低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经侧方淋巴结清扫的临床价值

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除（TME）手术中保留盆腔自主神经并行侧方淋巴结清扫的临床效果。［方法］ 对接受TME手术治疗的81例低位直肠癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据术中是否保留盆腔自主神经并行侧方淋巴结清扫术分组。对照组患者接受单纯TME手术治疗,研究组患者TME手术中保留盆腔自主神经并行侧方淋巴结清扫。术后随访1~5年,对比两组患者在排尿障碍、男性性功能障碍、术后盆腔局部复发率、术后5年生存率等方面的差异。［结果］ 研究组侧方淋巴结转移阳性率2.56%,对照组为0;研究组术后盆腔局部复发率5.12%,5年生存率为87.36%;对照组则分别为11.90%和64.35%。上述3项指标两组之间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组和研究组患者排尿功能障碍发生率分别为28.57%和12.82%;术后男性性功能障碍发生率分别为92.86%和34.62%,两组比较差异均具统计学意义(P<0.05)。［结论］ 低位直肠癌TME手术中保留盆腔自主神经侧方淋巴结清扫可有效改善患者排尿障碍、男性性功能障碍,降低术后盆腔局部复发的发生,提高术后5年生存率。     

低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经的临床价值

目的 探讨低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经的临床价值.方法 选择低位直肠癌患者110例,根据随机抽签原则分为观察组与对照组,各55例.观察组给予腹腔镜下保留盆腔自主神经的直肠癌根治术,对照组给予腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术.比较2组术中及术后情况.结果 所有患者都完成手术,无中转开腹情况.2组的手术时间、术中出血量对比无明显差异(P＞0.05);观察组术后肠鸣音恢复时间、排气与排便时间明显少于对照组(P＜0.05).观察组术后14 d的切口感染、吻合口漏、肺部感染、腹腔脓肿、吻合口出血等并发症总发生率为5.5%,对照组为16.4%,观察组术后并发症发生情况明显少于对照组(P＜0.05).术后3个月进行评定,观察组排尿功能Ⅰ级46例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级0例;对照组排尿功能Ⅰ级32例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级2例,观察组明显优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经具有很好的应用可行性,能减少术后并发症的发生,促进患者康复,有利于促进泌尿系统功能的恢复.     

保留盆腔自主神经对男性中低位直肠癌患者术后排尿排便和性功能的影响

目的 探讨在男性中低位直肠癌保肛术中保留盆腔自主神经(PANP)对排尿、排便及性功能的影响.方法 回顾性分析我院在2001年1月至2004年12月间施行的123例男性中低位直肠癌保肛手术病例,其中采用PANP治疗66例,采用传统直肠癌根治术(TRER)治疗57例.对比两组患者的3年生存率、局部复发率、排尿功能、肛门功能和性功能.结果 PANP组和TRER组患者3年生存率和局部复发率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者的肛门功能差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PANP组排尿功能、勃起功能和射精功能均优于TRER组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 保留盆腔自主神经的直晒癌根治术可以降低排尿障碍、性功能障碍和射精功能障碍的发生率,提高了患者的术后生活质量,值得临床推广应用.     

低位直肠癌保肛手术的质量控制

 随着对盆腔解剖和直肠癌生物学特性认识的加深,越来越多的低位直肠癌患者能够保留肛门,保肛手术已成为目前临床上治疗直肠癌最常用的术式。高质量的手术需要同时在肿瘤学和功能学方面使患者受益,因而低位直肠癌保肛手术需兼顾肿瘤根治和肛门功能。全直肠系膜切除（total mesorectal excision,TME）原则、安全的远切缘和环周切缘是保证肿瘤学效果的关键,能够有效降低直肠癌局部复发率和远处转移率。而保留更多的肛门括约肌以及术中对盆腔植物神经的保护则是改善术后肛门功能,提高患者生活质量的重要因素。       

