东亚飞蝗甲壳素提取条件的优化及衍生物壳聚糖抑菌活性研究

[目的] 筛选东亚飞蝗制备甲壳素的最佳条件及不同脱乙酰度和不同分子量壳聚糖的抑菌作用, 并通过透射电镜(TEM)观察对壳聚糖的抑菌机制做初步探讨。[方法] 改变实验条件制得含氮(N)量不同的甲壳素, 通过方差分析筛选制备甲壳素的最佳条件。采用抑菌圈法, 将不同脱乙酰度和不同分子量壳聚糖对5种细菌作抑菌实验, 并通过透射电镜对细菌形态进行观察。[结果] 壳聚糖对5种细菌都有抑菌作用, 脱乙酰度在90%～95%之间, 分子量在15～95 kD的壳聚糖抑菌活性较好。[结论] 用东亚飞蝗制备甲壳素的最佳条件:反应温度100℃, 氢氧化钠溶液的浓度8 %,反应时间6 h.东亚飞蝗制备的壳聚糖有很好的抑菌作用。脱乙酰度越低的壳聚糖抑菌活性越低。当分子量大于95 kD或小于15 kD时, 其抑菌活性有所降低。壳聚糖的抑菌机制是因作用于细胞壁而产生的。     

相转移催化法制备羧甲基壳聚糖

用相转移催化剂制备羧甲基壳聚糖，研究了反应时间，温度，碱浓度和投料比等工艺条件对羧甲基化程度及产物收率的影响，结果表明，使用相转移催化剂，反应时间缩短到3h，羧甲基壳聚糖取代度和收率分别达到0.92和84.42%。     

脱乙酰甲壳素的制备及其提高难溶性药物溶出速率的研究第一部分 脱乙酰甲壳素的制备

脱乙酰甲壳素的制备及其提高难溶性药物溶出速率的研究第一部分脱乙酰甲壳素的制备硕士研究生　胡巧红指导教师胡良才沈阳药科大学基础部１１００１５本文用均匀设计的方法，考察了脱乙酰甲壳素制备过程中，反应温度、反应时间及碱液与甲壳素的配料比（ｖ／ｗ）与脱乙酰甲...     

微波合成羧甲基壳聚糖

介绍了在微波条件下，以氯乙酸为改性剂制备羧甲基壳聚糖。探讨了反应时间、投料比和多次羧化等工艺条件对壳聚糖羧甲基化程度及产物收率的影响，并对产物进行了红外光谱分析。确定了制备羧甲基壳聚糖的最佳反应条件：氨基葡萄糖单元：氢氧化钠：氯乙酸=1：20：12(摩尔比)，氨基葡萄糖单元：异丙醇=1：40(摩尔比)，w碱=0．45，碱化温度为30℃，碱化时间为1h，羧化时间为30min，羧甲基壳聚糖取代度和收率分别达到0．95和95％。研究了多次羧甲基化反应对羧甲基壳聚糖取代度的影响，其取代度可进一步提高到1．70。     

壳聚糖及其衍生物的医药应用进展

壳聚糖(Chitosan，(1，4)-2-氨基-2-脱氧-β-D-葡聚糖]是由甲壳素[Chitin，(1，4)-2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-β-D-葡聚糖]经脱乙酰化反应后而得到的一种天然生物高分子，是生物界大量存在的一种线性氨基多糖，广泛存在于节足动物类的翅膀或外壳中，也存在于真菌和藻类的细胞壁中，是甲壳素最重要的衍生物，是其脱乙酰度达到70％以上的产物．其结构如下：     

不同脱乙酰度和分子量壳聚糖的生物相容性之比较

目的：壳聚糖是天然多糖几丁质部分脱乙酰基后的产物，是一种良好的生物材料。本文研究了四种来源相同，不同脱乙酰度和分子量壳聚糖的生物相容性。方法：应用四唑盐比色法(MTT)研究了宫颈癌细胞(Hela细胞)在四种壳聚糖膜上的细胞活性和生长状况，并通过酶联免疫技术(ELISA)和圆二色法(CD)测定了人血清白蛋白(HSA)在这四种壳聚糖膜上的吸附量以及吸附后HSA二级结构的变化。结果：MTT结果表明：生长在脱乙酰度为74．7％壳聚糖膜上的Hela细胞的活性最高。ELISA结果表明：脱乙酰度为74．7％壳聚糖膜对HSA的吸附量较小，其它三种壳聚糖对HSA的吸附量较高。圆二色法结果表明：吸附在脱乙酰度为74．7％壳聚糖膜上的HSA的二级结构与其他三种壳聚糖吸附HSA的结果差异较大。讨论：从这四种壳聚糖的脱乙酰度，壳聚糖膜表面的氨基含量以及亲水性等方面讨论了HSA在四种壳聚糖上的吸附量，吸附后二级结构的差异以及Hela细胞在这四种壳聚糖上生长的差异。     

壳聚糖席夫碱钯催化碘代苯与丙烯酸乙酯反应

以水杨醛与壳聚糖反应制得的壳聚糖席夫碱配体再与PdCl2反应制得了壳聚糖席夫碱钯催化剂。研究了该催化剂对碘代苯(PhI)与丙烯酸乙酯(EA)偶联生成反式肉桂酸乙酯反应的催化性能。考察了原料比、缚酸剂种类及其用量、反应温度、溶剂、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对该反应的影响,确定了该催化反应的最佳反应条件。该催化剂经过滤分离、溶剂洗涤,循环使用4次仍有较高的催化活性。     

环戊烯水合制备环戊醇

以耐高温强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂，进行环戊烯水合制备环戊醇的反应，在高压釜内考察了反应工艺条件。结果表明：在催化剂用量为30g、反应温度130～140℃、水：环戊烯=5．5～6．5：1(mol：mol)、搅拌速度600r／min、反应时间为4h、苯酚：环戊烯=1：1(m：m)的条件下，环戊烯的转化率达到25．7％，环戊醇的选择性在93%左右。     

壳聚糖的制备工艺及与医用产品质量的关系

甲壳质又称甲壳素、几丁质、不溶性甲壳素、聚乙酰氨基葡萄糖等 ,是 N-乙酰基 - D-葡萄糖胺通过 β- (1,4) -甙键联接的线性多糖 ,化学名为聚 (1,4) - 2 -乙酰氨基 - 2 -脱氧β- D-葡萄糖。壳聚糖是甲壳质的主要衍生物 ,又称为甲壳胺、壳多糖、几丁 (聚 )糖、可溶性甲壳素、脱乙酰甲壳素、粘性甲壳素、聚氨基葡萄糖等 ,化学名为聚 - 2 -氨基 - 2 -脱氧 -β- D-葡萄糖 [1 ] 。一般把脱乙酰度在 70 %以上的称为壳聚糖 ,70 %以下的称为甲壳质。甲壳质来源丰富 ,是自然界中贮藏仅次于纤维素的第二大天然有机化合物 ,广泛存在于植物细胞壁和甲…     

NMR、FTIR及电位滴定法测定壳聚糖脱乙酰度

脱乙酰度是影响甲壳素、壳聚糖及其衍生物物化特性和生物活性功能的重要参数。介绍了三种壳聚糖脱乙酰度的测定方法。以^13C交叉极化魔角旋转固体核磁法测定的结果作为参照，对红外光谱法和线性电位滴定法的测定结果进行了分析比较，并分析了不同测定方法的误差来源。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.