CT在房间隔缺损合并肺静脉异位引流中的诊断价值

【摘要】目的：评价 CT对房间隔缺损（ASD）合并肺静脉异位引流（APVC）的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析我院 CT检查的24例ASD合并APVC的病例,观察房间隔缺损的位置、大小,异位肺静脉引流的位置、形态及其异位连接,并与经胸心动超声（TTE） 比较,以手术或心导管造影所见为参考标准,评价CT检查诊断的准确性。结果：24例ASD合并APVC的病例中,腔静脉窦型房缺 14例,二孔型房缺9例,无顶冠状静脉窦型房缺1例;肺静脉异位引流中完全性肺静脉异位引流4例,其中心上型3例,心脏型1例,部分性肺静脉异位引流20例,其中心上型8例,心脏型12例。CT的诊断准确性为100%,TTE的诊断准确性为75%（18/24） 。结论：CT在ASD合并APVC的诊断中具有很高的价值,对临床诊断和手术方案的制订起到重要作用。     

心上型部分性肺静脉异位引流超声诊断及漏误诊原因分析

目的 探讨超声心动图诊断心上型部分性肺静脉异位引流(PAPVC)的诊断价值及分析漏误诊原因。方法选取我院诊断30例心上型PAPVC超声心动图的二维图像、彩色多普勒图像,并与心脏CT、手术结果进行对比分析。结果 30例心上型PAPVC患者中,明确诊断19例,提示性诊断3例,漏诊6例,误诊2例。其中22例合并简单先天性心脏病(房间隔缺损、卵圆孔未闭、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭等),1例为两支合并共同腔,1例合并双主动脉弓,1例合并三房心,1例合并完全性心内膜垫缺损等复杂畸形,6例为孤立性。结论 超声对心上型PAPVC确诊有较高的准确度,但易漏误诊,必要时需CTA协助确诊。     

房间隔完整的部分型肺静脉异位引流的超声心动图综合诊断

目的 探讨房间隔完整的部分型肺静脉异位引流(PAPVC/IAS)患者超声心动图(TTE)的综合诊断要点。方法 选取15例经外科手术或CT血管造影(CTA)诊断为PAPVC/IAS的TTE特征及检查切面,总结该类疾病的综合诊断思路。结果 PAPVC/IAS患者的左心房肺静脉开口均少于4支,异位引流的肺静脉或直接连于右心房或通过体静脉间接回流至右心房。其中心上型7例(46. 7%)、心内型5例(33. 3%)、心下型2例(13. 3%)、混合型1例(6. 7%)。结论 超声检查中不明原因的右心增大、肺动脉扩张、肺动脉压力增高且房间隔连续完整的患者,应考虑PAPVC/IAS的可能。在常规检查的基础上,增加不同体位、检查部位,采用连续追踪和重点切面相结合的肺静脉观察方法,可以提高PAPVC/IAS的诊断检出率。     

心上型完全型肺静脉异位引流的影像诊断(附2例报告)

目的探讨心上型完全型肺静脉异位引流(心上型TAPVC)的影像学诊断。方法回顾性分析2例经手术证实的心上型完全型肺静脉异位引流的心脏X线片,超声心动图及1例心血管造影的影像表现,并结合文献探讨心上型TAPVC的影像诊断。结果2例X线表现为肺充血,心脏呈“8”字型,右房右室增大;彩色超声心动图显示右房右室增大,ASD,畸形垂直静脉与增粗的左无名静脉相通;1例心血管造影见造影剂经畸形的共同肺静脉通过垂直静脉流入左无名静脉再流回右心房,并见房间隔缺损(ASD)。结论心上型完全型肺静脉异位引流的影像学表现有特异性,影像学检查能确诊本病。     

混合型肺静脉异位引流的彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图对混合型肺静脉异位引流（MTAPVC）的诊断价值.方法：经心导管及手术证实为MTAPVC的11例患者为研究对象,回顾性分析其超声心动图.结果：患者可分三种类型：A型（心上型合并心内型）8例;B型（心上型合并心下型）2例;C型（心上型,合并有两个回流部位）1例.彩色多普勒超声心动图对MTAPVC诊断的正确率为81%（9/11）.结论：如能多部位、多切面仔细观察,彩色多普勒超声心动图可以比较准确地诊断混合型完全性肺静脉异位引流.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断房间隔缺损64例与手术对比探讨

