Thymosin-beta4 regulates motility and metastasis of malignant mouse fibrosarcoma cells

We identified a thymosin-beta4 gene overexpression in malignant mouse fibrosarcoma cells (QRsP-30) that were derived from clonal weakly tumorigenic and nonmetastatic QR-32 cells by using a differential display method. Thymosin-beta4 is known as a 4.9-kd polypeptide that interacts with G-actin and functions as a major actin-sequestering protein in cells. All of the six malignant fibrosarcoma cell lines that have been independently converted from QR-32 cells expressed high levels of thymosin-beta4 mRNA and its expression in tumor cells was correlated with tumorigenicity and metastatic potential. Up-regulation of thymosin-beta4 in QR-32 cells (32-S) transfected with sense thymosin-beta4 cDNA converted the cells to develop tumors and formed numerous lung metastases in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, antisense thymosin-beta4 cDNA-transfected QRsP-30 (30-AS) cells reduced thymosin-beta4 expression, and significantly lost tumor formation and metastases to distant organs. Vector-alone transfected cells (32-V or 30-V cells) behaved like their parental cells. We observed that tumor cell motility, cell shape, and F-actin organization is regulated in proportion to the level of thymosin-beta4 expression. These findings indicate that thymosin-beta4 molecule regulates fibrosarcoma cell tumorigenicity and metastasis through actin-based cytoskeletal organization.     

TIMP-3基因转染抑制人肺癌细胞系侵袭与转移的研究

目的探讨金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子３（ＴＩＭＰ３）对高转移性人肺巨细胞癌细胞系（ＢＥ１）恶性表型的影响。方法构建含全长人ＴＩＭＰ３ｃＤＮＡ的真核表达载体,用脂质体法转入ＢＥ１细胞。检测转染后ＢＥ１细胞的体外侵袭及裸鼠体内成瘤性及转移能力的变化。结果ＢＥ１细胞在转入ＴＩＭＰ３ｃＤＮＡ后表达ＴＩＭＰ３ｍＲＮＡ,与母系及空载体对照相比,体外侵袭力降低,在裸鼠体内成瘤率降低（对照组６／６只,实验组９／１２只）,成瘤潜伏期延长,转移至肺和淋巴结的能力降低（对照组分别为５／６只和６／６只;实验组分别为１／１２只和５／１２只）。结论特异性上调ＴＩＭＰ３基因的表达可在一定程度上逆转ＢＥ１细胞的恶性表型     

AAC-11 overexpression induces invasion and protects cervical cancer cells from apoptosis

To identify the genes involved in cervical carcinogenesis, we applied the mRNA differential display (DD) method to analyze normal cervical tissue, cervical cancer, metastatic lymph node, and cervical cancer cell line. We cloned a 491-bp cDNA fragment, CC231, which was present in metastatic tissue and cervical cancer cell line, but absent in normal cervical and cervical cancer tissues. The 491 bp cDNA fragment has 98% homology to the previously published sequence, AAC-11 (antiapoptosis clone 11). The levels of AAC-11 mRNA expressions in nine normal cervical and nine primary cervical cancer tissues were low. Its expression was higher in three metastatic tissues and five cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa, CaSki, SiHa, CUMC-3, and CUMC-6). Invasion of matrigel and adhesion to laminin by AAC-11 transfected CUMC-6 cells were increased by approximately 2-fold and 4-fold, respectively. Northern blot analysis showed that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) genes were found to be expressed in high levels in AAC-11-transfected cancer cells. But MMP-2 and MT1-MMP were not expressed in cells transfected with vector alone or wild-type cells. AAC-11-transfected cells expressed an elevated level of MMP-2 protein as assessed by immunoblotting. On the contrary, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP-2) expression was detectable in cells transfected with vector alone or wild-type cells, respectively. Its expression was undetectable in AAC-11 transfected cells. In cervical cancer cells transfected with AAC-11, the expression of beta-catenin was up-regulated. These suggest that overexpressions of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP, loss of TIMP-2 expression, and up-regulation of beta-catenin by AAC-11 transfection may contribute to the development of cervical cancer invasion. AAC-11 gene transfection increased cervical cancer cell colonization. The effect of AAC-11 on cultured cervical cancer cells was associated with antiapoptotic process. Approximately 50% of the AAC-11 transfected cells in serum-free medium died after 2 weeks, compared to 1 week for vector alone or wild-type cells. These results suggest that AAC-11 may serve as a candidate metastasis-related and apoptosis-inhibiting gene in human cervical cancer.     