腹腔镜中低位直肠癌根治术保留盆自主神经的疗效分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜中低位直肠癌根治术经"Holy plane"间隙保留盆自主神经的疗效.方法:把实施了经"Holy plane"间隙保留盆自主神经中低位直肠癌根治术的69例老年男性患者分为两组.观察组采用腹腔镜手术,对照组采用常规开腹手术.两组均采用全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME).对两组患者的手术时间,术中出血量、术后排尿功能、性功能,局部复发率及5年生存率进行回顾性总结和比较.结果:观察组手术时间明显延长,术中出血量明显少于对照组,两组患者术后排尿功能及性功能障碍的比较均无显著性差异,术后3年患者局部复发率及5年生存率比较无显著性差异.结论:腹腔镜经"Holy plane"间隙保留盆自主神经的中低位直肠癌根治术具有微创优势.在神经保护方面,可以达到与开腹手术相近的手术效果.二者在局部复发率及5年生存率上无明显差异.     

低位直肠癌的外科治疗

低位直肠癌通常是指位于腹膜返折以下的直肠肿瘤.传统的手术方式多以腹会阴联合切除术(Miles)为主.这种手术方式给病人带来的痛苦较大,生活质量下降.因此,近几年来,低位直肠癌的外科治疗开始尝试新的方法,力求提高病人的生存率,降低局部复发率,改善病人生活质量.本文综述了目前较受关注的低位直肠癌的外科治疗方法--括约肌保留和全系膜切除(TME)的临床实践与进展.     

保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术在男性直肠癌保肛术中的应用研究

背景与目的:中低位直肠癌根治术术后常出现严重的与自主神经损害有关的泌尿生殖功能障碍,全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)可使上述问题得到一定程度的改善,但排尿功能障碍和性功能障碍仍是术后比较常见的问题.本文旨在探讨保留盆腔自主神经(pelvic autonomic nerve preservation,PANP)的全直肠系膜切除术在男性直肠癌患者低位保肛术中的应用.方法:通过分析保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除(TME+PANP组)和不保留自主神经的全直肠系膜切除(TME组)在男性直肠癌患者保肛手术中的应用,对两组患者术后的性功能、排尿功能、局部复发率和5年生存率进行比较.结果:TME组和TME+PANP组的局部复发率、5年生存率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),PANP+TME组的性功能、排尿功能优于TME组,PANP手术分型与性功能、排尿功能呈正相关(P<0.05).结论:TME+PANP的直肠癌根治术既保证根治,又降低了排尿障碍和性功能障碍的发生率,PANP手术保留神经越完整,手术后排尿障碍、性功能障碍的发生率越低.     

保留盆腔自主神经在男性直肠癌根治术中的应用

目的探讨保留盆腔自主神经直肠癌根治术对减少男性患者术后排尿功能障碍和性功能障碍的作用。方法采用病例对照法,分析56例直肠癌根治术中保留盆腔自主神经组和不保留组患者术后排尿和性功能障碍的发生率及局部复发率。结果排尿功能障碍总发生率为研究组25.00%(14/56),对照组为60.71%(34/56),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。研究组和对照组病人术后勃起功能障碍的发生率分别为26.79%和75.00%,射精功能障碍发生率分别为28.57%和69.64%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。局部复发率分别为7.14%和8.93%,差异无统计学意义。结论保留盆腔自主神经的直肠癌根治术在不增加局部复发率的情况下,可以改善患者术后的性功能和排尿功能,提高患者术后的生活质量。     

