胃癌术后复发转移部位分析及其对术后治疗的意义

 目的　总结胃癌术后复发转移类型和部位,探讨胃癌术后预防性治疗的方法。方法　回顾性分析2001年1月至2009年8月162例胃癌根治术后出现复发转移的患者,复发转移均经超声、CT或MRI检查进行诊断,34例腹腔积液中有15例经病理学诊断,所有浅表淋巴结及腹壁转移均经穿刺细胞病理学证实,31例残胃和吻合口复发均由病理组织学证实。结果　162例中63例为多部位复发转移,其中腹腔淋巴结转移76例（46.9 %）,腹膜转移34例（21.0 %）,残胃和（或）吻合口复发31例（19.1 %）,肝脏转移31例（19.1 %）,其他部位发生率均＜10 %。在76例腹腔淋巴结转移患者中,胃周淋巴结转移37例（48.7 %）,胰周淋巴结转移24例（31.6 %）,腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移15例（19.7 %）;其中97例原发于胃底贲门癌患者腹腔淋巴结转移56例（57.7 %）,48例原发于胃体部的胃癌患者腹腔淋巴结转移29例（60.4 %）,胃窦部的胃癌患者腹腔淋巴结转移11例（64.7 %）。结论　胃癌根治术后局部复发主要发生在残胃和（或）吻合口、腹腔淋巴结及腹腔、盆腔的种植转移, 腹腔淋巴结以胃周、胰周和腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移多见;远处转移的部位主要为肝、肺、脑、椎骨、颈部及纵隔淋巴结等。胃癌术后的治疗应以预防局部复发和远处转移为主,进行全身化疗、腹腔灌注化疗及联合局部区域的放疗。预防性放疗的范围应包括残胃、吻合口及胃周、胰周和腹主动脉旁淋巴结区域。     

胃癌术后复发和转移部位及规律对预防性放疗靶区设计的临床探讨

目的 总结胃癌术后复发和转移部位及规律,为术后预防性放疗靶区设计寻找依据.方法 回顾分析近8年来130例胃癌根治术后复发和转移患者,所有患者均经B超、CT或MRI影像学临床诊断.其腹水28例中10例有细胞病理学诊断,所有浅表淋巴结及腹壁转移均经穿刺组织病理学证实,27例残胃和吻合口复发均由活检手术组织病理学证实.结果 130例中多部位复发和转移53例,残胃和(或)吻合口复发27例,腹膜转移28例,肝脏转移22例,胰腺转移9例,腹腔淋巴结转移60例,腹壁切口和引流口转移8例,盆腔种植5例,肺转移6例,脑转移5例,骨(主要为椎体)转移5例,颈部淋巴结转移8例,纵隔淋巴结转移9例,其他少见转移8例.60例腹腔淋巴结转移患者中胃周淋巴结转移35例,胰周淋巴结转移16例,腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移9例.77例原发胃底或贲门胃癌患者腹腔淋巴结转移33例,40例原发胃体部胃癌患者腹腔淋巴结转移20例,13例原发胃窦部胃癌患者腹腔淋巴结转移7例.结论 胃癌患者根治术后局部复发和转移的部位主要发生在残胃或吻合口、腹膜、肝脏及腹腔淋巴结,淋巴结以胃周、胰周和腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移多见.因此胃癌术后预防性放疗应包括贲门胃底、胃体和胃窦部,放射野应包括残胃、吻合口及胃周、胰周和腹主动脉旁淋巴结区域,并且须辅以化疗.     

