乳腺原位癌的临床诊治分析

目的探讨对乳腺原位癌早期诊断和治疗的方法。方法对我院2002年1月至2006年12月间29例乳腺原位癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果206例乳腺癌中乳腺原位癌29例,占14.08%;术前乳腺钼靶摄片27例,其中20例阳性,阳性率74.07%;15例有单孔乳头血性溢液,行乳腺导管造影均为阳性;乳腺彩超15例中9例阳性,阳性率60%。术后病理诊断乳腺导管原位癌23例,小叶原位癌6例。行改良根治术15例,单纯乳房切除术10例,保乳手术4例。所有患者手术后恢复良好,无并发症。术后随访10个月～6年,均未发现肿瘤复发和转移。结论乳腺原位癌的早期诊断需要在临床和乳腺影像学检查发现异常的基础上通过手术活检来实现。保乳手术将是治疗乳腺原位癌的趋势。     

EAU guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of urothelial carcinoma in situ

Objectives:On behalf of the European Association of Urology (EAU), guidelines for the diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of patients with urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) have been established.Method:The recommendations in these guidelines are based on a recent comprehensive overview and meta-analysis in which two panel members have been involved (RS and AVDM). A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, the US Physicians’ Data Query (PDQ), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and reference lists in trial publications and review articles.Results:Recommendations are provided for the diagnosis, conservative and radical surgical treatment, and follow-up of patients with CIS. Levels of evidence are influenced by the lack of large randomized trials in the treatment of CIS.     

乳腺导管内癌诊疗进展

近年来,随着乳腺癌钼靶筛查技术的应用和普及,乳腺导管内癌的检出率不断上升.熟悉乳腺导管内癌的临床表现、提高对乳腺导管内癌辅助检查结果的辨别能力,对诊断乳腺导管内癌至关重要.乳腺导管内癌的手术方式包括全乳腺切除、肿瘤局部广泛切除加放疗,以及单纯的肿瘤局部广泛切除;乳腺导管内癌常规不行腋窝淋巴结清扫已成为共识,前哨淋巴结活...     

Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine: 21-Year review of diagnosis,treatment, and prognosis

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tumor characteristics and treatment associated with an improved overall survival in patients with adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Methods: The records of all patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the small bowel seen between January 1971 and December 1991 were reviewed retrospectively. The study comprised 38 patients, 22 (58%) with duodenal tumors, 11 (29%) with jejunal tumors, and five (13%) with ileal tumors. Results: Although not statistically significant, the patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma lived longer than the patients with jejunal or ileal lesions (p=0.77). The overall survival was 23% and seemed to correlate best with absence of lymph node metastases (p=0.04) and pancreaticoduodenectomy for localized duodenal tumors (p=0.04). The patient's age, duration of symptoms, disease-free interval, tumor location, type of recurrence, and histologic grade did not significantly influence survival. Conclusions: The lethality of small-intestinal adenocarcinoma appears to be related to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. When a definitive surgical procedure is performed before lymph node metastases appear, the patient's chance for long-term survival is greatly improved.Presented at the 46th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Los Angeles, California, March 18–21, 1993.     

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach in pregnancy--ultrasonographic diagnosis. A case report

The ultrasonographic findings in a rare case of adenocarcinoma of the stomach in pregnancy are described. The patient presented with hyperemesis gravidarum in the second trimester.     

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate in men younger than 40 years of age: diagnosis and treatment with emphasis on radical prostatectomy findings