Establishment and characterization of a new highly metastatic human osteosarcoma cell line

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone in children and young adults. There is a paucity of tumorigenic and highly metastatic human osteosarcoma cell lines that have not been further transformed by exogenous means. Here we establish and characterize a highly metastatic human osteosarcoma cell line that is derived from a poorly metastatic MG63 line through serial passage in nude mice via intratibial injections. The occasional pulmonary metastases developed from MG63 were harvested and repassaged in mice until a highly metastatic subline (MG63.2) was established. The parental MG63 and highly metastatic MG63.2 cells were further characterized in vitro and in vivo. MG63.2 cells demonstrated increased cell migration and invasion compared to the parental MG63 cells. Conversely, cell adhesion was significantly greater in MG63 cells when compared to the MG63.2 cells. MG63.2 cells grew at a slightly slower rate than that of the parental cells. When injected into nude mice, MG63.2 cells had a greater than 200-fold increase in developing pulmonary metastases compared to the parental MG63 cells. MG63.2 cells also formed larger primary tumors when compared to the parental MG63 cells. Further analysis revealed that ezrin expression was up-regulated in the metastatic MG63.2 cells. Interestingly, expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were down-regulated, and expression of TIMP-2 was up-regulated in the MG63.2 cells. Taken together, we have established and characterized a highly metastatic human osteosarcoma cell line that should serve as a valuable tool for future investigations on the pathogenesis, metastasis, and potential treatments of human osteosarcoma.     

反义人IL-10和反义病毒性IL-10抗鼻咽癌细胞成瘤效应的研究

目的:探讨反义人IL-10和反义病毒性IL-10抑制鼻咽癌细胞成瘤的效果。方法:扩增及克隆hIL-10 cDNA和 vIL-10基因,构建反义hIL-10和反义vIL-10双价真核表达载体pcDNA3/AS hIL-10 AS vIL-10,转染鼻咽癌细胞株SUNE。将转染阳性的SUNE细胞克隆和未转染的SUNE细胞接种SCID小鼠和经健康人外周血白细胞免疫重建的SCID小鼠（hu-PBL-SCID鼠）,观察成瘤效应。结果:ELISA法测得未转染SUNE细胞培养上清液中IL-10和vIL-10的总含量为242±23pg/ml,而转染阳性的SUNE细胞培养上清液中hIL-10和vIL-10的总含量仅为22±6pg/ml。在SCID鼠体内,vIL-10和hIL-10的表达与否,并不影响鼻咽癌细胞的成瘤活性,但在hu-PBL-SCID鼠体内,抑制vIL-10和hIL-10的表达则可明显抑制鼻咽癌细胞的成瘤作用。结论:反义人IL-10和反义病毒性IL-10可显著抑制鼻咽癌细胞在血hu-PBL-SCID鼠体内的成瘤作用,鼻咽癌组织表达vIL-10和hIL-10的确与鼻咽癌免疫耐受有关。     

Cloning and identification of genes differentially expressed in metastatic and non-metastatic rat rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines

