Characteristics of admissions to residential drug treatment agencies in New South Wales, 1988-92: I. Illicit drug problems

The Clients at Residential Agencies (CARA) database of the New South Wales Drug and Alcohol Directorate was analysed for trends in admissions of clients with illicit drug problems over the years 1988-92. The mean age of admissions rose from 26.8 years to 27.9 years over the study period. There was a small increase in the proportion of male admissions to agencies (66.5% in 1988 to 69.9% in 1992). The proportion of admissions reporting opiates as their primary drug problem declined from 81% to 65%, while the proportion of admissions for stimulant problems doubled in that period (8% to 16%), as did those for cannabis (3.6% to 8.7%). There was a significant increase in the proportions of admissions who had drug problems of 10 or more years' standing (34.9-41.3%). The proportion of admissions that had never been in treatment decreased from 51% to 15% over the study period. Admissions with prior methadone experience rose from 37% to 69% between 1988 and 1992.     

Surge in treatment admissions related to methamphetamine use in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for public health

Introduction and Aims. In the past decade, methamphetamine has become increasingly a drug of concern globally. The purpose of this study is to describe the changing trends in treatment admissions for methamphetamine abuse in Cape Town, South Africa and to highlight the implications of these changes for policy, practice and research. Design and Methods. Data were collected on admissions for drug abuse treatment through a regular monitoring system involving drug treatment centres and programmes in Cape Town every 6 months as part of the South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU). A one-page form was completed by treatment centre personnel to obtain demographic data, the patients' primary and secondary substances of abuse, the mode, frequency and age of first use of substance and information on prior treatment. Results. The results indicate that between 2004 and 2006 a dramatic increase in treatment admissions for methamphetamine abuse occurred, a large proportion of the methamphetamine patients are adolescents and that the drug is almost exclusively smoked. Discussion and Conclusions. The rapid increase in admissions for methamphetamine abuse is of great concern, particularly as the drug has a number of serious, often chronic, side effects and that a large proportion of the patients are adolescents. The implications for public health are discussed. [Surge in treatment admissions related to methamphetamine use in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for public health. Drug Alcohol Rev 2008;27:185-189]     

Characteristics of admissions to residential drug treatment agencies in New South Wales, 1988-92: II. Alcohol problems

The Clients at Residential Agencies (CARA) database of the New South Wales Drug and Alcohol Directorate was analysed for trends in admissions of clients with alcohol problems over the years 1988-92. There were no changes in the mean age and sex ratio of admissions, with the treatment population in all years predominantly males in their mid-thirties. There was a decrease in the proportion of clients who were employed full-time (25.1-16.4%), and an increase in admissions with criminal histories (45.7-59.3%). More than half of admissions in all years had alcohol problems of greater then 10 years' standing. The percentage of people who had never been in treatment before decreased from 44.4% in 1988 to 18.7% in 1992.     

某院门诊抗高血压药物的处方使用与调查分析

目的了解我院慢性病门诊抗高血压药物的用药情况,促进临床合理用药。方法对慢性病门诊2400张高血压处方进行统计分析,分析抗高血压药物用药情况。结果 50⁸0岁患者所占比例为71.4%,用药频度最高的是钙桔抗剂和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂,应用频率最高的药品是美托洛尔、氨氯地平与缬沙坦等。结论我院慢性病门诊降压药物的使用情况,基本符合当前高血压治疗原则及个体化治疗方案。应继续加强处方审查和药学监护,真正做到安全、有效、经济地合理用药。     

抗菌药物专项处方点评模式的建立与应用

目的：探讨抗菌药物专项处方点评模式的建立及其应用效果。方法：以重庆市巴南区中医院（以下简称“我院”）2014年1月门、急诊抽查处方作为干预前样本,以2015年2月抽查处方作为干预后的比对样本,回顾性分析抗菌药物专项处方点评模式的建立情况及其应用效果。结果：干预后,我院抗菌药物合理应用率为100．00％,明显高于干预前的87．50％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：抗菌药物专项处方点评模式的建立与应用,在很大程度上提高了我院处方质量甚至总体医疗水平,门、急诊处方抗菌药物合理应用率也有了大幅度提高,可见通过抗菌药物专项处方点评模式可有效干预临床不合理用药。     

我院门诊药房加强处方干预的措施及体会

目的:总结我院门诊药师加大处方干预力度的经验,以提高合理用药整体水平。方法:从规范处方审核模式、处理疑义处方、准确调剂、实施处方点评制度、定期进行处方分析、开展药学咨询、健全完善计算机系统等方面加强我院门诊药房的处方干预。结果与结论:门诊药房应从工作流程各环节全面入手,加大药师对处方干预的力度,改变将处方审核置于处方流程末端的做法,进一步完善处方点评,建立长效监管机制。药学人员也应着力提升专业能力和素质,以满足未来医药发展的新要求。     

住院患者第二类精神药品处方调查和分析

目的:了解第二类精神药品在我院的使用情况,为精神药品的合理使用提供指导,促进合理用药。方法:采用WHO推荐的限定日剂量(defined daily dose,DDD)作为药物使用研究的测量单位,以药物利用指数(drug utilization index,DUI)作为对各种药品处方用量进行分析的指标。DUI>1.0,说明处方剂量>DDD,表明用药存在不合理;反之则说明处方剂量相似文献   

