急性髓系白血病细胞异常免疫表型表达的研究

应用免疫酶标染色法检测了５９例急性髓系白血病患者的白血病细胞免疫表型，结果表明，ＣＤ２，ＣＤ５，ＣＤ７，ＣＤ１０，ＣＤ１９，ＣＤ２２淋系抗原的表达率分别为１６．９％，１１．９％，１６．９％，１５．３％，１０．２％和６．８％。进一步分析结果表明，在Ｍ３病例细胞中，ＣＥ２，ＣＤ１０和ＣＤ１９抗原表达阳性率明显高于Ｍ５组，而ＣＤ７抗原表达阳性率明显低于Ｍ５组。     

急性髓系白血病细胞异常免疫表型表达的研究

应用免疫酶标染色法检测了59例急性髓系白血病（AML）患者的白血病细胞免疫表型，结果表明CD2、CD5、CD7、CD10、CD19、CD22淋系抗原的表达率分别为16．9％（10／59）、119％（7／59）、16．9％（10／59）、15．3％（9／59）、102％（6／59）和6．8％（4／59）。进一步分析结果表明，在M3病例细胞中，CD2、CD10和CD19抗原表达阳性率明显高于M5组，而CD7抗原表达阳性率则明显低于M5组。结合临床，CD2、CD19阳性的AML病例对化疗治疗及应优于CD2、CD19阴性的AML病例；CD7阳性的AML病例的疗效与预后则比CD7阴性的AML病例差。提示部分AML病例的白血病细胞存在不同程度异常免疫表型的表达，且与疗效及预后有一定关系。     

成人急性髓系白血病的免疫学特点及预后

目的：探讨急性髓细胞白血病（AML）的免疫表型特点。方法：使用淋系和髓系单抗,用间接免疫荧光法对70例原发性AML进行免疫表型分析。结果：所有AML患者的细胞至少被1种髓系单抗标记,各髓系抗原的表达率依次为CD33＞CD13＞CD15。所有M3患者CD9为阳性。16／70例（30％）表达CD34抗原、CD34^ AML组在年龄、外周血象及骨髓原始、幼稚细胞比例等方面与CD34^-组相比较无显著差别,但表达CD34抗原的AML常伴有HLA－DR、CD38、CD7等不成熟细胞表面标记的表达,而较成熟的髓系细胞表面标记CD15则不表达。70例AML中有16例表达淋系抗原,CD4^ 例（13．8％,M2为8．8％,M460％）;CD7^ 9例（16．9％,M1为50％,M218％,M5b16．7％）。CD4^ 的AML患者CD34为低表达,CD33表达。结论：CD9^ 、CD34^-、HLA－DR^-及CD13^ 、CD15^ 是典型M3的免疫表型特点。CD34^ AMLgn AML-M1有着密切的关系,且对化疗反应较差,证明CD34^ 的AML是一组分化程度较差的类型;提示CD7^ 和CD4^ 的AML预后差,CD7^ 的AML的一种独特类型。     

139例急性髓系白血病免疫分型特点分析

目的探讨急性髓性白血病（AML）的免疫分型特点及意义。方法采用单克隆抗体和流式细胞仪检测AML的免疫表型。结果（1）139例AML病例中各种抗原的阳性表达率依次为为MPO（92.1%）,CD33（92.1%）,CD13(89.2%),其中53例AML伴淋巴系抗原表达,分别为CD19(20.9%),CD7(16.2%),CD2(7.2%),CD10(0.72%)。(2)CD14在M4、M5型AML中高表达。(3)干祖细胞分化抗原表达率依次为CD117（83.8%）〉HLA DR(80.3%)>CD34(67.6%),CD34阳性的完全缓解率（CR）分别明显低于CD34阴性组（P=0.034）。（4）CD7阳性患者CR明显低于其抗原表达阴性者（P=0.041）。结论白血病免疫分型能确诊某些特殊类型的白血病,对免疫分型的研究将有助于指导临床诊断、治疗及判断预后。     