食管癌根治术后腹腔淋巴结复发区域对术后放疗靶区确定的指导意义

目的 分析胸段食管鳞癌根治术后腹腔淋巴结复发区域,探讨术后辅助放疗靶区的设计。方法 对2005—2013年间我院收治的胸段食管鳞癌R₀根治术后经影像学检查证实术后有腹腔淋巴结转移患者,按第7版AJCC胃癌分组标准对腹腔淋巴结转移具体部位分组并进行回顾分析。组间差异行χ²检验。结果 1593例中术后腹腔淋巴结转移148例,总转移率为9.3%,其中食管胸上、中、下段腹腔淋巴结转移率分别为2.3%、7.8%、26.6%(P=0.000),术后病理为T₁+T₂、T₃+T₄期的分别为8.7%、9.5%(P=0.601),术后病理淋巴结转移为0~2、≥3个的分别为4.8%、20.1%(P=0.000)。腹腔淋巴结转移率从高到低依次为腹主动脉旁的16a2、16a1、腹腔干、胰头后及肝总动脉转移率分别为64.9%、41.2%、37.8%、32.4%、20.9%,其总转移率为91.9%。结论 食管癌根治术后腹腔淋巴结转移主要部位是腹主动脉旁16a2和16a1、腹腔干、胰头后以及肝总动脉淋巴结引流区,是术后辅助放疗的腹腔靶区。     

伴甲胎蛋白升高胃癌12例临床分析

目的探讨伴有甲胎蛋白升高胃癌的临床病理特点及预后。方法 140例胃癌患者中12例伴AFP升高,回顾性分析其临床资料。结果 12例AFP升高胃癌患者甲胎蛋白水平在71.97～275691.6μg/L。病理组织学类型：低分化腺癌58.3%（7/12）,管状腺癌25.0%（3/12）,肝样腺癌16.7%（2/12）。肿瘤部位以胃窦和胃体多见,占66.7%（8/12）,贲门部33.3%（4/12）。临床分期均为Ⅳ期,其中肝门部淋巴结转移16.7%（2/12）,肝脏转移25.0%（3/12）,腹腔淋巴结转移25.0%（3/12）,肝脏转移合并腹腔淋巴结转移25.0%（3/12）,其他部位转移8.3%（1/12）。12例胃癌患者中有4例为术后复发和转移,根治术后出现复发和转移的平均时间为7.7个月,最短在根治术后3个月出现转移;6例行姑息手术,2例未行手术治疗。10例患者采用了不同的方案进行姑息化疗。生存期为2～54个月,中位生存期为8个月。结论伴有甲胎蛋白升高的胃癌,是1种特殊的临床亚型,易发生肝脏转移和（或）腹腔淋巴结转移,预后较差。     

胃癌根治术中清扫腹主动脉旁淋巴结的研究现状及其临床意义

迄今，以清扫第卫、2站淋巴结为主的胃癌根治术（D2术）已作为一种标准术式而普遍应用于进展期胃癌并取得了一定的疗效。近年来，日本学者通过研究，发现腹主动脉旁淋巴结（Paraaorticlymphnode，第16组）术中是否予以清扫直接影响预后。由此，合并该组淋巴结清扫的胃癌扩大根治术（D4术）已被认为是本世纪胃癌外科治疗中的一个最新课题。本文现就其研究现状及临床意义作一综述。1腹主动脉旁淋巴结的外科解剖就解剖学而言，可将腹主动脉旁淋巴结进一步划分成16a1、16a2、16b1、16b2等4个区，分别由隔肌腹主动脉裂孔、腹腔动脉根部上缘、左…     

