5-HT1D受体调节大鼠偏头痛模型三叉神经二级神经元兴奋性

目的探索5-HT1D受体在偏头痛发病中的中枢角色.方法应用大鼠电刺激偏头痛模型,观察给予佐米曲普坦和BRL15572后三叉神经脊束核尾段和上颈髓背角的c-fos表达变化.结果佐米曲普坦明显抑制电刺激诱发的三叉神经脊束核尾段和上颈髓背角浅层神经元c-fos表达,BRL15572可拮抗佐米曲普坦的大部分抑制效应,单独BRL15572对c-fos表达无影响.结论5-HT1D受体在偏头痛模型中是调节三叉神经二级神经元兴奋的主要受体,曲坦类药物通过5-HT1D受体抑制该神经元伤害性兴奋.     

偏头痛大鼠硬脑膜肥大细胞脱颗粒与神经源性炎症相关因子的变化

目的 观察偏头痛大鼠硬脑膜肥大细胞脱颗粒与神经源性炎症相关因子的变化,探讨偏头痛疼痛产生的可能机制.方法 64只SD大鼠随机分为刺激组(32只)和假手术组(32只).电刺激大鼠单侧三叉神经节建立偏头痛模型,放射免疫法测定刺激侧颈静脉血中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的含量.酶联免疫吸附法测定刺激侧颈静脉血中组胺和硬脑膜中前列腺素E2(PGE2)的含量,甲苯胺蓝染色观察硬脑膜肥大细胞的数量及脱颗粒百分率,免疫组织化学染色法、免疫蛋白质印迹技术观察硬脑膜中环氧化酶-2(COX-2)的阳性细胞数及蛋白表达.结果 假手术组和刺激组颈静脉血中CGRP含量分别为(59.20±11.66)pg/ml和(82.84±16.24)pg/ml(t=-3.34);组胺含量分别为(9.87±0.88)ng/ml和(11.59±1.20)ng/ml(t=-3.27);硬脑膜中肥大细胞数量分别为15.46±2.40和11.63±1.67(t=3.71),脱颗粒百分率分别为14.09%±4.53%、29.10%±9.39%(t=-4.07).两组硬脑膜中PGE2的含量分别为(80.70±10.60)pg/ml和(382.30±20.90)pg/ml(t=-16.674);硬脑膜中COX-2阳性细胞数分别为42.00±18.40和139.00±20.50(t=-7.994),COX-2蛋白表达(吸光度值)分别为19.50±9.20和359.20±21.90(t=-5.190).两组间比较,上述指标差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 电刺激单侧三叉神经节可诱导硬脑膜肥大细胞脱颗粒及神经源性炎症的产生,相关炎症因子的改变可能是偏头痛疼痛发生的重要病理生理基础.     

偏头痛模型大鼠相关活性物质表达

目的研究磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶(the phosphorylated form of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase,p-ERK)、降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)及环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)在偏头痛模型大鼠硬脑膜、三叉神经节和三叉神经脊束尾核组织中的表达及其相关性,为探讨偏头痛发病机制提供依据。方法将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、生理盐水组、硝酸甘油组和电刺激组;硝酸甘油组和生理盐水组根据注射后时间再分别分为30 min、1h和3h组;电刺激组再分为电刺激三叉神经节(ESTG)模型组、假手术组和尼美舒利干预组。采用免疫组化染色观察大鼠硬脑膜、三叉神经节和三叉神经脊束尾核p-ERK、CGRP、COX-2的表达。结果 (1)硝酸甘油组大鼠硬脑膜、三叉神经节和三叉神经脊束尾核的pERK、CGRP、COX-2表达均明显高于生理盐水组(均P0.01),ESTG大鼠不同部位组织的p-ERK、CGRP、COX-2表达均明显高于假手术组和空白组(均P0.01);(2)p-ERK表达在注射硝酸甘油后的30min组均高于1h组和3h组,后随时间增加其表达逐渐降低(均P0.01);(3)尼美舒利干预组大鼠不同组织中p-ERK、CGRP、COX-2的表达均低于ESTG模型组(P0.05)。结论 (1)p-ERK、CGRP、COX-2表达上调与偏头痛的炎性反应和疼痛敏化有关,其中p-ERK可能参与偏头痛早期过程;(2)偏头痛过程中,p-ERK、CGRP和COX-2蛋白之间有密切联系。     