成人急性淋巴细胞白血病免疫表型特点分析

目的研究成人急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患者中不同亚型的各种白血病细胞免疫表型分布特点。方法采用当前国际通用的四色流式细胞术图像分析系统检测并综合分析76例ALL患者的免疫表型及其发生规律与特点。结果①76例ALL免疫表型系列来源可分为三种不同亚型,其中T-ALL亚型5例(占6.57%)、B-ALL亚型68例(89.48%)、T和B细胞混合型(T/B-ALL)亚型3例(3.95%)②ALL早期抗原表达特点:在B-ALL亚型中CD38、CD34、HLA-DR呈高表达;在T-ALL亚型中,CD38和CD34呈高表达,但HLA-DR不表达;在T/B-ALL亚型中,HLA-DR表达,CD34和CD38不表达。③按免疫分型相关抗原的敏感性和特异性分析:在B-ALL中,特异性抗原cCD79a占91.18%,敏感性抗原CD19表达占97.06%;在T-ALL中,特异性抗原cCD3和敏感性抗原CD7均表达为100%;在T/B混合型ALL中,cCD3、cCD79a、CD19均表达,CD7表达2例;④伴髓系抗原交叉表达分析:在B-ALL中,伴髓系抗原表达占21例(30.88%);在T-ALL中,伴髓系抗原表达1例(20%);T/...     

209例急性白血病免疫表型差异和特点

[目的]探讨各型成人急性白血病(AL)组免疫表型的差异和特点。[方法]采用CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门方法对209例急性白血病进行三色流式细胞术免疫表型分析。[结果]151例急性髓细胞系白血病(AML)主要表达MPO(96.03%)、CD13(86.75%)、CD33(84.77%)、CD34(55.63%),HLA-DR(49.67%),CD11736.42%。有23.18%的AML患者伴有淋系抗原表达,最常见CD4、CD7。B细胞系急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)39例,占18.66%,主要表达cCD79α(100%),CD19(87.18%),CD22(82.05%),CD20(15.38%),HLA-DR(100%)。T系ALL12例(5.74%),主要表达cCD3(100%),CD7(91.67%),CD5(75%),HLA-DR(50%)。有28.85%的ALL表达髓系相关抗原,主要是CD13、CD33。[结论]cCD79α、cCD3、MPO为AL的系列特异性标志,对白血病的准确诊断和分型及预后均有重要的指导意义。     

儿童与成人急性B淋巴细胞白血病免疫表型的差异分析

目的 探讨儿童与成人急性B淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)免疫表型的差异，为临床制定合适的治疗方案提供依据。方法 选择行白血病免疫分型检测的B-ALL患者190例作为研究对象，其中儿童98例和成人92例。应用流式细胞术检测初诊儿童和成人患者骨髓标本，进行免疫表型检测，分析抗原表达情况。结果 在B-ALL免疫分型分类中，普通B-ALL(Com-B-ALL)和前B-ALL(Pre-B-ALL)类型儿童与成人患者所占比例相比，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);早前B-ALL(Pro-B-ALL)类型患者中儿童所占比例(2.04%)低于成人(9.78%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在全部的B-ALL患者中，B系抗原CD19阳性率最高，儿童与成人均为100.00%,其次为CD22(儿童100.00%、成人98.91%)、cyCD79a(儿童100.00%、成人96.74%);儿童与成人B-ALL患者CD20(30.61%和34.78%)、CD22(100.00%和98.91%)、cyIgM(23.47%和17.39%)、cyCD79a(100.00%和96.74%)、cTdT(9...     

