Complications in the multiple-ligament-injured knee

Multiple-ligament knee injuries require careful evaluation to make an accurate diagnosis and to identify associated neurovascular injuries that can threaten limb viability. Other concomitant bony and soft-tissue injuries may include open joint injuries, fracture-dislocations, and compartment syndrome. Surgical reconstruction of multiple-ligament knee injuries requires careful preoperative planning and surgical timing to decrease the potential for iatrogenic neurovascular injuries and wound complications. Postoperative loss of motion and residual instability can result in severe functional deficits. Other complications related to surgical reconstruction may include tourniquet problems, anterior knee pain, medial femoral condyle ostenecrosis, heterotopic ossification, and compartment syndrome. This article reviews the complications that are often associated with multiple-ligament knee injuries.     

Complications of the treatment of the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint injuries,including instability

Treatment of AC joint injuries and SC joint injuries continues to evolve. The risk of complications of both the operative and nonoperative management of these injuries can be minimized by the treating physician if the physician thoroughly evaluates and understands the problem. Making an accurate diagnosis of the underlying pathology and then selecting the appropriate treatment for this will minimize the risk of an associated complication. Paying attention to detail and using the appropriate technique before any operative intervention is chosen will decrease the risk of failure and complication. Close follow-up and early detection of complications will lead to less severe sequelae. AC joint injuries are more common and operative management is accepted for specific indications. Most Orthopaedic Surgeons are comfortable treating these. SC joint injuries are less common and nonoperative treatment is the mainstay. As our approach to these complex problems evolves, we must keep a wary eye towards avoiding and minimizing the complications of the new techniques.     

Treatment of nerve injuries in the multiple-ligament-injured knee

Dislocation of the knee is a serious and potentially limb-threatening injury. Associated ligamentous injuries,fractures, and vascular and nerve injuries are common. Prompt recognition of a knee dislocation and appropriate treatment of associated injuries is necessary to minimize the complications of this severe and potentially devastating injury. Peroneal nerve injury occurs in about 28% of knee dislocations and cases of multiple-ligament injury. Despite numerous advances in nerve repair techniques, the prognosis for nerve injuries after knee dislocation remains poor, with an overall recovery rate of 40%. This article provides a review of current recommendations for evaluation, treatment, and management of complications associated with nerve injury in knee dislocation, as well as areas for future study to improve prognosis and treatment.     

Bildgebung postarthroskopischer Komplikationen nach Knieverletzungen

The most common joint injuries in professional and recreational sports participants and also in the total population are knee injuries. Arthroscopy is indicated if this modality will improve the patient outcome and potential long-term complications can be avoided. Although uncommon, complications following arthroscopy are mostly evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For planning further therapy strategies following postarthroscopic complications, e.g. if anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is required, digital radiographs and computed tomography (CT) are helpful. This article provides an overview of the different procedures for surgical treatment which are a prerequisite for the analysis of postarthroscopic images. In addition typical complications after treatment of meniscal and chondral injuries as well as after ACL reconstruction are described and typical signs in MRI, radiography and CT are explained in detail.     

Complications of treatment of acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint injuries

Although common, AC joint injuries and their treatments are not benign. The injury itself and both nonsurgical and surgical treatments may result in complications yielding persistent pain, deformity, or dysfunction. Sternoclavicular joint injuries are far less common and are typically the result of higher energy trauma. As such, the associated complications may be more serious. Familiarity with the potential complications of these injuries can help the treating physician to develop strategies to minimize their incidence and sequelae.     

Complications in the treatment of medial and lateral sided injuries of the knee joint

Complications may result from nonoperative and surgical management of medial or lateral sided knee injuries. Because these injuries are often associated with injury to the medial or lateral meniscus and the anterior or posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL, respectively), injury to these structures will also be considered. We group these complications in 3 categories: (1) complications associated with either operative or nonoperative management, (2) intraoperative complications, and (3) postoperative complications. Greater understanding of complications of medial and lateral knee ligament injuries may result in improved clinical outcomes.     

Hand injuries in adults

The radiologist plays an important role in the evaluation of hand injuries. Although the detection of fractures is important, recognition and delineation of soft tissue damage is equally vital. If only soft tissue injuries exist, plain film findings are often nonspecific. Nevertheless, they can give helpful clues in evaluating ligaments and tendons. It is especially important for the radiologist to be knowledgeable of these soft tissue injuries because, in an emergency room setting, the radiologist may be the physician most familiar with the spectrum of injuries and possible complications.     