Objectives. Prostate cancer is rarely diagnosed in men younger than 40 years of age. It is thought, although not documented, that these tumors behave particularly aggressively.Methods. We studied 87 men younger than 40 years old who underwent prostate needle biopsy and were from three populations: (a) 71 cases (63 benign, 7 cancer) from Dianon Systems; (b) 9 needle biopsies with cancer sent to one of us (J.I.E.) in consultation; and (c) 7 men with cancer who came to Johns Hopkins for consultation.Results. The median age of men with a benign biopsy was 35 years (mean 33.9, range 22 to 39); the median age of men with cancer was 38 years (mean 35.9, range 22 to 39) (P = 0.004). The most common indications for biopsy were abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) (n = 61); elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (n = 14), and inflammatory symptoms (n = 12). Other reasons cited included hematuria, abnormal ultrasound, pain, ejaculatory problems, obstructive symptoms, and family history of prostate cancer. The median PSA was 2.6 ng/mL (mean 4.8, range 0.3 to 66) for all men, 1.2 ng/mL (mean 3.4, range 0.3 to 19.9) for benign cases, and 4.4 ng/mL (mean 8.7, range 2.1 to 66) for cancer (P = 0.0004). Abnormal DRE was not predictive of cancer. Of the 55 patients whose family history was known, 40 men had no family history of prostate cancer, and of those, only 6 (15%) had cancer. Of the 15 patients with a family history of cancer, 6 (40%) were found to have cancer on biopsy (P = 0.05). Of the 23 patients with cancer, 3 were lost to follow-up, 1 was treated with hormones, and 3 chose watchful waiting. The remaining 16 patients underwent radical prostatectomy and had diverse pathologic findings. Tumor volume ranged from 0.01 to 6.35 cc. Pathologic stage was pT2 in 9 cases and pT3 in 7 cases (2 with positive pelvic lymph nodes). In 14 men, serum PSA values were available: of 4 men with PSA greater than 10 ng/mL, all had Stage pT3, and of 10 men with PSA less than 10 ng/mL, 3 had Stage pT3.Conclusions. Young men who are candidates for radical prostatectomy have potentially curable disease, particularly if PSA at the time of diagnosis is less than 10 ng/mL.     

Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Diagnosis and treatment.

Fifty-one patients underwent operation for adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Seven patients underwent palliative bypass, with an operative mortality of 28.6%; 44 additional patients underwent potentially curative pancreaticoduodenal resection (PDR), with an operative mortality of 15.9%. Postoperative complications occurred in 63% of patients. Postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding was observed in 11 of 44 patients who underwent PDR (25%). Although anastomotic ulcers (AU) were directly implicated in five cases (45%), the 12% incidence of AU-related bleeding among 33 patients who underwent PDR without truncal vagotomy (TV) was not significantly different from the 9% incidence observed in 11 patients who underwent PDR plus TV. However, performance of TV appeared to result in a higher incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. Five patients who underwent curative resection survived for five years (11%). Only one of seven patients who underwent palliative bypass survived three years (14%), and none survived to five years. Acceptable survival rates following resectional therapy warrant an aggressive approach to this tumor. Further, our experience suggests that TV may increase postoperative patient morbidity without actually providing any protection from anastomotic ulceration.     

Carcinoma in situ and treatment options

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a high-grade and aggressive manifestation of transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder that has a highly variable course. The treatment of CIS has undergone dramatic changes since this malignancy was first recognized. While cystectomy was once recommended as the initial treatment of choice, recognition of the highly variable prognosis and the uniformly high response rate to intravesical BCG has prompted a more conservative approach to management. Patients who fail BCG immunotherapy without evidence of progression may yet be candidates for intravesical chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, or alternative immunotherapies such as alpha-2b interferon, bromopirimine, or keyhole limpet haemocyanin.     

荧光原位杂交技术在膀胱尿路上皮癌的诊断和复发中的应用

目的:探讨荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescent in situ hybridazation,FISH)在膀胱尿路上皮肿瘤的诊断和术后复发中的应用。方法:选取2008年8月～2011年12月67例膀胱肿瘤患者,包括10例非尿路上皮癌患者和57例膀胱尿路上癌患者,留取受检者的晨尿,做FISH检测。结果:FISH检测初发膀胱肿瘤患者的敏感性是81.3%,FISH检测复发膀胱肿瘤的敏感性是88.9%,FISH检测初发膀胱肿瘤和复发膀胱肿瘤的敏感性差异无统计学意义。随着肿瘤分级的增高,FISH检测的总敏感性逐渐增高(G179.2%、G281.0%、G391.7%),但中低级肿瘤与高级别肿瘤的敏感性差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.267,P=0.605>0.05)。FISH在检测肿瘤个数为1个、2～7个、>7个时的总敏感性分别是80.9%、88.9%、100%。FISH在检测肿瘤直径<3cm、≥3cm时总的敏感性分别是80.0%、91.7%。结论:FISH在检测初发和复发膀胱肿瘤的敏感性均较高,所以FISH技术作为诊断和检测肿瘤复发的手段,能明显提高检测肿瘤的效率。     

Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder--definition and status of treatment

Carcinoma in situ is a noninvasive intraepithelial disease without papillary growth. Anaplasia and a disarranged growth form of the epithelium are histopathological characteristics. Carcinoma in situ can appear as a secondary disease combined with a papillary tumour or after transurethral resection of a papillary tumour. On the other hand, primary carcinoma in situ is also known to appear without a papillary tumour. Symptoms of cystitis are often seen. Sometimes, however, the disease does not cause any symptoms. Urinary cytology is the most important noninvasive investigation, followed by biopsy of the bladder epithelium. Treatments commonly applied at present are intravesical immunotherapy with BCG and intravesical chemotherapy. Photodynamic laser therapy is presently being investigated. Carcinoma in situ is very significant as a prognostic factor. The progression rate is up to 83%, and progression signifies development of a poorly differentiated invasive bladder cancer. The treatment of choice for inefficiently treated carcinoma in situ is cystectomy. The urinary diversion selected in men depends on the histopathological findings in the prostatic urethra; an ileum neobladder, the standard diversion in men, cannot be performed if carcinoma in situ has been found in the prostatic urethra.     

