氢溴酸西酞普兰片在健康人体的药动学

目的:研究国产氢溴酸西酞普兰片在健康人体内的药动学.方法:19名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服40 mg氢溴酸西酞普兰片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中氢溴酸西酞普兰浓度,并用3P97软件统计处理.结果:氢溴酸西酞普兰片的药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cmax,Tmax,T1/2,AUC0-132,AUC0-∞分别为(47.3±11.5)μg·L-1,(3.3±1.6)h,(36.3±9.7)h,(1 892.8±388.2)μg·L-1·h,(2 069.9±428.7)μg·L-1·h.结论:为临床用药提供参考资料.     

西洛他唑片的健康人体药动学研究

目的研究国产西洛他唑片在人体内的药动学。方法12名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服100 m g西洛他唑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度,并用3P 97软件统计处理。结果西洛他唑片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cm ax,Tm ax,T1/2,AUC0-72,AUC0-∞分别为(937.10±238.10)μg.L-1,(3.4±0.8)h,(20.4±10.5)h,(12194±4024)μg.h.L-1,(12689±4325)μg.h.L-1。结论西洛他唑在人体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型,本研究可为临床用药提供药动学参数。     

利鲁唑片在健康男性人体内生物等效性研究

目的建立利鲁唑片生物浓度的固相萃取后HPLCUV检测方法,研究其在健康男性人体内药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法20名健康男性志愿者单剂量随机交叉口服150mg利鲁唑片剂和进口参比制剂后于不同时间点静脉取血,血浆经固相萃取,甲醇洗脱吹干后用少量甲醇溶解后,采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器,应用内标法计算利鲁唑浓度。结果利鲁唑片与参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为930±321和798±306μg·L-1,tmax分别为0.8±0.5和1.2±0.7h,AUC0～t分别为3361±890和3301±886μg·h-1·L-1,AUC0～∞分别为3661±886和3614±885μg·h-1·L-1,t12分别为8.2±2.8和8.1±2.6h。AUC0～t和Cmax的90%置信区间为96.11%～107.77%和101.6%±135.9%。AUC0～t相对生物利用度为102.8%±15.5%。结论国产利鲁唑片剂和进口片两种制剂生物等效。     

国产西洛他唑片的健康人体药动学

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体内的药动学。方法:18名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服100mg西洛他唑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度,并用3P97软件统计处理。结果:西洛他唑片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cm ax,tm ax,t1/2,AUC0-72,AUC0-∞分别为(901.9±221.2)μg.L-1,(4.1±1.2)h,(20.4±9.9)h,(12 722±3 709)μg.L-1.h,(1 3247±3 847)μg.L-1.h。结论:西洛他唑在人体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型,本实验可为临床用药提供药动学参数。     

比较国产与进口利鲁唑片的人体生物等效性

目的:研究利鲁唑片在正常人体内的药动学.方法:采用随机交叉设计,20例健康男性受试者随机交叉口服国产利鲁唑片和进口片剂,服药后0.25～24h内间隔取血.血样加入内标β-奈酚经预处理后用HPLC测定.计算主要药动学参数,并以进口片剂为参比制剂,估算国产利鲁唑片的生物利用度,判断生物等效性.结果:利鲁唑参比片和供试片的药-时曲线均符合二房室模型,其AUC0～24分别为(2 420.1±659.1)和(2 302.8±620.7)μg·h·L-1(P＞0.05);Cmax分别为(654.5±143.1)和(686.1±154.8)μg·L-1(P＞0.05);t1/2分别为(9.48±3.80)和(8.86±3.18)h(P＞0.05);Tmax分别(0.84±0.34)和(0.74±0.24)h(P＞0.05).以进口制剂为对照,用AUC0～24计算的国产片生物利用度为(96.19±12.89)%.结论:本实验建立的分析方法灵敏、准确、简便,统计学结果表明两制剂生物等效.     