Nerve injury about the shoulder in athletes, part 1: suprascapular nerve and axillary nerve

Nerve injuries about the shoulder in athletes are being recognized with increasing frequency. Prompt and correct diagnosis of these injuries is important to treat the patient and to understand the potential complications and natural history so as to appropriately counsel athletes. This 2-part article is a review and an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding some of the more common nerve injuries seen about the shoulder in athletes.     

Complications associated with the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of athletic injuries.

BACKGROUND: The potent anti-inflammatory pharmacologic effects of the corticosteroids (cortisone and synthetic derivatives) has led to their extensive usage in the management of rheumatologic diseases and athletic musculoskeletal injuries. The efficacy and risks of locally injected or systemically administered corticosteroids in the treatment of athletic injuries are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To review critically the medical literature and determine complications and risks associated with corticosteroid treatment of athletic injuries. DATA SOURCES: A search of 3 databases-MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Clinical Trial Register-was performed using the OVID interface for all years between 1966 and 2003. The search first combined all references under the medical subject headings adrenal cortex hormones, glucocorticoids, and glucocorticoids, synthetic. A second search combined all references under the medical subject headings athletic injuries, sprains and strains, tendon injuries, shoulder injuries, rotator cuff disease, tennis elbow, and lateral epicondylitis. The references identified by these 2 searches were intersected and limited to human only to produce 130 articles. Relevant review articles were scanned, references reviewed, and additional articles retrieved for consideration of inclusion. STUDY SELECTION: For inclusion in this critical review, articles must meet the following criteria: (1) subjects were human, (2) subjects had athletic-related injuries, and (3) subjects received corticosteroid treatment. Ultimately, 43 studies met inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Selected articles were then categorized as to whether the primary focus was usage/efficacy of corticosteroid injection therapy, occurrence of complications of corticosteroid injection therapy, or usage or complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-five selected studies primarily examined the usage/efficacy of corticosteroid injections in the treatment of various athletic injuries. Of the 983 total subjects who received corticosteroid injections among these studies, only minor complications of treatment were reported. Eighteen selected studies primarily described complications of corticosteroid injections in the treatment of athletic injuries. Of these, tendon and fascial ruptures were the predominant complications reported. The search identified no articles that addressed the usage of or complications of systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of athletic injuries, although tibial stress fracture and multifocal osteonecrosis occurred in individuals being treated for nonathletic injury conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This critical review reveals that the existing medical literature does not provide precise estimates for complication rates following the therapeutic use of injected or systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of athletic injuries. Tendon and fascial ruptures are often reported complications of injected corticosteroids, whereas tibial stress fractures and multifocal osteonecrosis were described with systemic corticosteroids.     

Patterns of liver injury in childhood: CT analysis

Forty-eight consecutive cases of liver injury diagnosed by CT in hemodynamically stable children were analyzed retrospectively for anatomic location, type of injury, associated nonhepatic injuries, and complications. It was found that the right lobe was involved in 83% of all injuries, and that the posterior segment of the right lobe was injured most often. Right-sided injuries were usually superficial and simple, while left-sided injuries were more likely to be deep and complex. Significant complications were associated with deep, complex, perihilar injuries. Retroperitoneal blood collections were noted around the adrenal, in a distribution not previously described. Injuries of the hepatic dome were most characteristic and were often associated with injuries of the lung base, kidney, ribs, and pneumothorax.     

X线平片与CT扫描对胸部外伤的诊断价值

目的分析胸部外伤的X线与CT表现类型并评价其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析60例临床胸部外伤患者的X线平片及CT表现。结果 60例中,皮下气肿见于38例,骨折55例,胸膜伤38例,肺损伤48例,创伤湿肺22例,肺不张9例,纵隔伤15例。伴发其他部位的损伤包括颅脑损伤42例,椎体及附件骨折20例,腹腔积血32例。结论 X线平片及CT扫描在胸部外伤中具有重要的诊断价值,X线平片可作为常规检查及随访的最主要影像技术,而CT对探测或判定胸外伤具有更高的敏感性和特异性,应作为重要补充。     

On-field management of emergent and urgent extremity conditions

Extremity injuries are common in many sporting events. Properly treating these injuries consists of initial evaluation to determine a presumptive diagnosis and provision of appropriate management to decrease the risk of longterm sequelae. Evaluation for and treatment of neurologic and vascular compromise should always occur in the field as expeditiously as possible, taking care not to make the injury worse. Radiographs may be impractical or unnecessary prior to reduction of many injuries. In general, in-line traction and reduction is usually safe and may alleviate complications. Following field treatment, appropriate splinting is necessary to relieve pain and prevent complications during transport. Proper field management and referral of extremity conditions provides the best primary opportunity to avoid complications.     