同步放化疗对伴有盆腹腔淋巴结转移的宫颈癌患者疗效分析

目的 研究同步放化疗是否提高根治术后伴有盆腹腔淋巴结转移宫颈癌患者的生存。方法 收集2008-2011年间188例行宫颈癌根治术且术后病理伴有盆腹腔淋巴结转移的患者的临床资料,分析同步放化疗的疗效。结果 全组46例患者出现复发转移,单纯放疗组后腹膜、髂总及盆腔非髂总转移者的复发转移分别为4、5、11例(57.1%、55.6%、28.2%);同步放化疗组相应的复发转移分别为5、5、16例(62.5%、25%、15.2%)。与单纯放疗相比,同步放化疗能够明显改善盆腔非髂总、髂总淋巴结转移者的5年生存率(非髂总88.6%∶76.9%,P=0.003;髂总80.0%∶44.4%,P=0.041),而不能改善腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移者的5年生存率(50.0%∶42.9%,P=0.973)。淋巴结转移的部位及同步放化疗是总生存率的影响因素(后腹膜比盆腔非髂总HR=4.259,95%CI=1.700~10.671,P=0.002;髂总比盆腔非髂总HR=2.985,95%CI=1.290~6.907,P=0.011;同步放化疗比放疗:HR=0.439,95%CI=0.218~0.885,P=0.021)。结论 同步放化疗能改善盆腔淋巴结转移患者的生存,但不能改善腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移患者的生存。     

食管胃结合部腺癌淋巴结转移规律对根治性放疗靶区勾画参考

目的 分析食管胃结合部腺癌的淋巴结转移分布特征。方法 收集2006—2009年间 393例食管胃结合部腺癌病理资料,分析不同Siewert分型、肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤最大径等淋巴结转移特征和分布特点,探讨高危淋巴引流区。χ²检验组间差别。结果 食管胃结合部腺癌腹腔淋巴结转移率为69.2%、转移度为31.31%,以贲门、胃小弯、胃左动脉、脾动脉、脾门、肠系膜根部及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移发生率高。纵隔淋巴结转移率为16.4%、转移度为8.3%,以下段食管旁、食管裂孔及膈上区域淋巴结转移发生率高。SiewertⅠ型较Ⅱ、Ⅲ型纵隔淋巴结转移率高(P=0.003),腹腔淋巴结转移度低(P=0.002)。T₃+T₄期及肿瘤最大径≥6 cm者淋巴结转移度在腹腔多个区域均高于对照组,纵隔淋巴结转移度在肿瘤最大径组间差别不明显。胃大弯、肝十二指肠韧带和膈下部位淋巴结转移度在不同组间均低于<10%。结论 食管胃结合部腺癌放疗腹腔高危淋巴区域应包括贲门、胃小弯、胃左动脉、脾动脉、脾门旁、肠系膜根部及腹主动脉旁,纵隔高危淋巴引流区包括下段食管旁、食管裂孔及膈上区域,并依据不同Siewert分型及临床病理特征的淋巴结转移特点进行个体化靶区设计。     

胃癌术后早期复发的相关因素分析

目的研究胃癌术后早期复发的相关因素。方法回顾性分析106例胃癌根治术后复发病例的临床资料。结果106例患者平均复发时间为胃癌根治术后18．3个月。其中早期（≤2年）复发者86例（81．1％），晚期（〉2年）复发者20例（18．9％）。单因素分析显示，胃癌术后复发时间与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、区域淋巴结转移、阳性淋巴结数目有关（P〈0．05），而年龄、性别、肿瘤位置、分化程度、首次手术方式、淋巴结清扫范围及术后是否化疗等因素对胃癌复发时间的影响差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。多因素回归分析筛选出浆膜层侵犯与阳性淋巴结个数为胃癌术后早期复发的独立性相关因素（P〈0．05）。结论浆膜层受侵犯及胃周阳性淋巴结数目是预测进展期胃癌根治术后早期复发的最重要因素。     