我院口服心脑血管类中成药处方研究

目的探讨我院心脑血管类中成药的用药特点及趋势。方法对2009—2011年我院门诊使用心脑血管类中成药的处方进行统计和分析。结果共提取心脑血管类中成药处方1074张,其中2009年285张(26.5%),2010年353张(32.9%),2011年436张(40.6%),11个品种的DDDS整体上呈明显上升趋势。其中血府逐瘀片、稳心颗粒、益脑宁片、天王补心片等DDDS总和占到所有品种DDDs和的75%以上。结论我院口服心脑血管类处方使用基本合理,应加强中成药管理,进一步提高中成药合理应用的水平。     

医院处方点评模式的探讨及其在合理用药中的作用

目的：分享开展处方点评工作的经验和改进计划。方法：介绍我院及其他医院的处方点评制度及具体实施方法和形式。结果：我院处方点评工作在促进医生合理用药方面取得了部分成效,实施方法和形式有借鉴意义。结论：处方点评工作能较大程度地对医生不合理用药进行主动干预．提高医院合理用药水平和处方管理水平。     

知名品牌的非处方药与处方药市场营销策略组合的比较研究

目的:为国内制药企业制定非处方药和处方药市场营销策略组合提供参考。方法:运用χ2检验对国内、外知名非处方药(66个)和处方药(34个)共100个药品品牌在国内市场运用的营销策略组合中的产品策略、价格策略、渠道策略、促销策略的种类和数量分别进行统计分析,总结其运用规律。结果与结论:品牌非处方药和处方药在产品策略、价格策略和渠道策略运用上没有显著性差别,而促销策略运用上有明显的差别,处方药品牌比非处方药品牌更倾向于运用临床拜访和学术推广,非处方药品牌则比处方药品牌更倾向于运用药店推广。     

Drug interactions in HIV treatment: complementary & alternative medicines and over-the-counter products

Introduction: Use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) and over-the-counter (OTC) medications are very common among HIV-infected patients. These products can cause clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with antiretroviral (ARV) medications, thereby increasing risk for negative outcomes such as toxicity or loss of virologic control.

Areas covered: This article provides an updated review of the different mechanisms by which CAM and OTC products are implicated in DDIs with ARV medications.

Expert commentary: Much of the literature published to date involves studies of CAMs interacting with older ARV agents via the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) system. However, the HIV treatment and prevention arsenal is continually evolving. Furthermore, our elucidation of the role of non-CYP450 mediated DDIs with ARV medications is greatly increasing. Therefore, clinicians are well served to understand the various mechanisms and extent by which new ARV therapies may be involved in drug interactions with CAMs and OTC medications.     

静脉用抗肿瘤药物医嘱审核方法探讨

目的：通过医嘱审核,促进静脉用抗肿瘤药物合理用药。方法：制定抗肿瘤药物医嘱审核流程,总结常见抗肿瘤药物医嘱审核要点,并对我院2009~2015年全部静脉用抗肿瘤药物医嘱进行审核及干预。结果：静脉用抗肿瘤药物医嘱中可见溶媒品种、溶媒用量、用药剂量等不适宜情况。结论：在静脉配置中心,实施医嘱审核可及时发现医嘱中存在的问题,促进合理、安全用药。     

FDA对药品说明书中提供钠、钾和磷的定量信息的相关要求

美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）于2022年9月发布了“人用OTC和处方药品说明书中钠、钾和磷的定量信息供企业用的指导原则（草案）”。该指导原则草案要求人用处方药和非处方药说明书中要提供钠、钾和磷的定量信息，详细阐明了对这些信息内容和位置的建议并在附录中列举了示例。而中国目前还没有类似的指导原则，详细介绍FDA该指导原则草案的主要内容，以期对我国这类说明书的撰写和监管有所帮助。     

门诊处方点评和用药分析

目的对处方进行点评,促进合理用药。方法 2010年3～11月,每月随机抽取处方150张,总计1350张,进行统计点评。结果抗菌药物使用率为38.2%,注射剂使用率为18.1%,不合格处方率为10.7%。结论处方点评实施了药师对临床的用药监控,使不合格处方率呈下降趋势,提高医生用药水平,保障用药安全。     

Hospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions: A comparative study from Jerusalem and Berlin

Summary A comparative study of adverse drug reactions (ADR) leading to hospital admission showed that 103 (4.1%) out of 2499 medical admissions in Jerusalem and 167 (5.7%) out of 2933 admissions in Berlin were due to such reactions. Sex distribution in the two patient — populations was almost equal but the Jerusalem patients were younger. The most frequent ADRs were digitalis intoxication (in Berlin) and reactions to antibiotics (in Jerusalem). Other important differences were noted in the relative frequencies of ADRs associated anticoagulants, hypoglycemic agents and oral contraceptives. They were probably related to differences in drug usage in the two countries. The most common major side effects were arrhythmias, allergic reactions, bleeding, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm and hypoglycemia. The following risk factors were identified in both cities: old age, female sex, impaired renal function, previous history of ADR and polypragmasia.