瞬时感受电位香草酸亚家族蛋白1受体在慢性偏头痛大鼠模型中的作用研究

目的本研究通过炎性汤(IS)反复刺激SD大鼠上矢状窦区硬脑膜建立慢性偏头痛(CM)大鼠模型,探讨瞬时感受电位香草酸亚家族蛋白1(TRPV1)受体在CM发病过程中的作用,为研究CM发病机制和治疗药物提供理论依据。方法 72只SD大鼠随机数字表法分为空白对照组(A组)、假手术组(B组)、CM模型组(C组)及TRPV1受体拮抗剂Capsazepine组(D组),采用免疫组织化学染色、Western-Blot、Real-time PCR技术检测大鼠硬脑膜、三叉神经节(TG)、三叉神经脊束尾侧核(TNC)中的TRPV1受体、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)表达量变化。结果 TRPV1受体和CGRP在CM大鼠硬脑膜、TG及TNC上的表达量均增加(P0.05),通过侧脑室注射Capsazepine药物后明显缓解大鼠疼痛,且TRPV1受体、CGRP表达量均明显下降(P0.05)。结论 TRPV1受体通过影响CGRP释放参与CM神经源性炎症反应及痛觉传导,提示TRPV1可能通过TRPV1-CGRP信号通路参与CM病理生理过程。     

川芎、白芷提取物对大鼠偏头痛模型脑膜肥大细胞和血浆组胺的影响

目的 探讨川芎、白芷提取物对大鼠偏头痛模型硬脑膜组织中肥大细胞及血浆组胺的影响,为都梁软胶囊治疗偏头痛提供实验依据.方法 实验分为三组：假手术组、偏头痛模型无干预组、偏头痛模型药物（川芎、白芷提取物）治疗组.电刺激三叉神经节建立偏头痛大鼠模型,镜下观察硬脑膜肥大细胞数量及脱颗粒现象.用酶联免疫吸附分析法（ELISA）测定大鼠血浆组胺含量.结果 偏头痛模型无干预组大鼠刺激侧硬脑膜高倍视野肥大细胞数、脱颗粒百分率及血浆组胺含量分别为（11.63±1.67）,（29.10±9.39）%,（11.59±1.20）ng/ml,与假手术组（15.46±2.40）,（14.09±4.53）%,（9.87±0.88）ng/ml相比,肥大细胞数下降,脱颗粒百分率及血浆组胺含量升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.药物治疗组大鼠刺激侧硬脑膜高倍视野肥大细胞数、脱颗粒百分率及血浆组胺含量分别为（15.14±2.01）,（17.22±4.10）%,（10.00±0.81）ng/ml,与偏头痛模型无干预组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 川芎、白芷提取物能有效地抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒、释放组胺,减轻偏头痛大鼠硬脑膜炎症反应,从而有效地控制疼痛.     

瞬时受体电位离子通道A1对慢性偏头痛大鼠模型的作用及氟桂利嗪对其影响

目的本实验通过炎性汤(IS)反复刺激大鼠上矢状窦区硬脑膜疼痛感受器建立慢性偏头痛(CM)大鼠模型,研究瞬时受体电位离子通道A1(TRPA1)及降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)在CM大鼠模型中的作用,探讨TRPA1在CM发生发展中的可能作用及氟桂利嗪对其影响。方法清洁级SD雄性大鼠48只,体重250~300 g,按随机数字法分为4组(n=12):正常对照组(A组)、假手术组(B组)、CM模型组(C组)及药物干预组(D组)。注射试剂1 h后安静环境中进行大鼠行为学观察及机械刺激缩足反应阈值(PWMT)测定。采用Elisa、Real-Time PCR及Western-Blot技术检测大鼠硬脑膜、三叉神经节(TG)及三叉神经脊束核尾核(TNC)组织部位TRPA1及CGRP表达情况。结果与A组、B组相比较,C组大鼠行为学评分明显升高,PWMT测定值降低,大鼠硬脑膜、TG及TNC组织部位中CGRP及TRPA1表达量均明显上调,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与C组相比较,D组大鼠行为学评分降低,PWMT测定值升高,硬脑膜、TG及TNC组织部位CGRP及TRPA1表达量均下调,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 I TRPA1受体可能参与CM发作的病理生理过程;氟桂利嗪可能通过影响TRPA1受体表达,引起CGRP表达下调,从而缓解CM症状。     

天麻制剂通过腺苷途径治疗偏头痛相关的分子机制研究

目的探讨天麻制剂各有效成分对偏头痛模型大鼠的降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)与腺苷A1受体(adenosine A1 receptor,A1R)表达的影响。方法将SPF级雄性SD大鼠84只随机分为7组(n=12):假手术组(A组/阴性对照组)、电刺激三叉神经节(electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion,ESTG)模型组(B组)、舒马普坦干预组(C组/阳性对照组)、天麻素干预组(D组)、对羟基苯甲醇干预组(E组)、香英兰醇干预组(F组)、β-谷甾醇干预组(G组)。通过建立ESTG模型,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay,Elisa)、免疫荧光及Western-Blot技术检测天麻制剂各有效成分对CGRP与A1R表达的影响。结果与A组相比,B组大鼠三叉神经节(trigeminal ganglia,TG)、三叉神经脊束尾核(trigeminal nucleus caudalis,TNC)中的CGRP表达明显增高,A1R的表达明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 01)。与B组相比,C、D组大鼠TG、TNC中的CGRP表达明显降低,A1R的表达明显增高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 01);而E、F、G组与B组之间差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。与C组相比,D组大鼠TG、TNC中的CGRP、A1R的表达无明显差异(P 0. 05)。结论预防应用天麻素,与舒马普坦一样可对偏头痛发作起到一定保护作用,而香英兰醇、对羟基苯甲醇及β-谷甾醇对缓解偏头痛的作用疗效甚微,且天麻制剂有效成分中天麻素可通过激活A1R及抑制CGRP表达来抑制偏头痛的发生。     

