膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1在肿瘤中的作用

膜型基质金属蛋白酶（membrane—type matrix metalloproteinase,MT—MMP）是一类基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs）家族的新成员,膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1（MT1-MMP／MMP14）是第一个鉴别出的膜型基质金属蛋白酶,它直接或间接降解细胞外基质中的多种成分,通过调节多种细胞效应分子影响肿瘤细胞的增殖和凋亡,细胞迁移,肿瘤细胞的浸润、转移以及血管生成等过程,在肿瘤的发生发展过程中有重要作用。     

膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1在肿瘤中的作用

膜型基质金属蛋白酶(membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase,MT-MMP)是一类基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)家族的新成员,膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1(MT1-MMP/MMP14)是第一个鉴别出的膜型基质金属蛋白酶,它直接或间接降解细胞外基质中的多种成分,通过调节多种细胞效应分子影响肿瘤细胞的增殖和凋亡,细胞迁移,肿瘤细胞的浸润、转移以及血管生成等过程,在肿瘤的发生发展过程中有重要作用.     

膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1对乳腺癌细胞浸润能力的影响

目的 研究膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1（MT1-MMP）对乳腺癌细胞株浸润能力的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法 用20μg／ml刀豆素（ConA）刺激乳腺癌细胞株MDA—MB-453,促使其表达MT1-MMP蛋白,并用免疫细胞化学和Western blot法检测;然后加入外源性MMP-2原酶（proMMP-2）,并用明胶酶谱分析法检测proMMP-2被激活的情况;最后用侵袭实验检测细胞株的浸润能力。实验中将细胞株分为4组：空白对照组、ConA组、MMP-2组和ConA＋MMP-2组,各组实验结果进行对比分析。结果 利用ConA刺激后,ConA组和ConA＋MMP-2组的细胞均表达MT1-MMP蛋白,另两组无MT1-MMP蛋白表达。明胶酶谱分析实验发现,MMP-2组只检测到72000原酶形式的MMP-2,ConA＋MMP．2组同时检测到72000原酶形式和64000活酶形式的MMP-2,其余两组检测不到任何形式MMP-2。侵袭实验结果显示,ConA＋MMP-2组细胞穿过Marigel胶的细胞数目明显多于其他组。结论 MT1-MMP能显著增强乳腺癌细胞株的浸润能力,其机制主要是通过激活MMP-2原酶,降解肿瘤周围的基质成分实现的。     

膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1在乳腺癌中表达的预后价值

目的探讨膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1（MT1-MMP）蛋白在乳腺癌中表达的临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测106例乳腺癌患者手术标本中MT1-MMP蛋白的表达;用统计学软件SPSS11．0作为统计分析的工具,MT1-MMP表达与临床病理因子的关系用卡方检验和Pearson等级相关分析检验;预后分析采用Kaplan—Meier检验Cox Regression。结果乳腺癌组织中MT1-MMP蛋白表达阳性率为62．3％,表达强度在不同分期和不同淋巴结转移数目患者间差异有统计学意义且呈正相关（P〈0．050）,在不同大小肿瘤间及在ER、PR和HER-2不同表达的患者间差异无统计学意义。MT1-MMP阴性患者与弱至中度阳性或强阳性患者间的无病生存期比较,MT1-MMP（-）为65．0％,MT1-MMP（＋-＋＋）为27．1％,MT1-MMP（＋＋＋）为27．8％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．050）。不同MT1-MMP免疫组织化学染色强度患者的7年生存率也明显不同,MT1-MMP（-）为77．5％,MT1-MMP（＋-＋＋）为60．4％,MT1-MMP（＋＋＋）为50．0％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．050）。根据不同分期和不同淋巴结转移状态分层分析发现,MT1-MMP蛋白不同表达强度的患者预后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．050）;根据不同肿瘤大小的分层分析发现,不同MT1-MMP表达强度的T2期和T4期患者预后差别有统计学意义（P〈0．050）,但T1和T3期患者预后没有差别。多因素分析显示MT1-MMP是有意义的预后因子,MT1-MMP强阳性患者死亡风险增加2倍,弱到中度阳性患者死亡风险增加1．3倍。结论MT1-MMP的表达与乳腺癌侵袭转移有关,MT1-MMP是乳腺癌的预后因子。     