胃癌根治术后局部或区域性复发部位规律及复发后放疗疗效在确定术后放疗靶区中的意义

目的:探讨胃癌根治术后肿瘤局部或区域性复发的部位及其规律以及放疗的价值,同时建立新的胃癌根治术后淋巴结分组方法以指导放疗靶区的确定.方法:回顾性分析2006年3月-2010年2月共43例胃腺癌根治术后发生局部或区域性复发的患者,均经影像学检查证实为胃癌根治术后复发,其中10例残胃或吻合口复发患者经病理组织学活检予以确诊.对43例患者的局部或区域性复发部位规律进行分析.结果:43例患者中,吻合口或十二指肠残端复发11例(25.6％),肿瘤床复发5例(11.6％),残胃复发2例(4.6％),区域淋巴结转移35例(81.4％).中位术后复发时间为胃癌根治术后15个月.放疗后的中位生存时间为15个月,1年生存率为59％,2年生存率为31％.N分期越高,术后复发时间越短.中位肿瘤缓解时间为14个月,且与复发部位(P=0.023)和性别(P=0.038)有关.通过拟定新的胃癌根治术后淋巴结转移区域分区方法(包含Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ区),指导放疗靶区的确定和勾画.结论:胃癌根治术后局部或区域性复发部位主要包括吻合口、十二指肠残端、肿瘤床、残胃和区域淋巴结,其中淋巴结转移是主要的肿瘤复发方式(主要发生在Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅵ区).新的胃癌根治术后淋巴结转移区域分区方法能够指导放疗靶区的确定,在勾画放疗靶区时应包括上述区域.     

胃癌术后睾丸孤立性转移一例

患者男,43岁.因上腹部饱胀不适半年,2003年10月行胃镜检杳,活组织病理检查病理示:胃窦癌.于2003年10月10日行胃窦癌根治术,术中见:近胃窦部约1.5cm×1.0 cm大小的溃疡性病灶,未侵及浆膜层,胃周淋巴结无肿大,盆腔、大肠、小肠、肝脏均未见转移灶.遂行胃癌根治术,术后病理:浸润性溃疡型低分化腺癌伴部分印戒细胞癌,肿瘤浸润至浆膜外脂肪组织.胃大弯淋巴结0/3(+),胃小弯淋巴结1/10(+),上下切端未见癌组织残留.     

A case of advanced gastric cancer treated with paclitaxel and TS-1

We treated a case of advanced gastric cancer with paclitaxel and TS-1. A 64-year-old man underwent total gastrectomy, splenectomy, and D2 + No. 16 a 2, b 1 lymph node (LN) dissection for gastric cancer. Computed tomography (CT) revealed metastases of supraclavicular and para-aortic LNs in the 4th postoperative month. Paclitaxel 90 mg was infused once a week, and TS-1 100 mg was administered daily. One course consisted of infusion of paclitaxel for 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks rest and administration of TS-1 for 4 weeks followed by 2 weeks rest. At the end of 4 courses of paclitaxel and 3 courses of TS-1, a partial response of the supraclavicular LN metastasis and a complete response of the para-aortic LN metastasis were achieved. There were no remarkable side effects for 2 years after the operation. This chemotherapy might be suitable to treat patients with LN metastases of advanced gastric cancer.     

A partial response to combined TS-1 and docetaxel chemotherapy enabling a curative resection after the failure of combined TS-1 and CDDP chemotherapy in a patient with unresectable gastric cancer

A 60-year-old man visited our hospital complaining of epigastric pain. Gastrofiberscopy revealed an advanced gastric cancer located on the anterior wall of the antrum. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed metastases to the paraaortic lymph nodes. The patient subsequently underwent combined chemotherapy consisting of TS-1 and low-dose CDDP for the treatment of unresectable gastric cancer. No reductions in the paraaortic lymph node metastases were noted after one cycle. The patient was then treated with TS-1 combined with docetaxel as a second-line chemotherapy. TS-1 (80 mg/m2) was orally administered for 2 weeks followed by a 2 week interval, while docetaxel (25 mg/m2) was simultaneously administered weekly (days 1, 8, and 15). One cycle of chemotherapy was 28 days. An abdominal CT revealed a partial response after 3 cycles. The patient experienced grade 2 leukocytopenia and grade 3 neutropenia. We decided that the patient could undergo a curative resection, and a distal gastrectomy with D2+para-aortic LN dissection was performed. The pathological efficacy was Grade 2. The patient is presently alive with no sign of recurrence after 20 months. Combined TS-1 and docetaxel chemotherapy is a promising second-line regimen for the treatment of unresectable gastric cancer, after treatment with TS 1 combined with CDDP has failed.     