目的 研究彩色多普勒超声诊断房间隔缺损(ASD)的准确性。方法 回顾性分析经手术证实的64例ASD患者的超声检查结果并和手术结果对照。结果 64例患者中有1例三房心合并房间隔缺损畸形，1例合并右下肺静脉异位引流漏诊，术前超声正确诊断63例，定性诊断准确率达98．4％，有1例混合型定位不准确，定位准确率在98．4％，而且64例患者中超声检查结果显示在无合并其他畸形时房间缺损大小与右心系统扩大及肺动脉扩张呈正相关关系。结论 ASD是以右室容量超负荷为特征，彩色多普勒超声是诊断房间隔缺损的首选检查方法，并具有较高的准确性。     

儿童原发隔异位型肺静脉异位引流的超声心动图诊断

目的探讨超声心动图对原发隔异位(malposition of septum primum,MSP)型肺静脉异位引流的诊断价值。方法回顾分析7名MSP儿童的超声心动图征象,并于CTA和胸外科直视手术结果比较。结果6例(85.7%)超声诊断正确,1例误诊为单心房。1例合并部分性肺静脉异位引流,6例合并完全性肺静脉异位引流。超声心动图显示所有肺静脉均开口于解剖左房后壁,因原发隔异位导致肺静脉异常引流入右房。剑突下冠状、剑突下矢状、心尖四腔、胸骨旁短轴切面可清晰显示继发隔上边缘带缺如以及原发隔不同程度左移。结论超声心动图作为一种非创伤性的检查手段,能正确诊断原发隔异位,为该病的进一步诊断与治疗提供更多信息。     

经胸超声心动图及CTA对部分性肺静脉异位引流的诊断价值

目的:探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)及CTA对部分性肺静脉异位引流(PAPVC)的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析42例经手术证实为PAPVC患儿的TTE及CTA检查结果,总结TTE及CTA对PAPVC的诊断价值。结果:42例术前均行TTE及CTA检查,经手术证实均为PAPVC,其中心上型23例,心内型12例,心下型3例,混合型4例;术前TTE诊断PAPVC 36例,漏诊6例,诊断敏感度为85.71%(36/42);CTA诊断PAPVC 40例,漏诊2例,诊断敏感度95.24%(40/42);TTE及CTA联合诊断PAPVC41例,诊断敏感度97.62%(41/42)。结论:TTE及CTA对PAPVC的诊断均有较高的敏感性和准确性,TTE及CTA联合检查诊断准确性更高。     

完全型肺静脉异位引流的超声心动图诊断及漏误诊分析

目的探讨完全型肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)的超声心动图诊断要点及漏误诊分析。方法回顾性分析经手术证实的41例TAPVC患者的超声心动图特征,并与手术结果进行对照。结果心上型22例,心内型13例,心下型2例,混合型4例;超声心动图诊断TAPVC40例,诊断符合率为97. 6%(40/41),4例混合型超声漏诊部分引流途径,误诊1例,超声确切诊断符合率为87. 8%(36/41)。结论超声心动图可以准确诊断完全型肺静脉异位引流,混合型易漏诊部分引流途径,联合CT血管成像可提高混合型TAPVC诊断准确率。     

成人房间隔膨出瘤及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图特征和规律性研究

目的:探寻成人房间隔膨出瘤(IASA)及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)的特征和规律性.材料和方法:应用CDE检查38例成人IASA及合并畸形,在经胸超声心动图检查之后22例又行经食管超声心动图检查,26例行心导管检查,20例行房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术,8例行合并畸形手术治疗.结果:根据CDE特征对38例成人IASA及合并畸形全部做出正确诊断.成人IASA及合并畸形CDE特征和规律性明显:①在二维超声心动图(2DE)心尖四腔心切面、胸骨旁四腔心切面和剑下四腔心切面显示房间隔中部变薄,局部凸向右心房,并随心动周期摆动.② IASA合并畸形者多见(94.7%),孤立性IASA少见(5.3%).在合并的畸形中ASD多见(80.0%),其次是室间隔缺损(5.3%)和房间隔卵圆孔未闭(5.3%),还有主动脉瓣狭窄和主动脉窦瘤破裂等,但少见.③孤立性IASA患者2DE显示各心腔内径正常;合并ASD患者2DE显示右心房、右心室内径增大,彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)显示过房间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号;合并室间隔缺损2DE显示左心房内径增大,CDFI显示过室间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号.④经胸超声心动图很难准确显示IASA合并ASD的数目、大小和位置;经食管超声心动图可准确显示IASA合并ASD的数目、大小和位置.结论:CDE对成人IASA及合并畸形有特异性诊断价值.应用CDE明确判断合并畸形比诊断IASA更重要;应用经食管超声心动图诊断合并畸形ASD比经胸超声心动图更具有临床价值.     