基质金属蛋白酶-2在食管鳞癌侵袭转移中的作用

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）,组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂-2（TIMP-2）在食管鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法用酶谱分析法和Westem blot法分别检测41例食管鳞癌患者的癌及相应正常组织中MMP-2和TIMP-2的表达变化。结果食管鳞癌组织中MMP-2的表达量升高且显著高于TIMP-2。结论MMP-2与食管鳞癌的侵袭转移有关,其机制可能与食管鳞癌组织中的MMP-2／TIMP-2平衡失调有关;MMP-2与TIMP-2联合检测有助于食管鳞癌生物学行为的判断。     

基质金属蛋白酶-2和基质金属蛋白酶-9在直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义

 目的　探讨基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）及基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）在直肠癌发病机制及转移中的临床意义。方法　用RT-PCR方法检测MMP-2 mRNA、MMP-9 mRNA在正常肠组织以及直肠癌组织中的表达。结果　MMP-2 mRNA、MMP-9 mRNA在正常肠组织中低表达（0.3150±0.1766、0.3050±0.1995）,而其在有转移的直肠癌患者癌组织中的表达明显增强,与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义。结论　MMP-2、MMP-9在直肠癌患者中高表达,并且其在癌转移中有重要意义。     

基质金属蛋白酶-2及其组织抑制物在宫颈癌中的表达

目的研究基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)及其组织抑制物(TIMP-2)在宫颈癌中的表达及其与宫颈癌生物学行为的关系.方法采用免疫组化S-P法对57例宫颈癌组织、17例正常宫颈组织MMP-2、TIMP-2进行检测,并进行x2检验及等级相关分析.结果免疫组化结果显示MMP-2、TIMP-2在宫颈癌组织中表达极显著高于正常宫颈组织(P＜0.01).MMP-2、TIMP-2在宫颈癌不同组织学类型中表达无显著性差异(P＞0.05).MMP-2表达随宫颈癌病理分级、临床分期的升高,淋巴结转移的发生而上调,但无显著性差异(P＞0.05).TIMP-2在宫颈癌临床分期Ⅱb～Ⅳ期的阳性表达显著低于Ⅰ～Ⅱa期(P＜0.05),有淋巴结转移者极显著低于无淋巴结转移者(P＜0.01).TIMP-2随病理分级升高其表达下调,但无显著性差异(P＞G.05).TIMP-2与MMP-2的表达显著负相关.结论MMP-2、TIMP-2,尤其是MMP-2/TIMP-2比率失衡在判断宫颈癌侵袭性、估计其预后中有一定意义.     

膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1上调人乳腺癌细胞血管内皮生长因子的表达并诱导肿瘤血管新生

目的 研究膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1(MT1-MMP)在肿瘤血管新生过程中的作用,探讨其诱导肿瘤血管新生的作用途径.方法 应用基因转染方法 ,将MT1-MMP导入人乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7细胞;应用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫荧光染色,比较转染前后肿瘤细胞血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的变化;通过裸鼠异种移植瘤模型,检测MT1-MMP对肿瘤生长速度、肿瘤组织微血管密度(MVD)和VEGF表达的影响.结果 在MT1-MMP稳定转染后的MCF-7细胞中,VEGF189、VEGF165和VEGF121 mRNA表达水平显著上调(P＜0.001).免疫荧光检测结果 显示,MT1-MMP组的VEGF蛋白免疫荧光强度为93.8±10.3,明显强于MCF-7组(42.9±5.3)和pcDNA3.1组(41.0±5.4,P＜0.001).裸鼠异种移植瘤模型结果 显示,MTI-MMP能够加快肿瘤生长速度.肿瘤组织MVD检测结果 显示,MT1-MMP能够显著提高肿瘤组织的MVD(P＜0.05).免疫组织化学染色结果 显示,VEGF在MT1-MMP组呈强阳性表达.结论 MT1-MMP能够通过上调肿瘤细胞VEGF表达水平而有效诱导肿瘤血管新生.MT1-MMP的这一作用途径可能为临床抗肿瘤研究及抗肿瘤药物开发提供新思路.     