保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术（附15例报告）

目的 掌握保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术（简称ＰＰＰＤ术），以预防术后胃排国能障碍，方法 术中保留胃窦，幽门和十二指肠球完整的血管支配和神经分布，确保切断十二指肠距幽门环的适宜距离，折叠缝合缩短肝胃韧带，结果 本组１５例恶性肿瘤，病检十二指肠切缘均无癌残留，术后均未发生胃排空功能障碍，生活质量明显提高，结论 ＰＰＰＤ术是治疗胰腺及壶腹周围癌的一种良好术式。     

Preoperative chemotherapy does not influence the number of evaluable lymph nodes in resected gastric cancer

Background

While it is suggested that more than 15 lymph nodes (LNs) should be evaluated for accurate staging of gastric cancer, LN yield in western countries is generally low. The effect of preoperative chemotherapy on LN yield in gastric cancer is unknown. The aim of the present study is to determine whether preoperative chemotherapy is associated with any difference in the number of LNs obtained from specimens of patients who underwent curative surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma.

Patients and Methods

In 1205 patients from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and 1220 patients from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR) who underwent a gastrectomy with curative intent for gastric adenocarcinoma without receiving preoperative radiotherapy, LN yield was analyzed, comparing patients who received preoperative chemotherapy and patients who received no preoperative therapy.

Results

Of the 2425 patients who underwent a gastrectomy, 14% received preoperative chemotherapy. Median LN yields were 23 at MSKCC and 10 in the NCR. Despite this twofold difference in LN yield between the two populations, with multivariate Poisson regression, chemotherapy was not associated with LN yield of either population. Variables associated with increased LN yield were institution, female sex, lower age, total (versus distal) gastrectomy and increasing T-stage.

Conclusions

In this patient series, treatment at MSKCC, female sex, lower age, total gastrectomy and increasing primary tumor stage were associated with a higher number of evaluated LNs. Preoperative chemotherapy was not associated with a decrease in LN yield. Evaluating more than 15 LNs after gastrectomy is feasible, with or without preoperative chemotherapy.     

Metastatic pattern of lymph node and surgery for gastric stump cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Metastatic pattern of lymph node (LN) and surgery options for gastric stump cancer (GSC) remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate LN metastasis and lymphadenectomy for GSC for curative purposes. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with GSC were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The metastatic rates of LN were as follows: 63.3% in right cardia (No. 1), 33.3% in left cardia (No. 2), 75.0% in lesser curvature (No. 3), 53.3% in greater curvature (No. 4), 40.0% in celiac artery (No. 9), 60.0% in splenic hilus (No. 10), 72.7% in splenic artery (No. 11), 36.1% in hepatoduodenal ligament (No. 12), 8.3% in retropancreatic (No. 13), 21.4% in para-aortic (No. 16), 50% in supra-diaphragm (No. 111), 16.7% in LN within jejunal mesentery, respectively. All nine patients who only received simple laparotomy died within 1 year. The overall 5-year survival rate of GSC was 17.9% (12/67), including 100% for stage I, 80.0% for stage II, 12.1% for stage III, and 0% for stage IV. Moreover, the 5-year survival rate (36.7%, 11/30) for curative patients was significantly better than that (3.6%, 1/28) of non-curative patients (chi(2) = 7.76, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results imply that GSC has a wide range of LN metastases, including LN within jejunal mesentery in B-II reconstruction cases, and curable resection may obtain better results. Therefore, we suggest that radical operation for B-I patients needs removal of gastroduodenectomy anastomosis and the above LNs, and that B-II patients need removal of 10 cm of jejunum besides gastrojejunostomy anastomosis, and clearance of LN within its mesentery, in addition to B-I GSC.     