直肠癌的外科治疗进展

本文介绍直肠癌外科治疗的进展，探讨直肠癌外科治疗方面的一些重要问题，如保肛、膀胱和性功能的损伤和术后复发三个主要的难点。对于直肠癌手术的切缘问题、全系膜切除的概念、局部切除的手术指征、侧方淋巴结清扫的必要性以及直肠癌切除后结肠袋的重建等保肛手术，应把肿瘤的根治始终放在第一位，在不降低根治原则的前提下最大限度的提高保肛机率，应保证足够的下切缘和环形切缘；保护盆腔自主神经的手术的开展有利于减少膀胱和性功能的损伤；直肠癌的局部复发有很多因素值得考虑；直肠全系膜切除大大减少了直肠手术后的局部复发率；直肠肿瘤的局部切除应注意避免指征的过度扩大和缩小；侧方淋巴结清扫宜选择性开展；直肠癌切除后结肠袋的重建具有一定价值。     

腹腔镜超低位直肠癌根治术疗效的临床对照研究

目的 比较腹腔镜及开腹超低位直肠癌根治术的疗效.方法 选取超低位直肠癌患者76例为研究对象,根据随机数字表法将患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各38例.观察组采用腹腔镜超低位直肠癌根治术,对照组采用开腹超低位直肠癌根治术.比较两组患者的手术指标、术后恢复指标及术后随访情况.结果观察组患者的手术时间长于对照组,术中出血量少于对照组,系膜完整比例高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者的淋巴结清除数量、远切端距离及并发症发生情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者的排气时间、进食流质时间及导尿管留置时间均短于对照组,镇痛需要率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者的随访时间分别为(30.3±4.3)个月和(31.4±3.5)个月;两组患者的肛门功能、术后复发及远处转移情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 腹腔镜超低位直肠癌根治术疗效可靠,且手术损伤小,术后恢复快,值得在临床治疗中推广应用.     

A prospective study on radical and nerve-preserving surgery for rectal cancer in The Netherlands

INTRODUCTION: Preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves is thought to lower bladder and sexual dysfunction after rectal cancer surgery. A prospective study was undertaken in a Dutch population to evaluate functional outcome, local recurrence and survival of a Japanese operative technique combining nerve preservation with radical tumour resection. METHODS: Forty-seven patients were operated upon by a Japanese surgeon. Voiding and sexual function were prospectively analysed using questionnaires. Two-year follow-up on urinary function was complete in 73%, and 2-year follow-up of male sexual function was complete in 77%. Median follow-up for survival and recurrence was 42 months and was complete in all patients. RESULTS: Five patients (19%) developed minor urinary incontinence in the period between 1 and 2 years of follow-up. Six patients (22%) had a persistently elevated frequency of voiding. There was no statistically significant correlation between the extent of nerve preservation and the reported minor voiding dysfunctions. None of the patients reported major incontinence of urine. Impotence was related to sacrifice of the inferior hypogastric plexus and ejaculatory dysfunction was related to sacrifice of the superior hypogastric plexus. Sexual function did not change during follow-up. Of 42 curatively-operated patients, three (7.1%) developed local recurrence. Sixty-seven per cent were overall free of recurrence. Disease-free survival was 57%. CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves minimizes bladder dysfunction after rectal cancer surgery. The preservation of the total autonomic nerve system is essential for normal sexual function in male patients. Nerve preservation does not compromise radicality in mesorectal excision. Mesorectal excision should involve identification and preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves.     

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with autonomic nerve preservation

Laparoscopy has greatly influenced abdominal surgery. We hypothesize that the benefits of minimally invasive surgery are applicable to rectal cancer. A cadaver model of laparoscopic rectal resection with total mesorectal excision (TME) and autonomic nerve preservation was utilized to explore this hypothesis. The principles of TME were followed, including high vascular ligation, sharp mesorectal dissection, and identification and preservation of the autonomic pelvic nerves. After proving feasibility in the cadaver model, a clinical study was performed on patients with mid to low rectal cancers. We observed acceptable morbidity with this minimally invasive technique of rectal resection and TME. We conclude that there is growing evidence that laparoscopic methods can be applied to patients with rectal cancer.     