膜型-Ⅰ型基质金属蛋白酶mRNA在人喉鳞癌组织中的表达

目的：为研究人喉鳞状细胞癌在其浸润转移中的的生物学行为,探讨能导致肿瘤浸润转移的膜型-Ⅰ型基质金属蛋白酶mRNA在人喉鳞癌组织不同部位的定位及表达情况。方法：采用原位杂交方法对人喉鳞癌组织的原发灶50例、癌旁组织34例、淋巴结22例、正常粘膜20例进行膜型-Ⅰ型基质金属蛋白酶mR-NA的进行检测,图像分析做定量分析。结果：原发灶中MT1-MMP mRNA主要在肿瘤细胞的胞浆中呈强阳性表达,进展期肿瘤癌巢周边的基质细胞中呈弱阳性表达。在癌旁、转移淋巴结的肿瘤细胞胞浆中有阳性表达。原发灶中MT1-MMP mRNA表达与癌旁、正常粘膜组织均有显著差异（P=0.000）;与淋巴结之间存在显著差异（P=0.004）;正常粘膜与淋巴结之间也存在显著差异（P=0.000）;癌旁与淋巴结之间无显著差异（P=0.900）;癌旁与正常组织之间亦无显著差异（P=0.260）。结论：MT1-MMP mRNA在原发灶、癌旁（淋巴结）、正常组织中的表达呈递减趋势。提示其在喉癌浸润转移的生物学行为中有重要作用。     

细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子和基质金属蛋白酶-2在喉癌中的表达

目的　了解细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子 (EMMPRIN )和基质金属蛋白酶 2 (MMP 2 )在喉癌的表达情况 ,探讨两者表达的关系以及与喉癌浸润和转移的关系。方法　采用免疫组织化学S P法对 47例喉癌和 2 2例正常喉组织中的EMMPRIN和MMP 2的表达情况进行检测。结果　EMMPRIN和MMP 2在喉癌的阳性表达率 (分别为 87.2 %和 91.5 % )明显高于正常喉组织分别为 ( 9.1%和 18.2 % ) ,EMMPRIN和MMP 2的强阳性表达与喉癌的病理分级、临床分期和淋巴结转移情况有关 ;EMM PRIN和MMP 2的表达一致率为 91.5 % ,Kappa值为 0 .614 ,两者表达具有明显的相关性。 结论　EMMPRIN和MMP 2在喉癌有阳性表达 ,表达与喉癌的临床分期和淋巴结转移有关 ,EMMPRIN与MMP 2的产生有密切的关系     

非类固醇类抗炎药NS398对肺癌H460细胞MT1-MMP表达的影响

目的:探讨非类固醇类抗炎药NS398对肺癌H460细胞增殖及其膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1(mem-brane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase,MT1-MMP)表达的影响。方法:应用MTT法检测细胞生长抑制率,免疫荧光法检测MT1-MMP蛋白质表达,酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay,ELISA)检测细胞培养液中活性基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrixmetalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)的浓度。结果:NS398可抑制H460细胞的增殖及MT1-MMP蛋白质的表达,减少H460细胞培养液中活性型MMP-2的含量,并呈剂量依赖关系。结论:NS398可能通过抑制肺癌细胞MT1-MMP表达及MMP-2的激活而抑制肺癌细胞的侵袭转移。     

Immunohistochemical detection of membrane-type-1-matrix metalloproteinase in colorectal carcinoma

We investigated whether the expression of membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) was consistent with the proposed roles of these proteins in promoting metastasis in colorectal cancer. The expression of MT1-MMP was significantly more frequent in deeply invasive carcinomas (P = 0.007) and in cases of vascular invasion (P = 0.02). The frequency of detection of MMP-2 in the stroma was much greater in vascular invasion-positive cases (42%) than in negative cases (20%; P = 0.02). The rate of detection of TIMP-2 in tumour cell cytoplasm increased with the depth of invasion (P = 0.03). TIMP-2 in the stroma was found more frequently in tumours with lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between detection of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 in tumour cell cytoplasm (P < 0.05), of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in tumour cell cytoplasm (P < 0.01), and of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in tumour cell cytoplasm (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical detection of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 might be useful for monitoring infiltration in colorectal carcinoma but is not correlated with distant metastases.     