MR imaging of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections

Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 11 patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections (PAPVC). Ten of these patients also had echocardiographic examinations, eight of which included color-flow Doppler studies. The diagnosis of PAPVC was confirmed in each of these patients by surgery or angiography. Fourteen anomalous pulmonary venous connections were identified, 10 involving the right upper lobe pulmonary vein and 4 involving the left upper lobe pulmonary vein. This retrospective review demonstrated that all 14 anomalous venous connections were correctly identified by MR imaging, whereas only 8 of 13 (62%) were identified by echocardiography. With MR, 89% of all the pulmonary veins and 93% of the anomalous pulmonary veins were visualized on axial images, while 41% of all pulmonary veins and 71% of anomalous veins were seen on coronal MR images. There were five atrial septal defects (ASDs), four of the sinus venous type and one of the septum secundum type. All five ASDs were correctly identified with MR imaging; three of four ASDs were identified with echocardiography. We conclude that MR imaging provides an accurate noninvasive method of depicting the anatomic abnormalities associated with PAPVC.     

双源CT对先天性心脏病肺静脉异常连接的诊断价值

目的：探讨双源CT（DSCT）在先天性心脏病肺静脉异常连接（APVC）中的诊断价值。方法：35例患者中男25例,女12例。22例经手术证实,对DSCT诊断APVC类型进行分析。结果：双源CT诊断APVC的符合率为100%（22/22）,对伴发畸形的诊断符合率为90.9%（20/22）。DSCT诊断完全型APVC 20例57.1%（20/35）,最常见异常连接血管为上腔静脉48.9%（23/47）、垂直静脉42.6%（20/47）,多数存在伴发畸形95%（19/20）,房间隔缺损最常见52.6%（10/19）。DSCT诊断部分型APVC 42.9%（15/35）,最常见异常连接为右肺静脉连接至右心房占51.6%（16/31）,多数存在伴发畸形86.7%（13/15）,房间隔缺损最常见46.2%（6/13）。结论：DSCT可以满足APVC的诊断。     

How many versus how much: comprehensive haemodynamic evaluation of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection by cardiac MRI

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of location and number of anomalously connected pulmonary veins and any associated atrial septal defect (ASD) on the magnitude of left-to-right shunting in patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC), and how that influences right ventricular volume loading.

Methods and results

The cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and echocardiography examinations of 26 paediatric patients (mean age, 11.2 ± 5.1 years) with unrepaired PAPVC were analysed. Fourteen patients had right-sided, 11 left-sided and 1 patient bilateral PAPVC. An ASD was present in 11 patients, of which none had a Qp/Qs < 1.5 and 8 had a Qp/Qs≥ 2.0. No patient with isolated left upper PAPVC experienced a Qp/Qs ≥ 2.0 compared to 9/12 patients with right upper PAPVC. Qp/Qs correlated with indexed right ventricle (RV) end-diastolic volume (RVEDVi, r = 0.59, p = 0.002) by CMR and with echocardiographic right ventricular end-diastolic dimension (RVED) z-score (r = 0.68, p = 0.003). A RVEDVi >124 ml/m² by CMR and a RVED z-score >2.2 by echocardiography identified patients with a Qp/Qs ≥1.5 with good sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions

An asymptomatic patient with a single anomalously connected left upper pulmonary vein and without an ASD is unlikely to have a significant left-to-right shunt. On the other hand, right-sided PAPVC is frequently associated with a significant left-to-right shunt, especially when an ASD is present.