The objective of this study was to identify genes involved in invasion and metastasis using a rat rhabdomyosarcoma model (SMF-A and RMS-B cell lines). The SMF-A cell line was established from a metastatic nodule of an induced rhabdomyosarcoma in syngeneic F344 rats. Two cell lines with defined metastatic potentials, SMF-Ai and SMF-Da, were cloned from the SMF-A line. The cell line SMF-Ai is tumorigenic, highly invasive and highly metastatic. On the other hand, the revertant line SMF-Da is less tumorigenic, non-invasive and non-metastatic. We have isolated from a SMF-Ai cDNA library eight cDNA clones which are differentially expressed by the metastatic SMF-Ai and the non-metastatic SMF-Da cell line using Northern blot analysis. Five of these clones, smf-4, smf-6, smf-41, smf-42 and smf-44, are overexpressed in the SMF-Da cell line and have homology with beta-2-microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase, ribosomal protein L38, ribosomal protein S4 and acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P1, respectively. The three other clones, smf-7, smf-40 and smf-61, are overexpressed in SMF-Ai. Clones smf-40 and smf-61 show significant homology with the human TB3-1 gene and the human fus gene respectively. The clone smf-7 has no significant homology with known sequences. We also analyzed the expression of these clones in other rat rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines (RMS-B and their clones) and in tumors obtained by injection of these cell lines into rats or nude mice. Smf-61 and smf-7 were the only clones with a differential expression pattern associated with the invasive or metastatic potential of all cell lines examined. A preliminary study of the expression of smf-7 and smf-61 in other cancer cell lines also showed mRNA expression in two human rhabdomyosarcomas and a human epidermoid carcinoma suggesting the existence of genes homologous to smf-7 and smf-61 clones in human cancers. Our findings suggest an association between the expression of smf-7 and smf-61 and invasive or metastatic potential of rhabdomyosarcoma cells.     

尿激酶受体反义核糖核酸抑制肺癌细胞的侵袭转移

目的用反义核糖核酸(RNA)封闭尿激酶受体的表达,抑制人肺癌细胞株95D的侵袭转移能力,验证反义RNA技术在抗肿瘤中的作用.方法将尿激酶受体(uPAR)反义核糖核酸表达质粒转染具有高度侵袭转移能力的人肺癌细胞株95D,利用改良Bovden小室分析转染细胞的体外侵袭能力,并将转染细胞接种裸小鼠以观察其体内转移能力.结果G418筛选后,鉴定出2个表达uPAR反义RNA细胞克隆,uPAR蛋白质水平相应降低.表达uPAR反义RNA的细胞克隆的体外侵袭能力及在裸小鼠体内的肺转移能力较亲本细胞和空载体对照细胞均有显著性降低(P＜0.05).结论抑制尿激酶受体的表达,能够有效抑制肺癌的侵袭转移,反义RNA技术在抗肿瘤治疗中有良好的应用前景.     

EB病毒基因LMP1和EBNA2对支气管上皮细胞的转化

目的 观察Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒ病毒（ＥＢＶ）对支气管上皮细胞的转化作用。方法 用ＥＢＮＡ２和ＬＭＰＩ的真核表达质粒同时转染永生化人胚支气管上皮细胞系ＴＲ,经潮霉素Ｂ筛选得到稳定转化细胞ＴＲ／ＬＭＰＩ－ＥＢＮＡ２。结果 原位杂效和Ｗｅｓｔｅｍ ｂｌｏｔ证实ＴＲ／ＬＭＰＩ－ＥＢＮＡ２有ＥＢＮＡ２和ＬＭＰＩ的ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白表达。生长曲线,ＭＴＴ显示细胞增殖能力增强,软琼脂集落形成率ＴＲ／ＬＭＰＩ－Ｅ     

Requirement for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) expression in metastasis by murine prostate carcinoma.