多发伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤的特点分析

目的 探讨多发伤患者合并脊柱脊髓损伤的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析2004年3月-2009年3月收治的143例合并脊柱脊髓损伤的多发伤患者,统计致伤原因、脊柱损伤节段、合并伤、并发症、治疗方式和转归.结果 高处坠落伤和交通伤是主要致伤原因,分别为77例(53.8%)和55例(38.5%),损伤节段依次为腰椎101处(50.8%)、胸椎61处(30.7%)、颈椎29处(14.6%)及骶尾椎8处(4.0%);合并伤依次为胸部163处(38.6%)、腹部84处(19.9%)、头颈部77处(18.3%)、四肢65处(15.4%)、面部17处(4.0%)和体表16处(3.8%).早期并发症依次为电解质紊乱33例(16.8%)、呼吸系统感染30例(15.3%)和腹胀19例(9.7%);晚期并发症依次为营养不良26例(13.3%)、肌萎缩23例(11.7%)和深静脉血栓11例(5.6%).治疗方式依次为手术治疗106例(74.1%),保守治疗37例(25.9%).治疗前美国脊柱损伤协会(ASIA)评级E级20例(14.0%),治疗后E级53例(37.1%).死亡12例,病死率为8.4%,主要死亡原因为MOF、脑疝、营养衰竭等.随着ASIA残损分级的提高,各组并发症和病死率也显著增加(P＜0.05).结论 高能量损伤是多发伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤的主要致伤因素,患者病情重,合并伤复杂,并发症多,治疗棘手,病死率高.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical features of the multiple trauma patients combined with spine and spinal cord injuries.Methods A retrospective study was performed in 143 multiple trauma patients combined with spine and spinal cord injuries admitted to our department between March 2004 and March 2009.The parameters including injury cause,segment of injuries,associated injuries,complications,treatment methods and outcomes were analyzed.Results Falling and traffic accidents were the main causes for the injuries of spine and spinal cord,accounting for 53.8%(77 cases)and 38.5%(55 cases),respectively.The injured segments involved 101 lumbar vertebrae(50.8%),61 thoracic vertebrae(30.7%),29 cervical spines(14.6%)and 8 sacrococcygeal vertebrae(4.0%).The associated injuries were located at chest(163 regions,38.6%),abdomen(84 regions,19.9%),head and neck(77 regions,18.3%),extremity(65 regions,15.4%),face(17 regions,4.0%)and body surface(16 regions,3.8%).The early complications included electrolyte disturbances in 33 patients (16.8%),respiratory infection in 30(15.3%)and abdominal distention in 19(9.7%).The late complications were malnutrition in 26 patients(13.3%),amyotrophy in 23(11.7%)and deep vein thrombus in 11(5.6%).Treatment methods were operations and expectant treatments in 106 patients (74.1%)and 37(25.9%)respectively.According to American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA)scale,there were 20 patients(14.0%)at grade E before treatment and 53(37.1%)at grade E after treatment.Of all,12 patients were died of mainly multiple organ failure(MOF),cerebral hernia and malnutrition,with mortality rate of 8.39%.There showed an increase of complication and mortality rate with increase of ASIA grade(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The spine and spinal cord injuries in patients with multiple trauma are mainly caused by high energy injuries and characterized by high injury severity,complex associated injuries,multiple complications,difficult management and high mortality rate.     