儿童急性白血病免疫表型及临床意义

 目的　探讨儿童急性白血病的免疫表型特征和临床意义。方法　应用10种单克隆抗体,采用免疫酶标技术ABC-AP染色对76例白血病患者骨髓涂片进行免疫表型测定。结果　各型白血病主要表达该系列特异抗原,形态学与免疫学检查符合率为97.6 %（74／76）,1例形态学误诊被免疫分型纠正,1例形态学诊断不明经免疫分型确诊;淋系可见髓系抗原表达,髓系也可见淋系抗原表达,T-ALL与M3不表达HLA-DR。结论　白血病细胞免疫表型具有高度异质性;FAB与免疫分型同时结合可互相补充,提高诊断的准确率。     

Prognostic factors and outcome of recurrence in childhood acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND: Outcome after recurrence of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poor. We performed this study to identify prognostic factors for recurrence and for survival after recurrence of AML. METHODS: The clinical characteristics, biological features, treatment modalities, and outcomes of children with de novo AML who were enrolled on 3 consecutive clinical protocols from 1987 to 2002 at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital were studied. Regression modeling was used to identify prognostic factors for recurrence and for survival after recurrence. RESULTS: The outcome after recurrence was poor, with a 5-year survival estimate of only 23.3% +/- 5.7%. Multivariable analysis indicated that male sex (P = .005), autologous stem cell transplant before recurrence (P = .097), each additional month from diagnosis to recurrence (P = .041), and stem cell transplant after recurrence (P < .001) were associated with a better survival after recurrence, whereas M5 or M7 morphology (P = .001) were significantly predictive of a lower survival estimate after recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Survival after recurrence was poor in children with AML. Novel therapies are urgently needed to prevent or to treat recurring AML.     

应用流式细胞仪对176例急性白血病进行免疫表型分析

目的：研究急性白血病（AL）免疫分型特征及诊断价值。方法：选用三色荧光抗体直接标记AL患者骨髓,应用流式细胞术CD45/SSC设门,进行免疫分型。结果：176例AL患者免疫分型,其中未分化型1例,占0.7%;单纯型101例,占57.3%;变异型74例,占42.0%。变异型参照欧洲协作组EGIL积分标准分型,对伴有淋系抗原的急性髓细胞白血病（Ly^＋-AML）、伴有髓系抗原的急性淋巴细胞白血病（My^＋-ALL）、混合型白血病（MAL）可进行鉴别诊断。结论：应用免疫分型可以较好地分析每一例白血病,尤其对于抗原交叉表达者及MAL更有意义。     

应用流式细胞仪对176例急性白血病进行免疫表型分析

目的:研究急性白血病(AL)免疫分型特征及诊断价值。方法:选用三色荧光抗体直接标记AL患者骨髓,应用流式细胞术CD45/SSC设门,进行免疫分型。结果:176例AL患者免疫分型,其中未分化型1例,占0.7%;单纯型101例,占57.3%;变异型74例,占42.0%。变异型参照欧洲协作组EGIL积分标准分型,对伴有淋系抗原的急性髓细胞白血病(Ly+-AML)、伴有髓系抗原的急性淋巴细胞白血病(My+-ALL)、混合型白血病(MAL)可进行鉴别诊断。结论:应用免疫分型可以较好地分析每一例白血病,尤其对于抗原交叉表达者及MAL更有意义。     

TE T2基因阳性急性髓细胞白血病38例分析

目的：分析TET2基因阳性急性髓细胞白血病（AML）患者的临床及实验室特点,探讨可能影响治疗效果的因素。方法：收集38例TET2基因突变阳性AML患者的临床及实验室资料,并回顾性分析其中可能影响治疗效果的因素,TET2基因检测采用实时定量PCR方法。结果：38例患者中21例接受化疗,获得完全缓解（CR）12例（57．14％）,未缓解（NR）5例（23．81％）,疾病进展（PD）4例（19．05％）。应用不同化疗方案治疗后缓解率不同,应用去甲基化治疗的4例第一个疗程治疗后均达到完全缓解,未应用去甲基化治疗的17例中CR 8例（47．06％）、NR 5例（29．41％）、PD 4例（23．53％）。白血病细胞免疫表型CD34阴性、CD13阴性、CD33阳性者化疗后CR率更高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。TET2基因阳性AML患者的CR率与年龄、性别、发病时白细胞计数、血红蛋白、血小板计数、白血病细胞免疫表型（CD56、CD9、HLA－DR）、是否伴有其他预后基因及复杂染色体核型无明显相关性。结论：TET2基因阳性AML患者的CR率与化疗方案及白血病细胞免疫表型CD34、CD13及CD33相关。去甲基化治疗可提高TET2基因阳性AML患者的CR率。影响TET2基因阳性AML患者疗效及长期生存的因素尚需进一步探讨。     