Although a number of effective therapies are available for localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer is difficult to treat and impossible to cure. Identification of the gene products that enable a prostatic carcinoma cell to metastasize should facilitate an understanding of the processes leading to metastasis. To characterize the contribution of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9, gelatinase B or the 92-kd type IV gelatinase/collagenase) to the development of metastasis in prostate cancer, we reduced MMP-9 expression in metastatic murine prostatic carcinoma cells using a ribozyme. The ribozyme transfected cells had lower basal levels of MMP-9 as well as decreased levels after stimulation by transforming growth factor-beta or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate when compared with the parental cells or with control transfectants. The cells with down-regulated MMP-9 were unable to form lung colonies in the experimental metastasis assay, whereas the controls and parental cells readily formed metastases. All cell types readily formed tumors after injection and down-regulation of MMP-9 did not adversely affect the rate of tumor growth. Thus, MMP-9 expression is required for hematogenous metastasis in a murine prostate model system raising the possibility that it may play an equivalent role in human prostate cancer.     

Heterogeneity of isozyme expression in tumor cells does not correlate with metastatic potential

The major purpose of these studies was to determine whether the expression of isozymes by tumor cells was heterogeneous among tumor cell subpopulations within a neoplasm and whether expression of one or another isozyme correlated with metastatic potential of tumor cells.The expression levels of 40 isozymes were determined in 56 cell lines, many of them clonal, from nine different murine and human tumors. The enzymes chosen for study are involved in nucleotide, carbohydrate and pentose phosphate metabolism, and as such are indicators of the general metabolic and differentiational status of the cell. The tumors studied included two murine and two human malignant melanomas, four murine fibrosarcomas, and one human prostatic adenocarcinoma. The lines isolated from these tumors consisted of cells that are tumorigenic non-metastatic, tumorigenic low metastatic and tumorigenic highly metastatic. Clonally derived cell lines from a given tumor differed in their expression of a number of different isozymes, including adenosine deaminase, creatine phosphokinase-B and lactate dehydrogenase. Different patterns of isozyme expression were observed among different tumor types as well as between tumors of the same type; however, there were no differences in isozyme expression for any enzyme tested that correlated with metastatic ability of tumor cells.     

Overexpression of MMP-9 contributes to invasiveness of prostate cancer cell line LNCaP

Matrix metallaprotinase-9 (MMP-9) is zinc-containing proteinase whose expression and trafficking are frequently altered in cancer. MMP-9 in the plasma membrane and the secreted forms are thought to contribute to the invasive and metastatic properties of malignant tumors. We have manipulated the expression of MMP-9 in prostate tumor cell line LNCaP and measured their capacity to invade through a basement membrane matrix. Stable expression of human MMP-9 in a poorly metastatic LNCaP prostate cancer cell line produced a 2-3-fold increase in MMP-9 activity and a comparable increase in invasiveness. Transient transfection of LNCaP stable clone expressing MMP-9 with MMP-9 antisense oligonucleotide (ASODN) produced 55-90% less MMP-9 than control cells and were proportionately less invasive. In contrast, manipulating MMP-9 levels had no effect on cell migration across an uncoated membrane. A standard MMP-9 inhibitor at a concentration ranging from 1-10 nM, caused a nearly quantitative inhibition of extracellular MMP-9 activity and had significant effect on basement membrane invasion. Collectively, these results confirm the role of MMP-9 in tissue remodeling associated with prostate tumor invasion.     

反义CD40RNA对EB病毒转化的B细胞CD40分子表达和增殖能力的影响

目的 :探讨瞬时表达的反义CD4 0RNA ,对EB病毒转化的健康人B细胞膜表面CD4 0分子表达和增殖能力的影响。方法 :应用T A克隆技术和亚克隆技术 ,构建人反义CD4 0RNA的真核表达载体pcDNA3/CD4 0 ,并以其转染本室建立的EB病毒转化的健康人B细胞。应用流式细胞仪 (FACS) ,检测B细胞膜上CD4 0分子表达的变化。应用MTT比色法检测反义CD4 0RNA对B细胞增殖能力的影响。结果 :与转染空载体pcDNA3组相比 ,转染pcDNA3/CD4 0细胞上CD4 0分子的表达降低 (P<0 .0 1) ,其增殖能力明显降低 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :反义CD4 0RNA技术 ,可作为有效的免疫调控手段。CD4 0基因本身在细胞的生长代谢中也起着重要作用     

