乳酸、乙酸、过氧化氢、肿瘤坏死因子-α抑制白色假丝酵母菌生长生物被膜菌丝形成

目的 对乳酸、乙酸、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α等影响白色假丝酵母菌生长生物被膜及菌丝形成进行研究，为外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病发病及久治不愈原因提供依据。方法 白色假丝酵母菌经含不同浓度乳酸、乙酸、H₂O₂、TNF-α肉汤培养基培养与含不同浓度乳酸、乙酸、H₂O₂血清养基，检测其生长、生物被膜及菌丝抑制情况。结果 乳酸、乙酸、H₂O₂浓度依赖性抑制生长和生物被膜形成。与早期形成生物被膜(4 h)相比，3种物质对晚期形成生物被膜(24 h)抑制作用明显减弱。乳酸、乙酸浓度依赖性抑制菌丝形成，低浓度H₂O₂、TNF-α无抑制作用。结论 乳酸、乙酸、H₂O₂有抑制白色假丝酵母菌生长生物被膜形成作用。乳酸、乙酸能抑制菌丝生长。TNF-α无直接杀菌能力。外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病发生及久治不愈可能与阴道微生态失衡，乳酸、乙酸、...     

体外乳杆菌属对白色假丝酵母菌生长的抑制作用

目的研究体外乳杆菌属细菌对白色假丝酵母菌生长的抑制作用。方法选用嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种、短乳杆菌分别与白色假丝酵母菌混合培养,用革兰染色法观察白色假丝酵母菌菌体形态的变化;用菌落形成单位培养技术观察白色假丝酵母菌菌落数量的变化。结果在MRS培养基上混合培养显示,4种乳杆菌属中嗜酸乳杆菌对白色假丝酵母菌的生长抑制作用最强,观察菌体形态,被抑制生长后的白色假丝酵母菌单细胞孢子的细胞壁和细胞质都有较大的改变;加入嗜酸乳杆菌后可将白色假丝酵母菌的数量由原来的(11.62±2.68)×103 CFU/ml降低至(4.23±0.63)×103 CFU/ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论嗜酸乳杆菌能抑制白色假丝酵母菌的生长,破坏白色假丝酵母菌菌体的正常结构。     

嗜酸乳杆菌与大肠埃希菌及无乳链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌交互作用

目的 对嗜酸乳杆菌与大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及无乳链球菌间交互作用及pH、乳酸、乙酸、H2O2对其生长影响进行评价,为需氧菌性阴道炎患者经乳杆菌属短期治疗疗效不佳原因提供依据.方法 嗜酸乳杆菌与大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌混合培养;4种细菌经不同pH值培养基培养、不同浓度乳酸、乙酸、H2O2作用,检测其浓度变化.结果 嗜酸乳杆菌与3种菌之间存在交互作用;嗜酸乳杆菌抑菌作用时间、浓度依赖性;pH 3.5～5.0时,嗜酸乳杆菌增殖最快,抑菌作用最强;乙酸、H2O2对4种细菌均具强抑制作用;乳酸对嗜酸乳杆菌无抑制作用,对其他3种细菌均有浓度依赖性抑制作用.结论 嗜酸乳杆菌主要是通过代谢产物乳酸等而不是H2O2直接产生抑菌或杀菌作用;需氧菌性阴道炎患者经乳杆菌短期治疗疗效不佳主要与阴道内乳杆菌定植数量不足、产酸能力低及阴道内存在耐酸的病原菌有关.     

低pH值环境乙酸H2O2磺胺甲基嘧啶协同酮康唑抑制白色假酵母菌生长

目的 对低pH值环境乙酸H₂O₂磺胺甲基嘧啶协同酮康唑抑制白色假酵母菌生长情况进行研究,为外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病发病原因及治疗提供依据。方法 制备pH值为3～6培养肉汤、含5.0%～0.1%乙酸培养肉汤及含0.3%～0.03%H₂O₂培养肉汤,配制并使pH值为3、6的培养肉汤及上述含乙酸、H₂O₂培养肉汤中含250.000μg/ml～0.061μg/ml酮康唑,调肉汤培养基含酮康唑、磺胺甲基嘧啶浓度为2 000.000μg/ml～0.122μg/ml,肉汤含酮康唑：磺胺甲基嘧啶浓度为2 000.000μg/ml:0.008μg/ml～0.122μg/ml:125.000μg/ml,白色假丝酵母菌经上述肉汤培养48 h,观察并检测其生长抑制情况。结果 pH值为3、4、6时的生长抑制率分别为65.21%、63.54%和1.96%,乙酸H₂O₂浓度依赖性抑制白色假丝酵母菌生长,pH值为3能增加酮康唑抑制白色假丝酵母菌生长...     