荧光原位杂交技术在尿路上皮癌诊断中的应用

目的 探讨荧光原位杂交技术( FISH)在尿路上皮癌诊断中的应用价值.方法 采用FISH检测100例血尿患者尿脱落细胞中第3、7、17号染色体和第9号染色体p16位点异常,以组织病理学确诊尿路上皮癌为金标准,评估FISH诊断的敏感度和特异度,并与尿细胞学检查结果进行比较.结果 FISH检测和尿细胞学检查诊断尿路上皮癌的敏感度分别为82.5％和49.2％, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；特异度分别为86.7％和96.6％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与尿细胞学比较,FISH诊断尿路上皮癌具有较高的敏感度和相似的特异度.     

Videothoracoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of hemothorax

Video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has assumed greater importance in the management of pleural diseases. From 1994 to 1998 the Authors report their experience about 11 cases of hemothoraces depending on various causes: 6 hemothoraces and 3 hemopneumothoraces, some spontaneous or iatrogenic, others in patients with chest trauma; 2 clotted hemothoraces. All patients were studied by VAT detecting the source of bleeding in 6 cases of acute hemothorax and in 3 cases of acute hemopneumothorax; in 5 cases the lesions were successfully repaired with thoracoscopic technique. In others 4 patients the VATS approach was converted to thoracotomy for the seriousness of lesions: 3 acute hemothoraces (1 patient with penetrating thoracic firearms injury, 1 patient with extended lung laceration, 1 patient with iatrogenic lesion of right subclavian artery); 1 acute hemopneumothorax in one patient with penetrating thoracic firearms injury and left hemidiaphragmatic double perforation: in this case laparotomy was also operated in order to exclude others abdominal lesions. 2 cases of clotted hemothorax were operated by VATS performing the removal of clots after their fragmentation by endobabcock and pleural irrigation-aspiration with physiological solution. No procedure related complications were occurred. The authors conclude that the video-thoracoscopic approach is certainly advantageous for the management of spontaneous, traumatic or iatrogenic acute hemothoraces. This technique permits, with minimal traumatism and very little complications, the correct therapeutic programming (VATS operation or conversion to thoracotomy). However some hemothoraces (hemothoraces in patients with serious cranial trauma, with spleen rupture, with great vessels rupture, with heart rupture or with massive post-operating hemothorax) contro-indicate the thoracoscopic treatment: immediate thoracotomy and/or laparotomy, in these cases, is indispensable. In the treatment of clotted hemothoraces the VATS is a favourable alternative to thoracotomy, reforming the pleural cavity with minimal traumatism and avoiding tardive complications.     

Errors in the diagnosis and treatment of infection

The authors made an analysis of their experience with treatment of sepsis in a specialized center. Typical errors in treatment of the disease in the general public health service are: insufficient sanitation of septic foci, inadequate antibacterial therapy. Not all main possibilities of complex therapy are always used. The problem of struggle against sepsis can not be solved without organization of antiseptic centers.     

Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma

Diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma, once dangerous and uncertain, have been dramatically altered in recent years by advances in imaging, assays, and pharmaceuticals. During the past ten years we have treated 18 patients who had pheochromocytoma. Biochemical diagnosis was made in all patients by measurement of 24-hour urinary total catecholamine excretion or by epinephrine-norepinephrine fractionation. Determination of epinephrine-norepinephrine ratios was instrumental in making the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma in two patients in whom total catecholamine levels were normal. Localization of the pheochromocytoma in the most recently treated cases was accomplished by ultrasound, computed tomography, or iodine I 131 iobenguane (iodine I 131 metaiodobenzylguanidine) scanning. Nine patients in the series were prepared for surgery with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride and six with prazosin hydrochloride. Preoperative total alpha-adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine offered no advantage over selective blockade with prazosin in terms of perioperative fluid requirements or intraoperative hemodynamic stability.