反义周期蛋白B1基因抑制HT29细胞的增殖

用ＤＮＡ重组技术将人类ｃｙｃｌｉｎＢ１基因的全长ｃＤＮＡ，反向插入到真核表达载体ｐＸＪ４１－ｎｅｏ的ＢａｍＨ１位点，得到ｃｙｃｌｉｎＢ１基因的反义ＲＮＡ表达载体ｐＡＳ－Ｂ１。利用ＤＮＡ磷酸钙共沉淀方法，将ｐＡＳ－Ｂ１转染进ＨＴ２９细胞。在含有Ｇ４１８的培养基中，挑选出独立的细胞克隆。利用ｃｙｃｌｉｎＢ１ｃＤＮＡ作探针，Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ杂交鉴定出一株内源性ｃｙｃｌｉｎＢ１ｍＲＮＡ受到抑制的细胞株ＨＴＢ１。比较ＨＴＢ１与对照细胞ＨＴ２９发现，ｃｙｃｌｉｎＢ１的反义ＲＮＡ明显抑制ＨＴ２９细胞的增殖，细胞内３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ参入量减少。流式细胞光度术分析，处于Ｇ１期细胞比率的升高与Ｓ期、Ｇ２＋Ｍ期细胞数量的下降都十分显著。     

Transformed NIH 3T3 cells expressing human melanoma N-ras oncogene metastasize to lymph node in nude mice

The effect of the N-ras oncogene on the propensity of transformed cells to disseminate from the tumor and to metastasize, using NIH 3T3 cells transformed either with human melanoma DNA containing the N-ras oncogene or with the cloned N-ras from human neuroblastoma, was investigated. The results show that NIH 3T3 expressing these genes readily formed tumors after subcutaneous injection in nude mice. Spontaneous lymph node metastasis was observed after a first cycle of transfection in one animal inoculated with cells containing human melanoma N-ras oncogene, and in 95 per cent of the animals after the second and third rounds of transfection, indicating that the metastatic capacity was transferred. In all cases human N-ras oncogene was found in both the metastases and the associated tumors. No control NIH 3T3 cells formed tumors or metastases in nude mice, and NIH 3T3 cells transfected with cloned N-ras activated oncogene formed tumors in 100 per cent of injected mice, but no spontaneous metastases. Thus human activated N-ras gene may not be sufficient to confer metastatic behavior in nude mice and the metastatic ability of human melanoma DNA transfected cells may be due to, among other possibilities, expression of other gene sequences from melanoma DNA co-transfected with the N-ras oncogene, or to specific activated murine sequences switched on during the initial process of transfection.     