Avoiding long-term disturbance to bladder and sexual function in pelvic surgery, particularly with rectal cancer

Urinary and sexual dysfunction are common problems after rectal cancer surgery, and the likely cause is damage to the pelvic autonomic nerves during surgery. In recent years, attention has been focused on preserving the autonomic nerves through a technique which is usually combined with total mesorectal excision or radical pelvic lymphadenectomy. The autonomic nerves consist of the paired sympathetic hypogastric nerve, sacral splanchnic nerves, and the pelvic autonomic nerve plexus. We will demonstrate the anatomy of the pelvic autonomic nerves and the relation of these nerves to the mesorectal fascial planes, and review the medical literature on sexual and urinary dysfunction after rectal cancer surgery with and without autonomic nerve preservation.     

中低位进展期直肠癌患者全直肠系膜切除术前应用同步新辅助放化疗效果分析

目的：分析中低位进展期直肠癌患者全直肠系膜切除术前同步新辅助放化疗应用疗效。方法选取45例中低位进展期直肠癌患者为研究对象,将其随机分为联合组（23例）与对照组（22例）,对照组患者行单纯全直肠系膜切除术,联合组患者在行全直肠系膜切除术前同步新辅助放化疗,比较联合组新辅助放化疗前后肿瘤分期（TNM）情况,两组患者治疗前后肿瘤标志物水平变化情况及术后3个月保肛率、复发率、转移率、术后并发症发生情况。结果新辅助治疗后联合组TNM分期较治疗前降低,差异具有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）;治疗前两组患者癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖链抗原19-9（CA19-9）、糖链抗原242（CA242）水平差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）,治疗后均降低（P﹤0.05）,且联合组低于对照组（P﹤0.05）;两组患者术后3个月转移率及并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）,联合组保肛率高于对照组,复发率低于对照组（P﹤0.05）。结论采用全直肠系膜切除术前同步新辅助放化疗,可以有效提高中低位进展期直肠癌患者保肛率,降低复发率,改善肿瘤TNM分期,降低CEA、CA19-9、CA242水平,具有良好的应用前景。     

Adjuvant chemotherapy with uracil-tegafur for pathological stage III rectal cancer after mesorectal excision with selective lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Although adjuvant radiotherapy was proved to be effective for local control of rectal cancer even after standardized mesorectal excision, the role of adjuvant chemotherapy after such standardized surgery remains to be clarified. We aimed to assess the efficacy of a combination of uracil and tegafur for pathological stage III rectal cancer treated by standardized mesorectal excision with selective lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with completely resected stage III rectal cancer, who underwent standardized mesorectal excision with selective lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, to receive either oral uracil-tegafur (400 mg/m2 tegafur per day) for one year or no treatment. Standardization and quality control of the surgery and pathological techniques were ensured by use of the guidelines of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. The primary endpoint was relapse-free survival. The secondary endpoint was overall survival. RESULTS: We enrolled and randomized 276 patients. Excluding two ineligible patients, 274 were included in the analysis. Planned interim analysis 2 years after accrual termination revealed significant prolongation of relapse-free survival (P = 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.005) in the uracil-tegafur group. The 3-year relapse-free survival and overall survival rates were 78 and 91% in the chemotherapy group and 60 and 81% in the surgery-alone group, respectively. Local recurrence rates were low in both groups. Grade 3 events occurred in 17% of the chemotherapy patients, but no grade 4 or more events occurred. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant chemotherapy with uracil-tegafur improves survival of patients with stage III rectal cancer after standardized mesorectal excision with selective lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy.     