青藤碱对偏头痛模型大鼠血浆CGRP、SP含量及脑干5-HT表达的影响

目的 观察青藤碱对偏头痛模型大鼠血浆降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、P物质(SP)含量及脑干5-羟色胺(5-HT)表达的影响,探讨青藤碱治疗偏头痛的作用机制,为开发治疗偏头痛新药提供实验依据.方法 60只Wistar大鼠(雌雄各半)随机分为:空白对照组、模型组、舒马普坦组、青藤碱低、中、高剂量治疗组,建立硝酸甘油的动物模型.以舒马普坦为阳性对照组,用放免法测定大鼠血浆CGRP、SP含量;免疫组化SBAC法检测脑干5-HT阳性表达.同时观察大鼠的行为学变化.结果 (1)各组大鼠血浆CGRP、SP含量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(2)青藤碱各组和舒马普坦组脑干5-HT表达明显增多,与模型组和空白组相比较差异有统计学意义P＜0.01),而青藤碱中剂量组脑干5-HT表达和舒马普坦组相比较差异无统计学意义P＞0.05).(3)大鼠行为学观察显示,药物干预组对偏头痛模型大鼠行为症状随时间延长而逐渐消失.结论 (1)青藤碱对偏头痛模型大鼠具有镇痛作用,其机制可能是通过偏头痛发作时调节脑干5-HT能系统的活性,起到镇痛作用.(2)青藤碱对偏头痛模型大鼠行为症状学有改善作用.     

硬脑膜炎性刺激对三叉神经节小直径神经元电压门控钾电流的影响

目的通过炎性介质(IM)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)诱发偏头痛反复发作,运用全细胞膜片钳的方法观察大鼠三叉神经节小直径神经元电压门控性钾电流的变化。方法雄性SD大鼠15只,分为空白组(不做任何干预)、生理盐水组和IM+CGRP组(大鼠硬脑膜上埋置PE-10管,连续7 d给予等量生理盐水和IM+CGRP)。用Von Frey毛测定大鼠眶周皮肤机械痛阈。在急性分离的三叉神经节小直径神经元上,通过全细胞膜片钳方法记录延迟外向钾电流(IK)和瞬时外向钾电流(IA)的变化。结果给药7 d后,IM+CGRP组大鼠的眶周机械痛阈明显降低,生理盐水组眶周机械痛阈无明显改变。生理盐水组三叉神经节神经元膜上总钾电流、IK、IA与空白组比较无明显差异;IM+CGRP组三叉神经节神经元膜上总钾电流、IK、IA与空白组和生理盐水组比较明显减小。结论 IM和CGRP诱发偏头痛反复发作模型大鼠的三叉神经节中急性分离神经元的IK和IA明显降低,提示电压门控性钾通道可能参与了外周机械痛阈的降低。     

天舒胶囊对偏头痛动物模型血浆一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶、降钙素基因相关肽含量及血流动力学的影响

目的 研究天舒胶囊对偏头痛动物模型血浆及脑组织血管活性物质及血流动力学的影响.方法 皮下注射硝酸甘油分别制作大鼠和兔偏头痛模型.给予天舒胶囊后用放免法和分光光度法测大鼠血浆一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)含量;通过免疫组织化学染色观察三叉神经脊束核神经元型NOS(NOS1)和CGRP表达;用经颅多普勒检测兔颈内动脉血流速度改变.结果 模型组大鼠血浆NO、NOS和CGRP较对照组明显升高;经不同剂量天舒胶囊灌胃后大鼠血浆NO、NOS和CGRP的增加受到抑制,尤以中、高剂量组明显(P<0.05～0.01).模型组兔颈内动脉收缩期峰值流速明显下降,经中剂量天舒胶囊干预后流速下降也受到抑制 (P<0.05).免疫组织化学染色发现灌胃天舒胶囊后,偏头痛大鼠三叉神经脊束核NOS1和CGRP表达增加的程度减小(均P<0.05).结论 天舒胶囊可改善偏头痛发作时血管活性物质和神经递质水平失常,从而缓解偏头痛症状.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.