阴道假丝酵母菌病的病原菌耐药性分析

目的研究复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的主要病原菌分布及耐药性,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物治疗阴道假丝酵母菌病。方法回顾性分析医院2011年1月-2012年12月就诊的复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病患者108例,取得阴道分泌物进行病原菌培养,并对其进行药敏分析,所有数据采用SPSS13.0进行统计分析。结果 108例复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病患者中共分离出病原菌116株,其中8例患者合并≥2种病原菌;116株病原菌中白色假丝酵母菌72株占62.07%、克柔假丝酵母菌24株占20.69%、光滑假丝酵母菌13株占11.21%、热带假丝酵母菌7株占6.03%;白色假丝酵母菌对伊曲康唑和咪康唑的耐药率较低分别为4.17%和8.33%,克柔假丝酵母菌对伊曲康唑和咪康唑的耐药率较低分别为4.17%和8.33%,光滑假丝酵母菌对伊曲康唑和克霉唑的耐药率均为0。结论临床治疗复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病时应先进行细菌培养鉴定,并根据药敏试验结果进行有针对性的抗真菌药物治疗。     

外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的预防

外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病（亦称为外阴阴道念珠菌病）是一种常见的妇产科外阴阴道炎症性疾病，多见于生育年龄妇女。假丝酵母菌是一种真菌，具有多种亚型，其中最易引起感染的是白色假丝酵母菌。同时它又是一种条件致病菌，正常时可分布在口腔、肠道及阴道。10％～20％非孕妇女及30％孕妇阴道中有此菌寄生，当各种因素引起全身及局部内环境变化时可致病，导致假丝酵母菌性感染。     

外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病免疫致病机制研究进展

外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病是一种常见的阴道黏膜真菌感染性疾病,对女性身心造成极大伤害。外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病反复发作而成复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病。其发生、发展及转归与宿主的全身和局部免疫状态密切相关。随着研究深入,对假丝酵母菌的致病性及机体对阴道局部假丝酵母菌侵袭的反应,特别是机体和阴道局部对假丝酵母菌侵袭的免疫机制的研究有了一些新的认识。就近年外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病及复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的免疫致病机制研究进展做一综述。     

外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病免疫致病机制研究进展

外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病是一种常见的阴道黏膜真菌感染性疾病,对女性身心造成极大伤害.外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病反复发作而成复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病.其发生、发展及转归与宿主的全身和局部免疫状态密切相关.随着研究深入,对假丝酵母菌的致病性及机体对阴道局部假丝酵母菌侵袭的反应,特别是机体和阴道局部对假丝酵母菌侵袭的免疫机制的研究有了一些新的认识.就近年外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病及复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的免疫致病机制研究进展做一综述.     

复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的致病菌及药敏分析

目的探讨复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的致病菌和敏感药物。方法运用科玛嘉显色培养基培养假丝酵母菌并对培养出的菌种进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果分离出128株酵母菌,其中自假丝酵母菌94株,热带假丝酵母菌26株,光滑假丝酵母菌5株,近平滑假丝酵母菌2株,克柔假丝酵母菌1株。假丝酵母菌对真菌敏感性高的药物只有两性霉素、氟胞嘧啶,而对伏立康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑的耐药性高。结论复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病最常见致病菌是白假丝酵母菌,假丝酵母菌耐药情况严重,对唑类抗真菌药物的敏感性下降,对两性霉素、氟胞嘧啶敏感性高。     

复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的应对措施

目的:探讨外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的治疗力法及复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的应对措施。方法:调查2006年1～12月间在该院就诊的外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病病例共8750例,其中960例是外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病复发病例,对其治疗方法与疗效进行分析。结果:初发外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的治疗不规范,治疗不对症,不按疗程治疗是造成该病复发的主要原因。结论:治疗外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病亦需要规范、合理、达到疗程的原则,合理规范治疗是治愈外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的根本,否则易引起菌群失调、菌群耐药,导致该病迁延不愈,进而使外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病复发。     