腹腔镜下系统保留盆腔自主神经的宫颈癌根治术效果评价

目的:评价腹腔镜下系统保留盆腔自主神经的宫颈癌根治术效果。方法:宫颈癌手术患者60例,随机分为两组,对照组应用传统宫颈癌根治术治疗,研究组应用保留盆腔自主神经的宫颈癌根治术治疗。结果:在手术指标对比方面,两组患者手术时间、术中出血量比较有明显差异(P<0.05),术中中转开腹例数和术中/术后并发症发生率等对比无明显差异(P>0.05)。在膀胱功能以及直肠功能对比方面,研究组患者的术后残余尿时间以及排气、排便时间均显著短于对照组(P<0.05);尿流动力学指标对比方面,两组患者术前膀胱灌注阶段以及排尿阶段的各项指标对比无明显差异（P>0.05）,术后研究组各项指标显著优于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者术前生活质量以及性生活质量对比无明显差异（P>0.05）,术后研究组各项指标显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:宫颈癌根治术患者通过系统保留盆腔自主神经,能够改善患者的膀胱功能、直肠功能以及尿动力学指标。     

保留盆腔自主神经根治性宫颈癌术后患者直肠及性功能的影响

目的 探讨保留盆腔自主神经根治性宫颈癌术后患者直肠及性功能的影响.方法 随机选取73例宫颈癌患者作为本次研究试验对象,观察组患者采用保留盆腔自主神经的根治性宫颈癌术,对照组不保留盆腔自主神经,观察两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、淋巴结切除个数、术后直肠功能、膀胱功能及性功能恢复情况,有无并发症发生,记录并分析比较.结果 观察组患者手术时间较长,与对照组比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但术中出血量、子宫切除时间和淋巴结切除个数与对照组比较无明显差异,两组比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 术后观察组患者膀胱功能恢复较好,拔除导尿管时间短,各项生理指标均明显优于对照组患者,两组比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后观察组患者排气时间、排便时间以及住院时间均短于对照组患者,两组比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组患者中只有1例性功能表现为2级,多数患者性功能与治疗前相差不大,但对照组患者有8例术后性功能达2级,两组比较有统计学意义(u=2.5686,P=0.0102).观察组患者术后只有1例发生尿路感染,总并发症发生率为2.70%,对照组患者并发症稍多,总发生率为13.89%,但两组比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 保留盆腔自主神经的根治性宫颈癌术临床疗效较高,对患者损伤小,并发症少,安全性高,术后直肠功能、膀胱功能以及性功能影响小,恢复快,显著提升生活质量,值得广泛推荐使用于临床当中.     

Evaluation of the frequency and pattern of local recurrence following intersphincteric resection for ultra-low rectal cancer

IntroductionAbdomino-perineal resection has been the standard treatment for rectal tumors located ⩽5 cm from the anal verge. Recently, intersphincteric resection became a valid option which preserves the bowel continuity with better functional outcome.AimIs to evaluate the oncological and functional outcome alongside the associated surgical morbidity in patients with T1-3 rectal cancer, who underwent intersphincteric resection (ISR).Patients & methodsBetween the years 2006 and 2011, 55 patients with invasive rectal adenocarcinoma, T1-3 lesions, located 2–5 cm from the anal verge underwent ISR with total mesorectal excision. When inevitable, complete. ISR was performed, otherwise partial ISR was done. All T3 patients underwent total meso-rectal excision (TME) while some had lateral lymph node dissection (LND) with concomitant pelvic autonomic nerve preservation (PANP).ResultsAmong the 55 patients, 21 (38.1%) patients were T1-2 and 34 (61.9%) patients were T3. The tumor location range was 0–5 cm from the anal verge (median 2.3 cm). Partial or complete ISR was done for 35 (63.6%) and 20 (36.4%), respectively. Patients were followed for a median of 1.5 years (range 1–4.6 years). The 3 year local recurrence and distant metastasis free rates were 85.2% and 85.6%, respectively. All the 3 local recurrences occurred in T3 patients group, and had positive circumferential resection margins. Overall 3-year disease-free survival was 82.6%; while the overall 3-year survival was 88.7%.ConclusionIntersphincteric resection with TME does not affect the local recurrence or overall survival rate in early rectal cancer T1-2 & 3, with preservation of bowel continuity and better life quality.