸酯和泊洛沙姆188）,采用乳化超声-低温固化法制备TolNLCs,并使用Box-Behankn效应面法优化处方;分别采用电镜（TEM）观察、粒径分布及Zeta电位测定、差示扫描量热法（DSC）对制备的Tol-NLCs进行表征,同时比较Tol原料药和Tol-NLCs体外药物释放特点、跨膜转运特征;比较Tol混悬液和Tol-NLCs经大鼠ig给药后的体内药动学特征。结果 根据溶解度确定以山嵛酸甘油酯作为固体脂质,单油酸甘油酯作为液体脂质,聚乙二醇-15羟基硬脂酸酯作为表面活性剂,通过优化得到Tol-NLCs的最佳处方：总脂质质量浓度为40.0 mg·mL^-1,表面活性剂质量浓度为25.0 mg·mL^-1,超声时间为6 min。在透射电镜下可观察到制备的Tol-NLCs呈类球状,分布均匀;Tol-NLCs的平均粒径为（106.2±14.7）nm,PDI为（0.196±0.004）,Zeta电位为（-26.6±0.6）mV;药物在Tol-NLCs中以非结晶形式存在。Tol-NLCs在pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中表现为前期药物释放较快,后期药物释放平缓。Caco-2细胞跨膜转运结果显示,Tol-NLCs的P_{app（AP→BL）}值为（11.16±0.58）×10^-6 cm·s^-1,P_{app（BL→AP）}值为（4.51±0.46）×10^-6 cm·s^-1,与Tol溶液相比,P_{app（AP→BL）}表现出明显增加趋势,P_{app（BL→AP）}表现出明显降低趋势,说明Tol包裹在NLCs中促进了药物吸收,抑制了P-糖蛋白（P-gp）的外排作用。与Tol混悬液相比,大鼠ig Tol-NLCs后,Tol生物利用度提高了2.5倍。结论 按优化处方制备的Tol-NLCs,能够显著提高药物的生物利用度。     

利福布汀纳米结构脂质载体的制备工艺及体外评价

目的:将利福布汀(rifabutin,RFB)制成利福布汀纳米结构脂质载体(RFB-NLC),提高其水溶性、缓释性.方法:首先进行RFB含量测定方法学考察,以乳化剂用量、药物与脂质用量比、固液脂质用量比为处方因素,以包封率和载药量为指标,单因素考察基础上,以Box-Behnken效应面法进行处方优化,采用差式扫描量热法...