乙醇与过氧化氢的协同杀菌效果及影响因素研究

目的了解乙醇与过氧化氢协同杀灭白色念珠菌效果及过氧化氢含量、硝酸温度和有机物等因素对杀灭效果的影响。方法采用以蒸馏水稀释试验菌、在试验中不引入干扰物质的悬液定量杀菌试验方法。结果体积分数为30%乙醇或10.0g/L过氧化氢的消毒液作用1.0min,平均杀灭对数值分别为0.93与0.77;含30.0%体积分数乙醇与10.0g/L过氧化氢的复方消毒液作用1.0min,平均杀灭对数值为>5.18;含30.0%体积分数乙醇的消毒液中加入1.2g/L的过氧化氢,平均杀灭对数值随过氧化氢含量增加而升高;硝酸对乙醇和过氧化氢复方消毒液的杀菌效果有一定提高作用,平均杀灭对数值随硝酸含量升高而升高;温度升高,平均杀灭对数值明显增大;菌悬液中含体积分数10%小牛血清,对该复方消毒液的杀菌效果有明显影响,平均杀灭对数值随小牛血清含量升高而减小。结论乙醇与过氧化氢对白色念珠菌有协同杀菌作用,过氧化氢含量、有机物和温度对其协同杀菌效果有明显影响,硝酸的影响较小。     

Oxidation of 2,4-Dinitrophenol by Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag

A treatment process was developed when basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF slag) and hydrogen peroxide were used to oxidize 2,4-dinitrophenol from an aqueous solution. BOF slag, final waste slurry from steel making plants, contains about 12.5% by weight of ferrous oxide. In an acid solution, BOF slag can be dissociated to produce ferrous ions and react with hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radicals and oxidize 2,4-dinitrophenol. The results of the research demonstrated that the process had a significant capacity for oxidation of 2,4-dinitrophenol from the aqueous phase. Various factors critical to the oxidation of 2,4-dinitrophenol were studied, including hydrogen peroxide concentration, concentration of BOF slag, initial concentration of 2,4-dinitrophenol, and pH value of solution. Experimental results proved that 100 mg/L 2,4-dinitrophenol and its oxidation intermediate could be totally decomposed within 60 min by 10 g/L BOF slag, 0.18 g/L hydrogen peroxide and pH 2.8 ± 0.2. The optimum hydrogen peroxide concentration for degradation of 100 mg/L of 2,4-dinitrophenol is between 0.09 g/L and 0.18 g/L as 10 g/L BOF slag in the solution of pH 2.8 ± 0.2. A hydrogen peroxide concentration higher than 0.18 g/L is disadvantageous to the oxidation process. The oxidation efficiency increased with the increase of BOF slag concentration at 0.18 g/L hydrogen peroxide dose. The best pH value of the solution is in the vicinity of 2.8. An oxidation reaction mechanism was proposed for predicting the concentration changes of 2,4-dinitrophenol, ferrous ion, and hydrogen peroxide. Received: 6 September 1998/Accepted: 22 May 1999     

Sensory irritation of acetic acid,hydrogen peroxide,peroxyacetic acid and their mixture in mice

The expiratory bradypnoea indicative of upper airway irritation in mice was evaluated during a period of 60 min of oronasal exposure to acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid vapours. The airborne concentration resulting in a 50% decrease in the respiratory rate of mice (RD50) was calculated for each chemical. The concentration-response curves of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid had similar slopes. The results did however show that the three chemicals had different irritant potencies. The RD50 values of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid were 227, 113 and 5.4 p.p.m. respectively. Moreover, a mixture containing 53% acetic acid, 11% hydrogen peroxide and 36% peroxyacetic acid had an RD50 of 10.6 ppm, 3.8 ppm being peroxyacetic acid, which is 1.4 times lower than the theoretical value estimated from the fractional concentrations and the respective RD50s of the individual components. On the basis of a TLV-STEL (threshold limit value for short-term exposure limit) equal to 0.1 RD50, the TLV-STELs for acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid should not exceed 20, 10 and 0.5 p.p.m. respectively. On the basis of a TLV-TWA (time-weighted average) equal to 0.03 RD50, the TLV-TWAs for these same chemicals should not exceed 5, 3 and 0.2 p.p.m. respectively. Finally, these values and existing TLVs in Europe and the USA are compared.     