鞘糖脂微结构域1相关磷酸化蛋白基因的筛选及其对转移性前列腺癌细胞生物学行为的影响

目的 筛选肿瘤转移相关新基因,探讨鞘精脂微结构域1相关磷酸化蛋白基因(PAG1)转染对人前列腺癌细胞系PC-3M的高转移亚系PC-3M-1E8体外生物学行为的影响.方法 利用PC-3M高转移亚系PC-3M-1E8、低转移亚系PC-3M-284,人肺巨细胞痛细胞系(PG)高转移亚系PG-BE1和低转移亚系PG-LH7 cDNA制作4张基因芯片,筛选出PC-3M和PG高、低转移亚系共同差异表达基因.对在两个转移亚系共同表达下调的PAG1基因做进一步研究,采用即时定量PCR及Western blot验证PAG1在PC-3M细胞系中的表达.构建pcDNA3.0-PAG1真核表达载体,稳定转染PC-3M-1E8细胞.MTT比色实验及软琼脂集落形成实验检测肿瘤细胞体外增殖能力;流式细胞术检测肿瘤细胞周期及凋亡;Matrigel穿膜实验检测肿瘤细胞体外侵袭能力.结果 基因芯片初步筛选出PC-3M高、低转移亚系差异表达基因共327个,上调基因123个,下调基因204个.PG高、低转移亚系差异表达基因共281个,上调基因167个,下调基因114个.PC-3M与PG高转移亚系共同表达下调基因9个、上调基因8个.即时定量PCR及Western blot证实PAG1在PC-3M高转移亚系中表达低于低转移亚系.MTT比色及软琼脂集落形成实验显示转染pcDNA3.0-PAG1组细胞增殖速度明显低于转染空载体组和未转染组(均P<0.05).细胞周期检测转染pcDNA3.0-PAG1组比转染空载体组和未转染组处于G_0～G_1期的细胞百分数明显增加(P<0.05).转染pcDNA3.0-PAG1组与转染空载体组和未转染组相比凋亡细胞百分率无显著差异(P>0.05).体外穿膜侵袭实验结果表明转染pcDNA3.0-PAG1组比转染空载体组和未转染组穿膜细胞数目明显减少,分别为(35.1±4.9)、(127.6±6.6)和(135.0±5.0)个(P<0.05).结论 利用同一母系来源的高、低转移亚系制作基因芯片可以摒除转移无关基因的干扰,筛选出差异表达的肿瘤转移相关基因.PAG1基因稳定转染能抑制人前列腺癌高转移亚系PC-3M-1E8细胞的体外增殖能力和侵袭能力,PAG1基因可能是一个潜在的肿瘤增殖、侵袭和转移的抑制基因.     

反义VEGF165基因转染对人神经母细胞瘤生物学行为的影响

目的探讨反义VEGF165基因转染在抑制肿瘤血管生成和肿瘤生长中的作用。方法构建正义和反义VEGF165真核表达载体,用脂质体转染人神经母细胞瘤细胞SH-SY5Y,G418筛选稳定表达细胞克隆。应用RT-PCR证实外源性反义VEGF mRNA的表达,免疫细胞化学和EUSA检测VEGF蛋白的表达水平,MTT法检测肿瘤细胞体外生长情况,并接种于裸鼠皮下,观察体内肿瘤增殖能力。结果RT-PCR证实转染反义VEGF的细胞中有外源性反义VEGF mRNA的表达,免疫细胞化学和EUSA显示VEGF蛋白表达明显降低,MTT实验显示转染前后细胞体外生长速度基本一致。而转染反义VEGF的肿瘤细胞裸鼠体内生长速度明显减慢。结论反义VEGF基因转染能够有效抑制SH-SY5Y细胞内源性VEGF蛋白的表达,抑制裸鼠体内肿瘤的生长。     

Over-expression of human CD44s in murine 3T3 cells: selection against during primary tumorigenesis and selection for during micrometastasis

Human CD44 standard isoform (hCD44s) cDNA regulated by a high-expressing promoter was transfected into Balb/c 3T3 cells and the tumorigenic and metastatic capacities of the transfectants were investigated in nude mice at the subcutaneous site. One of three transfectants was tumorigenic. hCD44s expression was lost in the cells of large primary tumors using this tumorigenic clone. These tumors were extremely aggressive giving overt metastases and micrometastases to several sites including mesentery, stomach, liver, diaphragm, pancreas and lung. Micrometastatic cells re-expressed hCD44s, consistent with its importance for early steps in the metastatic cascade. hCD44s was not expressed in overt metastases; most probably the expression was lost during the outgrowth of micrometastases into overt metastatic tumors. Thus hCD44s expression in murine 3T3 cells does induce tumorigenicity in select cases, is not compatible with aggressive outgrowth of primary or secondary tumors, and is advantageous for early steps in metastatic spread. These results suggest that CD44s is an example of a novel type of metastasis molecule that is disadvantageous for tumor growth and is only transiently advantageous during metastatic spreading of tumor cells to distant organs.