FDG PET/CT与PET对食管癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值比较

目的比较脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)PET/CT和PET对食管癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法随机选择拟行手术治疗的食管癌患者35例,行PET/CT检查。全部患者均行食管癌切除和淋巴结清扫术,以术后病理检查为金标准,比较PET/CT与PET对食管癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值。结果术后病理结果显示,25例患者存在淋巴结转移。共切取淋巴结313组,其中65组为转移淋巴结。PET确定转移真阳性淋巴结53组,真阴性淋巴结217组。PET/CT确定转移真阳性淋巴结61组,真阴性淋巴结229组。PET诊断转移假阴性淋巴结12组,其中8组被PET/CT校正,包括1组颈深淋巴结,4组食管旁淋巴结,1组胃左动脉干淋巴结,1组左贲门旁淋巴结,1组胃小弯淋巴结;PET诊断转移假阳性淋巴结31组,其中12组被PET/CT校正,3组缘于食管癌原发灶不均匀摄取,2组缘于颈部组织生理性摄取,7组缘于胃肠道生理性摄取或良性病变。PET的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为81.54%、87.50%和86.26%,PET/CT的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为93.85%、91.24%和92.65%,PET/CT诊断食管癌淋巴结转移的敏感性和准确性均高于PET(P<0.05)。结论与PET相比,FDG PET/CT诊断食管癌淋巴结转移具有更高的敏感性和准确性,可提供更多有价值的诊断信息。     

残胃癌与初发胃癌外科治疗及预后的比较研究

目的:回顾分析残胃癌与初发胃癌手术治疗及预后的差异.方法:对我院2000-01-2007-12收治的残胃癌根治手术切除患者69例,并取同期手术治疗的初发胃癌69例做对照研究.结果:残胃癌组和胃癌组相比,手术时间[(225.4±34.9) min vs(184.0±30.9)min]、术中出血[(416.8±338.6)mL vs(227.8±185.3)mL]、联合脏器切除率(30.43％ vs 4.35％)、术后并发症(27.54％ vs 7.25％)、术后住院时间[(15.4±5.6) d vs(12.5±3.8)d]的差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05;而清除淋巴结数目[(17.3±5.6)枚vs(17.9±6.4)枚]、3年生存率(40.6％ vs 53.6％)相比差异无统计学意义,P＞0.05.结论:残胃癌手术难度较大、并发症高,术后住院时间长,但其预后与初发胃癌无差异.     

Clinical value of lymph node dissection for stage T1b mid-thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BackgroundSurgery remains the mainstay of treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), during which lymph node (LN) dissection, especially recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) LN dissection, is particularly important and challenging. This study aimed to investigate the LN metastasis of stage T1b mid-thoracic ESCC and explore the clinical value of RLN LN dissection.MethodsThe clinicopathological data of 254 patients with stage T1b mid-thoracic ESCC who underwent the McKeown procedure (“tri-incisional esophagectomy”) and three-field LN dissection (3FD) at Fujian Cancer Hospital from January 2010 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The value of LN dissection (especially RLN LNs) was evaluated by calculating the metastasis rate of each LN station. The efficacy index (EI) of the dissection was calculated by multiplying the frequency (%) of metastases to a station and the 5-year survival rate (%) of patients with metastases to that station, and then dividing by 100.ResultsThe stage T1b mid-thoracic ESCC had the highest rate of metastasis in the paracardiac LNs (4.3%), followed by RLN LNs (2.8%) and the left gastric artery LNs (2.8%). The 5-year survival rate was highest in patients who received lesser gastric curvature LN dissection (100%), followed by patients who underwent right RLN LN dissection (80%), and was 50% in patients who had undergone dissection of the left RLN LNs, upper paraesophageal LNs, subcarinal LNs, and left gastric artery LNs, respectively. In addition, dissection of the right RLN LNs had the highest EI value (2.2), followed by the dissection of LNs along the lesser curvature of the stomach (1.6) and left gastric artery LNs (1.4).ConclusionsRight RLN LNs have a metastasis rate only lower than that of the paracardiac LNs, but could be the most valuable location for performing dissection.