草酸依地普仑片多次给药药动学研究

目的:探讨健康国人多次口服草酸依地普仑片体内药动学特点。方法:9名健康受试者,每日空腹口服草酸依地普仑片10mg,连续8d,采用高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定血浆中依地普仑浓度,并计算药动学参数。结果:多次口服10mg依地普仑片后药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cmax,tmax,t1/2,AUC0-132,AUC0-∞,AUCSS,波动度DF,累积系数R分别为(38.0±6.4)μg·L-1,(3.1±1.2)h,(36.8±6.4)h,(1580.0±778.8)μg·h·L-1,(1772.0±804.0)μg·h·L-1,(598.5±124.4)μg·h·L-1,(79.2±27.5)%,(1.51±0.07)。结论:草酸依地普仑多次给药后在健康中国人体内耐受良好,人体内的药动学行为与国外文献报道基本一致。     

盐酸安非他酮片在健康人体内的药动学

目的:研究国产盐酸安非他酮片在健康人体内的药动学.方法:19名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服300 mg盐酸安非他酮片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中盐酸安非他酮浓度,并用3P97软件统计处理.结果:盐酸安非他酮供试片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cmax,Tmax,T1/2,AUC0-48,AUC0-∞分别为(278.7±67.1)μg·L-1,(1.4±0.5)h,(16.3±13.0)h,(1738.3±347.8)μg·L-1·h,(1947.7±382.4)μg·L-1·h,与国外文献报道基本一致.结论:为临床用药提供参考资料.     

依地普仑片健康人体的药动学考察

目的:研究国产依地普仑片在健康人体内的药动学.方法:11名健康志愿者单剂量口服10 mg依地普仑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中依地普仑浓度,并用3P97软件统计处理.结果:依地普仑药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cmax,Tmax,t1/2,AUG0-132,AUC0-∞分别为(16.8±2.4)μg-1,(3.3±0.6)h,(38.8±8.1)h,(605.2±150.8)μg·L-1·H,(660.4±159.1)μg·L-1·H.结论:为临床用药提供参考资料.     

西洛他唑片在人体的药动学研究

目的研究西洛他唑片在人体内的药动学.方法 12名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服100 mg西洛他唑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度,数据用3P97软件统计处理.结果西洛他唑片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cmax为(769.5±228.2)μg·L-1,Tmax为(3.004±1.204)h,T1/2α为(4.72±3.38)h, T1/2β为(25.95±12.22)h,AUC0-72为(12525±3077)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-为(13003±3206) μg·h·L-1.结论西洛他唑在人体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型,本研究可为临床用药提供药动学参数.     

健康受试者口服复方替米沙坦片后氢氯噻嗪的药物动力学

目的:建立口服复方替米沙坦片后氢氯噻嗪血药浓度的液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定法,进行人体药动学研究.方法:20例健康受试者随机分成两组,分别口服低剂量(1片)和高剂量(2片)受试制剂复方替米沙坦片(每片含替米沙坦40mg,氢氯噻嗪12.5 mg),应用LC-MS/MS法测定样品中氢氯噻嗪的血药浓度.结果:口服低剂量和高剂量受试制剂(分别含氢氯噻嗪12.5 mg和25 mg)后,估算的氢氯噻嗪的药动学参数Cmax分别为(78±15)μg·L-1,(150±50)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.9±0.7)h,(2.4±0.9)h;AUC0-t分别为(591±163)μg·h·L-1,(1026±306)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分另q为(601±157)μg·h·L-1,(1039±303)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(7.1±1.5)h,(9.3±2.9)h;CLz/F分别为(22.1±5.6)L·h-1,(25.8±6.6)L·h-1;Vz/F分别为(226±77)L,(341±130)L;MRT分别为(8.4±1.3)h,(8.7±1.9)h.结论:本方法结果准确,灵敏度高,氢氯噻嗪进入人体分布后,其主要药动学参数与文献报道单方氢氯噻嗪数据一致.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.