Key Points

? Patients with PAPVC and ASD routinely have a significant left-to-right shunt.? Patients with right PAPVC are likely to have a significant left-to-right shunt.? Patients with left PAPVC are unlikely to have a significant left-to-right shunt.? CMR is helpful in decision-making for patients with PAPVC.

     

应用超声CDFI诊断完全性肺静脉异位引流

目的：探讨应用超声CDFI在诊断小儿完全性肺静脉异位引（TAPVC）价值。方法：应用超声CDFI诊断的37例小儿TAPVC与手术结果进行对比分析。结果：37例患者中心内型肺静脉异位引流18例,心上型12例,心下型7例。超声CDFI对小儿TAPVC诊断的正确率100％。结论：应用超声CDFI可心正确地诊断小儿TAPVC。     

房间隔缺损患者肺静脉血流变化及其意义

目的探讨房间隔缺损患者肺静脉血流变化及其意义。方法利用经胸超声心动图观测对比25例单纯性继发孔房间隔缺损患者手术前后肺静脉血流变化。结果2例患者肺静脉血流显示不满意，其余23例患者术前肺静脉血流频谱的前向血流缺失正常时肺静脉血流的S波和波，而表现为一连续的、较平坦的波形，其负向的A波也较正常时减小，部分患者A波甚至消失。术后所有23例患者肺静脉频谱即恢复正常形态。结论单纯房缺患者其肺静脉血流具有特征性改变，观测肺静脉血流可以帮助筛查房缺，进一步了解房缺所致血流动力学改变。     

Unsuccessful lung scan due to major right-to-left shunt through a sinus venosus septal defect

In a patient with a prior history of cerebral abscess and cerebral ischemia, an unsuccessful perfusion lung scan led to a radionuclide angiocardiogram using an arm vein injection. This showed a total right-to-left (R-L) shunt from the superior vena cava (SVC) to the left atrium. Repeat radionuclide study, through a leg vein, demonstrated a moderate R-L shunt and an interpretable lung scan could be obtained. Catheterization and contrast cineangiogram did not provide the exact diagnosis, the preoperative conclusion being anomalous drainage of the SVC into the left atrium, with atrial septal defect (ASD) and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the SVC. The operative diagnosis was high atrial (sinus venosus) septal defect. This example of major but clinically unsuspected R-L shunt emphasizes the value of performing a perfusion lung scan, preferably in conjunction with radionuclide angiocardiography in patients with a prior history of unexplained cerebral abscess or systemic ischemia. Implications of the site of an ASD on quantitation of L-R shunts by radionuclide methods are also discussed.     

Computed tomography of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in adults

OBJECTIVES: To systematically describe the imaging features and clinical correlates of a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection diagnosed on computed tomography (CT) in adults. METHODS: Twenty-nine adults with a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection on CT were retrospectively identified. There were 19 women and 10 men, with a mean age of 53 (range: 19-83) years. Four cases were identified by review of 1825 consecutive chest CT reports from July 2000-July 2001, and 25 cases were culled from chest radiology teaching files at 3 institutions. Inclusion criteria were availability of CT images and medical charts. Chest radiographs (25 of 29 cases) were reviewed for mediastinal contour abnormalities, heart size, and pulmonary vascular pattern. Chest CT scans were reviewed for location, size, and drainage site of the anomalous vein; presence or absence of a pulmonary vein in the normal location; cardiac size and configuration; and pulmonary vasculature. Charts were reviewed for evidence of pulmonary and cardiovascular disease, history of congenital heart disease, and results of other cardiac imaging. RESULTS: The prevalence of a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection was 0.2% (4 of 1825 chest CT reports). Seventy-nine percent (23 of 29 patients) had an anomalous left upper lobe vein connecting to a persistent left vertical vein, only 5% (1 of 23 patients) of whom had a left upper lobe vein in the normal location. Seventeen percent (5 of 29 patients) had an anomalous right upper lobe vein draining into the superior vena cava, 60% (3 of 5 patients) of whom also had a right upper lobe pulmonary vein in the normal location. One patient (3%) had an anomalous right lower lobe vein draining into the suprahepatic inferior vena cava. Chest radiographic findings were abnormal left mediastinal contour in 64% (15 of 25 patients), abnormal right mediastinal contour in 8% (2 of 25 patients), and cardiomegaly in 24% (6 of 25 patients). Computed tomography findings were cardiomegaly in 48% (14 of 29 patients), right atrial enlargement in 31% (9 of 29 patients), right ventricular enlargement in 31% (9 of 29 patients), and pulmonary artery enlargement in 14% (4 of 29 patients). Pulmonary or cardiovascular symptoms were present in 69% (20 of 29 patients), 55% (11 of 20 patients) of whom had specific alternative diagnoses (excluding congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension) to explain the symptoms. Only 1 patient (3%) was diagnosed with a secundum atrial septal defect. CONCLUSIONS: A partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection was seen in 0.2% of adults on CT. In contrast to previous series focusing on children, the anomalous vein in adults was most commonly from the left upper lobe, in women, and infrequently associated with atrial septal defects.     

