3种不同术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的评价3种不同术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效和适用范围。方法根据手术适应证对725例椎间盘突出症患者分别选择椎间盘镜下手术（179例）、小切口椎板间开窗（384例）、半椎板切除髓核摘除（162例）等术式治疗。结果725例均获随访,时间6～24个月,椎间盘镜组优良率（88.27%）及小切口椎板间开窗组优良率（90.89%）高于半椎板切除组（79.63%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。椎间盘镜组优良率与小切口椎板间开窗组优良率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论严格掌握适应证,椎间盘镜下手术和小切口椎板间开窗术均为治疗腰椎间盘突出症较为理想的手术方式。     

椎间盘镜术与传统椎板间隙开窗术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的比较研究

[目的]比较显微内窥镜腰椎间盘切除系统( microendoscopy discectomy,MED)与传统的后路椎板间隙开窗术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的疗效.[方法]回顾分析130例青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料,观察组为椎间盘镜术(MED)组64例,对照组为后路椎板间隙开窗术组66例,根据Nakai标准评价疗效,并观察两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛药物应用、术后下床活动时间、术后住院日及恢复正常生活或工作的时间情况.[结果]经术后6个月～11年的随访,椎间盘镜术(MED)组优良率为93.5％,后路椎板间隙开窗术组优良率90.6％,两组疗效比较,差异无显著性(P＞0.05),但MED组在术中出血量、术后镇痛药物的应用、术后下床活动时间、术后住院时间、恢复正常生活或工作时间优于后路椎板间隙开窗术组(P＜0.05).[结论]椎间盘镜术(MED)治疗青少年型腰椎间盘突出症疗效与后路椎板间隙开窗术相同,但椎间盘镜术(MED)具有创伤小、对腰椎稳定性破坏小、出血少、住院时间短、术后恢复快等优点,是治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的一种理想手术方法.     

椎间盘镜下与开放手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症对椎旁肌损伤程度的比较研究

目的研究椎间盘镜下与传统后路开放手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症对椎旁肌肉的损伤程度。方法测量两手术组患者术前、术后24h及术后48h外周血中肌酸激酶浓度;于手术开始、术毕取椎旁肌肉组织,测量组织内肌酸激酶浓度,并行组织学观察,记录手术切口长度、手术出血量、手术时间及术后住院天数等。结果椎间盘镜组与开放手术组比较,术中出血少,皮肤切口小,手术时间短、外周血CK升高幅度小,椎旁肌损伤小。结论椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症有着对椎旁肌肉损伤小、手术时间短,术后恢复快等优点,在治疗腰椎间盘突出症与开放手术相比有着更大的优势。     

椎间盘镜与椎板开窗治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症疗效对比分析

[目的]比较椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术和椎板开窗髓核摘除术治疗单节段单侧腰椎间盘出症的临床效果及优缺点。[方法]回顾性分析2003年7月-2005年7月手术治疗的单节段椎间盘突出症患者69例，其中应用椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症患者32例、椎板开窗手术37例。分别比较手术时间、术中出血量、术后卧床时间、术后出院时间、术前术后JOA评分、腰痛及腿痛VAS评分。[结果]椎间盘镜组和椎板开窗组疗效优良率分别为优良率93．7％和91．9％，无显著性差异，同时两组患者术后腿痛缓解无显著性差异；而两组患者在术后腰痛VAS评分、术中出血量、术后卧床时间及术后住院时间有显著性差异，椎间盘镜组要明显优于常规椎板开窗组。[结论]两种术式都能有效缓解腰椎间盘突出症患者的症状，但MED手术创伤小、出血少、术后早期康复快，术后遗留腰痛较轻。     