Generation of controlled atmospheres for the determination of the irritant potency of peroxyacetic acid

Given the physical properties of peroxyacetic acid, which decomposes into acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, the generation and analysis of controlled atmospheres used to test the irritant potency of this peracid in mice require specific developments. The sampling and analytical method was based on the simultaneous sampling on a titanyl sulphate-impregnated silica gel tube (allowing the determination of total peroxides, peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) and in an impinger containing a methyl-p-tolyl sulphide solution (of which the analysis yields the concentration of total acids, peroxyacetic acid and acetic acid, and peroxyacetic alone). From these results the concentrations of the different products can be inferred without interference. A special device composed of inert materials was designed for the generation of the controlled atmosphere. Buffering the peroxyacetic solution at pH 7 with a phosphate buffer allowed the generation of peroxyacetic acid atmospheres with negligible concentrations of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.     

Resistance of Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC 3099 from Kimchi to oxidative stress

The antioxidative capacity of two lactic acid bacteria isolated from Kimchi, a Korean fermented food, was evaluated by measuring the resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and compared with that of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as a positive control. Both intact cells and cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC 3099 exhibited higher antioxidative activity in inhibiting lipid peroxidation among the strains evaluated with an inhibitory level of 38.6% and 48.5%, respectively. To evaluate the resistance of the two lactic acid bacteria to ROS, we tested their survival in the presence of 1 mM hydrogen peroxide, 0.4 mM hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions induced by 10 mM paraquat. L. plantarum KCTC 3099 was viable even after 8 hours in the presence of both 1 mM hydrogen peroxide and 0.4 mM hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, the survival of L. plantarum KCTC 3099 was not affected by superoxide anions generated by using paraquat, indicating that it has resistance to superoxide anions. To define the antioxidative mechanism, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and metal ion chelating activities were determined. L. plantarum KCTC 3099 presented little SOD activity, but had the higher level of chelating activity for both Fe2+ and Cu2+ metal ions at 13.6 ppm and 23.9 ppm, respectively. These results suggested that the antioxidative capacity of L. plantarum KCTC 3099 is apparently caused by chelating metal ions rather than by SOD activation.     

Interaction of lactic acid bacteria with the gut immune system

Health claims of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in functional foods and pharmaceutical preparations are based on the capacity of these microorganisms to stimulate the host immune system. In this study, the antigenic effect of LAB (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) on the gut immune system of BALB/c mice was evaluated. A dose-dependent increase of the Bcl2 protein was observed with all LAB assayed. Furthermore, the analysis of cytokine-producing cells in the lamina propria of gut showed that TNFalpha and INFgamma values, determined in macrophages cultured from Peyer patches, were enhanced for all the LAB assayed. An important increase of interleukins IL-10 and IL-4 was observed mainly in mice fed with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus or Lactobacillus casei, while a significant induction of IL-2 and IL-12 was only observed with L. acidophilus (P<0.01). These effects were dose dependent. The role of produced cytokines in the balance Th1/Th2 was determined by a systemic antibody response against parenterally injected ovoalbumin. L. casei, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and L. acidophilus enhanced the IgG1 response favouring Th2 balance, while L. acidophilus also increased the IgG2a response inducing Th1 balance. S. thermophilus did not influence the balance Th1/Th2. Our studies showed that lactic acid bacteria induce distinct mucosal cytokine profiles showing different adjuvant capacity among them. Thus, selection of probiotic strain with immunological properties must be well defined to influence cytokine expression that favour the claimed immune response.     