非类固醇类抗炎药NS398对肺癌H460细胞MT1-MMP表达的影响

目的：探讨非类固醇类抗炎药NS398对肺癌H460细胞增殖及其膜型基质金属蛋白酶-1（membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase,MT1-MMP）表达的影响。方法：应用MTT法检测细胞生长抑制率,免疫荧光法检测MT1-MMP蛋白质表达,酶联免疫吸附法（enzyme—linked immunosorbentassay,ELISA）检测细胞培养液中活性基质金属蛋白酶-2（matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2）的浓度。结果：NS398可抑制H460细胞的增殖及MT1-MMP蛋白质的表达,减少H460细胞培养液中活性型MMP-2的含量,并呈剂量依赖关系。结论：NS398可能通过抑制肺癌细胞MT1-MMP表达及MMP-2的激活而抑制肺癌细胞的侵袭转移。     

Expression of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase in laryngeal carcinoma

Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a member of the recently identified unique membrane-type subgroup in the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. MT1-MMP has proteolytic activity against components of the extracellular matrix and activates progelatinase A (MMP-2) at the cell surface. In this study, we analyzed the expression of MT1-MMP mRNA in 45 cases of laryngeal carcinoma by RT-PCR and investigated the relationship between MT1-MMP expression and survival in 18 cases. The result showed that the expression of MT1-MMP mRNA was higher in tumor tissue than in corresponding normal tissue. The tumoral expression in clinical stage III was higher than in stage II. The tumoral expression level of MT1-MMP mRNA in patients with lymph node metastasis was signigicantly higher than those with negative lymph nodes. The patients with high expression level showed significantly poorer 5 year survival than those with low expression level. Collectively, our findings suggest that the high level of MT1-MMP expression is closely related to the invasion and metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma, and indicates poorer prognosis.     

Association of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in human breast cancer

Summary Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) associates with reduced survival in human breast cancer. COX-2 may be directly involved with mammary carcinogenesis, since expression of COX-2 is sufficient for formation of breast tumors in transgenic mice, and COX-2 selective inhibitors can suppress tumorigenesis in rodent models of breast cancer. MMP-2 is an extracellular matrix degrading proteolytic enzyme that bas been linked to invasion and metastasis. A direct link between COX-2 and MMP-2 may exist, since inhibition of COX-2 activity can result in reduction of MMP-2 expression and activity. In this study we analyzed protein expression of COX-2 and MMP-2 in tissue array specimens of 278 invasive breast cancers by immunohistochemistry. Immunopositivity of these two markers was correlated with each other and with various clinicopathological parameters including survival. We found high COX-2 expression in 30% and high MMP-2 expression in 83% of the breast cancer specimens, and there was a positive association between the expression of these two factors (p=0.003). It was especially evident that whenever COX-2 expression was high, MMP-2 expression was almost invariably high (95%). Furthermore, high expression of either COX-2 or MMP-2 associated with decreased disease specific survival when compared with the COX-2 or MPP-2 low group (p=0.026 and p=0.021, respectively). Taken together, our results indicate that expression of COX-2 protein is associated with expression of MMP-2 protein in human breast cancer and that both COX-2 and MMP-2 are markers of poor prognosis in breast cancer.     

Transforming growth factor‐β induces CD44 cleavage that promotes migration of MDA‐MB‐435s cells through the up‐regulation of membrane type 1‐matrix metalloproteinase

CD44, a transmembrane receptor for hyaluronic acid, is implicated in various adhesion‐dependent cellular processes, including cell migration, tumor cell metastasis and invasion. Recent studies demonstrated that CD44 expressed in cancer cells can be proteolytically cleaved at the ectodomain by membrane type 1‐matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) to form soluble CD44 and that CD44 cleavage plays a critical role in cancer cell migration. Here, we show that transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), a multifunctional cytokine involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and pathological processes, induces MT1‐MMP expression in MDA‐MB‐435s cells. TGF‐β‐induced MT1‐MMP expression was blocked by the specific extracellular regulated kinase‐1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor PD98059 and the specific phosphoinositide 3‐OH kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. In addition, treatment with SP600125, an inhibitor for c‐Jun NH₂‐terminal kinase (JNK), resulted in a significant inhibition of MT1‐MMP production. These data suggest that ERK1/2, PI3K, and JNK likely play a role in TGF‐β‐induced MT1‐MMP expression. Interestingly, treatment of MDA‐MB‐435s cells with TGF‐β resulted in a colocalization of MT1‐MMP and CD44 in the cell membrane and in an increased level of soluble CD44. Using an electric cell‐substrate impedance sensing cell‐electrode system, we demonstrated that TGF‐β treatment promotes MDA‐MB‐435s cell migration, involving MT1‐MMP‐mediated CD44 cleavage. MT1‐MMP siRNA transfection‐inhibited TGF‐β‐induced cancer cell transendothelial migration. Thus, this study contributes to our understanding of molecular mechanisms that play a critical role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Tissue levels of active matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in colorectal cancer