应用MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出症手术疗效的总体变化特点及疗效影响因素,并比较显微内窥镜下腰椎间盘切除术(micro endoscopic discectomy,MED)与传统开放术式的疗效差异。方法回顾性分析椎间盘突出症患者64例,其中男34例,女30例;年龄18~73岁,平均年龄为42岁。采用椎间盘镜手术治疗者36例,传统开窗手术治疗者28例。对切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后卧床时间以及住院时间进行比较。结果与传统开窗手术组比较,两者近期手术效果近似,但MED组手术切口小、出血少、手术时间短、卧床时间短、住院时间短。结论椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症具有创伤小、恢复快、疗效好等优点,是一种理想的微创手术治疗方法。     

三种不同术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的通过对三种不同术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析,寻求一种更理想的手术治疗方式。方法根据临床病史、突出类型、节段以及是否有合并症,560例椎间盘突出症患者分别选择小切口椎板间开窗、半椎板或全椎板切除髓核摘除等术式治疗。结果腰椎间盘突出症手术患者按优良率的高低进行疗效比较,依次为小切口椎板间开窗组、半椎板切除组、全椎板切除组。结论小切口椎板间开窗术创伤小、恢复快、疗效较好,是治疗腰椎间盘突出症较为理想的手术方式。     

开窗式椎间盘髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床体会

目的探讨开窗式椎间盘髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果和体会。方法将90例腰椎间盘突出症患者随机分为两组,对照组40例采用全椎板切除术治疗,实验组50例采用开窗式椎间盘髓核摘除术治疗。对手术疗效进行总结。结果观察组总有效率96%,对照组总有效率80%。观察组手术切口、术中出血量、手术时间、恢复时间均优于对照组。结论开窗式椎间盘髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症,切口小、手术时间短、出血量少、恢复快、效果好,值得推广。     

经皮椎间孔镜技术与小切口椎板开窗髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效比较

目的比较经皮椎间孔镜技术与小切口椎板开窗髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效。方法将166例腰椎间盘突出症患者随机分为两组,每组83例,对照组采用小切口椎板开窗髓核摘除术,观察组采用经皮椎间孔镜技术。比较两组手术相关指标、疼痛缓解和功能恢复情况、临床疗效及并发症发生情况。结果患者均获得3个月随访。切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间观察组均优于对照组(P 0. 001)。术后3个月,两组VAS评分、JOA评分及临床治疗有效率比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。并发症发生率观察组低于对照组(P 0. 05)。结论经皮椎间孔镜技术与小切口椎板开窗髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症临床疗效相当,但经皮椎间孔镜技术损伤少,并发症少,住院时间短。     

小切口经椎板间开窗减压髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨小切口经椎板间开窗减压髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效.方法 随机抽取2001年1月至2008年1月腰椎间盘突出症患者120例,采用常规腰椎间盘手术器械,后正中切口2.5～4 cm,在棘突旁椎板间开窗,并行神经根管减压,窗口大小约1.5 cm×1.5 cm,摘除髓核组织,手术时间30～90min,平均1 h.结果 术后随访6个月～8年,平均24个月,根据Nakai疗效评定标准:优82例,良30例,可5例,差3例,3例术后半年复发,优良率为93.3%.结论 小切口经椎板间开窗减压术治疗椎间盘突出症手术创伤小,手术时间短,出血少,对腰椎后部结构破坏小,可早期下床活动,恢复快,术后并发症少,是一项安全,有效,值得推广的技术.     

腰椎间盘突出症不同术式的远期疗效比较

目的通过对腰椎间盘突出症手术患者不同术式的远期疗效比较,寻求一种更理想的手术治疗方式。方法对860例腰椎间盘突出症手术患者进行随访,对其远期疗效进行综合分析。结果腰椎间盘突出症手术患者按优良率高低进行远期疗效比较,依次为椎管镜组、微创椎板间开窗组、半椎板切除组、全椎板切除组。结论椎管镜手术和微创椎板间开窗是腰椎间盘突出症患者较为理想的手术方式,其创伤小、恢复快、卧床时间短、远期疗效好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.