多层螺旋CT在小儿肺静脉畸形引流诊断中的价值

目的　探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对小儿肺静脉畸形引流的诊断价值。方法　对20例MSCT诊断为小儿肺静脉畸形引流的病例进行回顾性分析。年龄11d至12岁,MSCT采用对比增强容积扫描,层厚1 250mm,层间距0 625mm,均行多平面重建(MPR)、薄层最大密度投影(STS MIP)、容积再现(VR)及表面阴影成像法(SSD)重建。所有病例均行超声心动图(US)检查,其中12例行心血管造影(CAG)检查, 14例尚有手术结果对照。结果　MSCT诊断完全型肺静脉畸形引流9例,部分型肺静脉畸形引流11例。心上型5例、心脏型10例、心下型4例、混合型1例。MSCT均清晰显示异常连接肺静脉的数目、分布和位置。CAG漏诊3例,US漏诊10例。14例有手术对照者,MSCT对肺静脉畸形引流的定性、定位诊断全部正确。结论　MSCT较常规CAG及US可明显提高小儿肺静脉畸形引流的检出率,对本病有重要的诊断价值。     

先天性肺静脉异位连接的电子束CT诊断

目的 探讨电子束ＣＴ对肺静脉异位连接的诊断价值。方法 对１４例ＥＢＣＴ诊断的肺静脉异位连接进行回顾性分析。ＥＢＣＴ检查采用增强单层容积扫描,层厚为３ｍｍ,扫描时间为１００毫秒,所用对比剂为非离子型碘对比剂。所有患者均行表面阴影显示法进行三维重建。所有病例均行超声心动图检查。其中８例行心血管造影检查,有２例尚有手术病理对照。结果ＥＢＣＴ诊断完全型肺静脉异位连接１０例,其中心上型６例,心脏型４例;心血     

成人法洛三联症彩色多普勒超声心动图特征和规律性研究

目的：探讨成人法洛三联症（TOF）彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDE）特征和规律性,分析房间隔缺损（ASD）血流动力学与肺动脉瓣狭窄（PS）程度的关系,提高诊断准确率。方法：应用CDE检查62例成人TOF（14～57岁,平均24.8岁）,二维超声心动图（2DE）测量ASD大小,连续多普勒（CW）估测跨肺动脉瓣压力阶差,与心导管和手术对照。其中52例行心导管检查,14例行介入治疗,48例外科手术治疗。结果：根据CDE特征表现对56例做出正确诊断,诊断准确率90.3%,误诊继发孔ASD和PS各3例。2DE测量ASD直径5～33（18±12）mm与手术测量ASD直径7～35（21±13）mm呈正相关（r=0.52,P〈0.001）;CW估测跨肺动脉瓣压力阶差36～154（93±52）mmHg与心导管测量跨肺动脉瓣压力阶差30～140（86±50）mmHg呈正相关（r=0.67,P〈0.001）。彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）显示过房间隔分流束血流信号,其中左向右（61.3%）、双向（22.6%）、右向左（11.3%）和无分流（4.8%）。根据CDE筛选14例适应证实施介入治疗全部获得成功。结论：成人TOF的CDE特征明显,CDFI显示过ASD分流束血流信号呈多样化,与PS程度密切相关,CDE对成人TOF有特异性诊断价值,介入治疗前应用CDE判断ASD大小、位置和PS程度非常重要。