胸部穿透伤救治中常见失误及预防

目的 探讨和指出胸部穿透伤救治中的失误、难点,危险因素,并发症及防范措施。方法 回顾总结的胸部穿透伤３１８例,重点分析诊治错误和并发症。结果 胸腔伤的物理和Ｘ线漏误诊率为１１．１％（３５／３１６）,但致使误治率仅为４．１％（１３／３１６）,２４例心脏大血管损伤初期漏误诊５例。２８例膈肌损伤早期漏诊９例。２６７例次有腔闭式引流操作失误１１例次（４．１％）。发生需剖胸处理的并发症１７例。全组治愈３０８     

57例小肠损伤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨小肠损伤的诊断与治疗方法。方法收集江苏省人民医院溧阳分院普外科2008—2017年收治的小肠损伤57例,其中男性50例,女性7例;年龄22~87岁,平均51岁。外伤性小肠损伤多见于中年男性,其中道路交通伤23例(44.23%),钝器伤10例(19.23%),坠落伤8例(15.38%),锐器伤6例(11.53%),重物砸伤5例(9.61%),其他不明原因5例(9.61%)。探查发现受伤部位位于空肠28例(49.12%),位于回肠29例(50.87%)。剖腹探查指征:腹腔穿刺抽出脓性液体或者不凝血,CT或X线发现腹腔游离气体,部分患者血流动力学不稳定,进行性加重的腹痛持续无缓解,出现腹膜刺激征,考虑空腔脏器或者实质性脏器受损。根据受损部位及受损程度选择小肠修补术46例(80.70%)和小肠部分切除+吻合术11例(19.30%)。结果 57例中共出现并发症10例。采用逐步Logistic回归,以预后为因变量,其他因素为自变量,结果显示失血量为术后并发症的影响因素。失血量越多,预后越差(OR值为8.625)。结论小肠损伤多见于交通事故、击打、坠落等暴力致伤因素。术后相关并发症可能与失血量有关,提示在处理小肠损伤时提高诊断成功率、缩短患者接受手术时间,可减少术后并发症的发生。     

Groin Strain and Other Possible Causes of Groin Pain

In brief: Groin strains (and injuries assumed to be groin strains) have been treated with a simple, straightforward approach. However, complications too often arise from inadequate diagnosis or improper management of these injuries. A pelvic stress fracture, an avulsion injury, and even a tumor can be confused with a groin strain. This article discusses the importance of differential diagnosis, which can help prevent serious complications. The authors also present a case report of a football player who was diagnosed with myositis following a groin strain he had sustained a year earlier.     

Forensic aspects of complications resulting from cardiopulmonary resuscitation

While cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can save lives, it can also injure patients. As a result, forensic pathologists often see CPR-related injuries during autopsies that are unrelated to the patients' primary cause of death. Therefore, pathologists must be able to distinguish between CPR-related injuries and those caused by other factors, such as assaults or accidental violence. This distinction is complicated because even therapeutically unimportant injuries can have forensic significance. For example, resuscitative injuries are observed frequently in the neck and the chest. This article focuses mainly on complications due to ventilation and chest compression during CPR. The following iatrogenic complications are described: bruising and abrasions in the face and neck, fractures of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage, air way injuries, vomitus aspiration, positional error of the tube for intra-tracheal intubation, petechiae, retinal hemorrhages, subarachnoid hemorrhages, rib and sternum fractures, bone marrow embolism, cardiac injuries including myocardial hemorrhages and frothy heart blood, and injuries to the abdominal organs such as liver and spleen.     

Successful treatment of multiple organ system failure in a wartime environment: a case report from Operation Desert Storm.

Military weapons produce massive traumatic injuries. Multiple organ system failure can be expected to occur frequently as a result of such injuries. This case report from the recent conflict with Iraq is representative of wartime injuries and complications and the positive impact of modern intensive care capability on such injuries. Availability of critical care in future conflicts is essential.     

Fatal thromboembolic complications following assault in a subject with an abdominal aortic aneurysm

A 62-year-old male with no significant medical history developed thromboembolic complications in the lower limbs shortly after an assault which involved punching and kicking to the trunk. Laparotomy revealed intra-abdominal injuries and an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Death from multi-organ failure and sepsis occurred 9 days post-injury. The discussion concentrates on blunt force trauma to the abdominal aorta, specifically on causation, mechanisms of injury and complications.     

Bone stress injuries

Bone stress injuries are due to cyclical overuse of the bone. They are relatively common in athletes and military recruits but also among otherwise healthy people who have recently started new or intensive physical activity. Diagnosis of bone stress injuries is based on the patient's history of increased physical activity and on imaging findings. The general symptom of a bone stress injury is stress-related pain. Bone stress injuries are difficult to diagnose based only on a clinical examination because the clinical symptoms may vary depending on the phase of the pathophysiological spectrum in the bone stress injury. Imaging studies are needed to ensure an early and exact diagnosis, because if the diagnosis is not delayed most bone stress injuries heal well without complications.