三种市售中/长链脂肪乳注射液理化指标比较

目的 对3种市售中/长链脂肪乳注射液理化指标进行比较.方法 根据中国药典、美国药典和国家标准对脂肪乳的质量要求,收集上述市售产品各6个批次进行质量检验和对比.结果 产品A:pH为8.2-8.3;无大于5 μm乳粒,大于1μm乳粒占1.23%-1.53%;平均粒径为0.246-0.256μm,酸值为0.2,过氧化值为0;甲氧基苯胺值为0.9-1.4;溶血磷脂为0.6-0.9 g/L;脂肪、甘油和甘油三酸酯等含量均达到标示量的97%以上;磷含量为0.46-0.49 g/L.产品B:pH为8.2;无大于5μm乳粒,大于1 μm乳粒占0.81%-1.62%;平均粒径为0.239-0.241 μm,酸值为0.4-0.5,过氧化值为0;甲氧基苯胺值为0.8-1.4;溶血磷脂为0.2-0.6 g/L;脂肪、甘油和甘油三酸酯等含量均达到标示量的94%以上;磷含量为0.42g/L.产品C:pH为7.7-8.1;无大于5μm乳粒,大于1μm乳粒占0.42%-0.86%;平均粒径为0.249-0.262 μm,酸值为0.3-0.4,过氧化值为0;甲氧基苯胺值为1.8-2.9;溶血磷脂为0.5～0.8 g/L;脂肪、甘油和甘油三酸酯等含量均达到标示量的96%以上;磷含量为0.44～0.46 g/L.结论 3种中/长链脂肪乳注射液所有理化指标均符合目前国家药品标准的规定.     

Glycemic index and phenolics of partially-baked frozen bread with sourdough

Different lactic acid bacteria starters were used to prepare sourdough to make partially-baked frozen wholemeal wheat bread. The sourdough was prepared with a pure culture of Lactobacillus plantarum or with commercial starters containing Lactobacillus brevis combined with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. chevalieri (LV4), Lactobacillus fermentum (PL1), or Lactobacillus fermentum with phytase (PL3). We determined the acetic and lactic acid concentrations in sourdough, bread chemical composition, total phenolics content and glycemic index (GI) in vivo. Depending on the starter, the lactic to acetic acid ratio in the sourdough was significantly different. The GI of control bread without sourdough (70) was significantly higher than that of bread containing sourdough prepared with LV4 starter (50), PL1 starter (56) or PL3 starter (56), but not from bread with L. plantarum sourdough (60). The addition of 10% sourdough with a lower molar ratio of lactic to acetic acid ( ≤ 4) and higher total phenolics content is preferable for generating bread with medium and low GI.     

不同漱口液对口腔白色假丝酵母菌的抑菌效果

目的 探讨不同含漱液对肿瘤、血液病患者放(化)疗后的口腔护理效果.方法 以白色假丝酵母菌国际标准菌株ATCC 10231为研究对象,将其分为试验组和对照组,试验组分别采用0.5％聚维酮碘溶液、0.02％醋酸氯己定溶液、复方氯己定含漱液、0.1％西吡氯铵含漱液,对照组采用生理盐水,观察4种漱口液的抑菌效果.结果 不同漱口液对白色假丝酵母菌有不同的抑菌效果,0.5％聚维酮碘溶液的抑菌率为99.92％、0.02％醋酸氯己定溶液的抑菌率为97.41％、复方氯己定含漱液的抑菌率为99.91％、0.1％西吡氯铵含漱液抑菌率为80.38％,0.5％聚维酮碘溶液与复方氯己定含漱液之间差异无统计学意义,但是该两种漱口液分别与0.02％醋酸氯己定溶液、0.1％西吡氯铵含激液比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 试验组4种漱口液对白色假丝酵母菌均有抑制作用,其中0.5％聚维酮碘溶液、复方氯己定含漱液的抑菌效果明显;临床上行口腔护理时,必须有针对性地选择漱口液,正确掌握含漱的时间、方法及含漱的间隔时间是提高口腔护理质量的关键.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定牙膏中过氧化苯甲酰

目的 建立固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定牙膏中违禁添加剂过氧化苯甲酰的测定方法。方法 以Na2S2O3作为还原剂,将牙膏中的过氧化苯甲酰还原为苯甲酸,再经MAX固相萃取小柱富集净化,经XDB C18色谱柱分离。流动相为甲醇-乙酸铵缓冲液(0.02mol/L,pH=4.9)(33〖DK〗∶67,v/v),流速1.0ml/min,检测波长230nm,标准曲线法定量。结果 本法在0~100mg/L时线性相关系数 r =0.999 7,检出限为0.3mg/kg,相对标准偏差为1.8%~7.9%,回收率范围为97.6%~100.5%。结论 该法灵敏度高,准确度好,适用于牙膏中违禁添加剂过氧化苯甲酰的检测。