The bioactivity of matrix metalloproteinases was studied in tissues from colorectal cancer patients by means of both quantitative gelatin zymography and a fluorometric activity assay. Next to paired samples of tumour tissue and distant normal mucosa (n=73), transitional tissue was analysed from a limited (n=33) number of patients. Broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase activity and both the active and latent forms of the gelatinases matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 were higher in tumour than in normal mucosa. The ratio's between active and latent forms of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 were highest in tumour tissue and normal mucosa, respectively. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels, both active and latent forms, correlated inversely with stage of disease, the tumours without synchronous distant metastases containing significantly (P=0.005) more active matrix metalloproteinase-2 than the others. At much lower levels of activity, the same trend was observed in distant normal mucosa. The level of latent form of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in tumour depended on tumour location. Neither the active form of matrix metalloproteinase-9 nor broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase activity in tumour tissue did correlate with any of the clinicopathological parameters investigated. The results demonstrate explicit differences between the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, indicating different roles for both gelatinases in tumour progression. Such data are necessary in order to develop rational anti-cancer therapies based on inhibition of specific matrix metalloproteinases.     

Restricted expression of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase by myofibroblasts adjacent to human breast cancer cells

The membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), a protease originally identified in breast carcinoma, is characterized by its capacity to activate other MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP-13) and to degrade extracellular matrix. Our study was undertaken to localize and identify the MT1-MMP expressing cells in human breast adenocarcinomas. A textural analysis of images obtained by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization showed precisely the co-expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSM actin) and MT1-MMP in myofibroblasts. MT1-MMP expression is confined to myofibroblasts in close contact with tumor cells. In sharp contrast, the expression of MMP-2 was more widely distributed in both alphaSM actin positive and negative cells close to and at distance from cancer cell clusters. Our in vitro observations are consistent with the higher level of MT1-MMP expression and of MMP-2 activation observed in alphaSM actin positive fibroblasts derived from breast tumors, as compared to normal breast fibroblasts. Collectively, these results implicate myofibroblasts as major producer of MT1-MMP in breast cancer and emphasize the importance of stromal-epithelial cell interactions in their progression.     

Enhancement of membrane-type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) production and sequential activation of progelatinase A on human squamous carcinoma cells co-cultured with human dermal fibroblasts.

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2)/gelatinase A plays an important role in tumour invasion and metastasis. Since MMP-2 is secreted as an inactive form (proMMP-2) from tumour and neighbouring stroma cells, the activation process is necessary to express the enzymic activity for degradation of extracellular matrix components. We herein reported that the activation of proMMP-2 was induced in human squamous carcinoma cells co-cultured with normal human dermal fibroblasts. When A431 cells were co-cultured with human fibroblasts at various cell ratios, 72-kDa proMMP-2 was converted to a 62-kDa active form through the appearance of a 64-kDa intermediate. The activation of proMMP-2 by co-culture was also observed in other carcinoma cell lines, HSC-4 and SAS, but not in normal human keratinocytes. We characterized by in vitro invasion assay that A431 cells in co-culture preferentially invaded through Matrigel and the increased invasive activity was inhibited by exogenously adding tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2. The augmented proMMP-2 activation by co-culture was achieved by the increase in membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) production along with that of its mRNA level. The predominant appearance of MT1-MMP was immunologically observed in A431 cells, but not human fibroblasts of the co-culture. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhanced the co-culture-mediated proMMP-2 activation by increasing the production and gene expression of MT1-MMP, and thereby tumour invasive activity was further augmented. These results suggest that the cell-cell contact between carcinoma cells and normal fibroblasts enhances the production of MT1-MMP followed by sequential activation of proMMP-2 on the tumour cell surface, which may be closely implicated in tumour invasion in vivo.