Clinical and biologic features and treatment outcome of children with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and hyperleukocytosis

BACKGROUND: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with hyperleukocytosis often is associated with early complications. To the authors' knowledge, no recently published study has evaluated the management and clinical course in this regard, especially in relation to pediatric patients. METHODS: The authors reviewed 579 patients with newly diagnosed pediatric AML who were treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital from 1968 to 2002 and carefully examined 106 patients with initial leukocyte counts > or = 100 x 10(9)/L and French-American-British (FAB) AML subtypes other than M3. These patients with hyperleukocytosis were divided into 2 groups-'before' (early period; 70 patients) and 'after' (late period; 36 patients) the initiation of the AML-83 protocol-to address potential differences in supportive measures (including leukoreduction). RESULTS: Forty-five patients (42.5%) had early complications that were associated strongly with M4 and M5 FAB subtypes and had higher initial leukocyte counts than the patients without complications. Early deaths were less common in the late period (2.8%) than in the early period (22.9%; P = .01), although the incidence of early complications was similar. The late period was associated with a shorter time for referral (P = .0018), a longer time from admission to chemotherapy initiation (P < .0001), and lower white blood cell counts at chemotherapy initiation (P < .0001). In the late period, patients with or without hyperleukocytosis had similar complete remission rates. However, those with hyperleukocytosis had a lower postremission 10-year event-free survival rate (21.2% vs 41.7%; P = .0228). CONCLUSIONS: With improved management, including supportive care, early mortality in patients with AML and hyperleukocytosis decreased remarkably in the more recent period. However, better postremission treatment is required to improve long-term survival.     

Monitoring of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia

Two highly sensitive methods, multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) and real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR), are increasingly used to monitor minimal residual disease (MRD) and to guide risk-adapted management in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). An independent prognostic impact has been demonstrated for MRD levels obtained by both methods. MFC has been found particularly useful for assessment of early clearance of malignant cells and after consolidation therapy. At the latter checkpoint, MRD levels quantified by RQ-PCR in AML with fusion genes also have the strongest prognostic power. In addition, highly predictive initial expression levels have been identified by RQ-PCR. Both methods are capable of early detection of relapse. Through the use of all available markers including NPM1 mutations and FLT3 mutations in addition to fusion genes, RQ-PCR-based MRD assessment is possible in more than half of patients, whereas MFC is applicable to most AML cases. With a sensitivity of 10(-4) (PML-RARA) to 10(-7) (patient-specific primers, FLT3 and NPM1 mutations), RQ-PCR is more sensitive in most cases. Large clinical trials will determine the exact role and place of immunologic and RQ-PCR-based monitoring of MRD in the therapy of patients with AML.     

Clinical challenges in de novo pediatric acute myeloid leukemia

Introduction: Although the prognosis of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (pAML) has improved, with current survival rates up to 75%, relapse rates remain high.

Areas covered: The low number of patients, the heterogeneous genomic landscape of AML, novel diagnostic techniques, divergent available treatment protocols, and dose-limiting toxicity of conventional agents all contribute to the complexity of AML treatment. This review gives an overview of the current clinical challenges with respect to diagnostics, treatment, and supportive care in pAML.

Expert commentary: Due to intensified treatment regimens and improved supportive care measures, the outcome for pAML patients has improved substantially over the past years. However, most treatment protocols still rely on conventional chemotherapeutic agents with significant toxicity. Although targeted therapies promise to reduce the need for high doses of conventional agents with a subsequent decrease in toxicity, the effectiveness of these strategies remains unsatisfactory today. International collaborations are needed in order to address the ongoing therapeutic challenges of reducing toxicity while increasing effectivity. Consensus on risk-group classification, a common chemotherapy backbone and evidence-based supportive care guidelines are necessary in this context, at the same time enabling intergroup studies on new agents in subgroups.