耐阿奇霉素梅毒螺旋体研究现状及分析

梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的多病程传染性疾病,可引起神经、心血管等多系统损害,甚至威胁生命。通常是因为与伴有活动性病变的性伴侣接触后传染,感染梅毒螺旋体的孕妇也可以通过胎盘传染给胎儿。尽管通过不懈的努力,梅毒发病率有所降低,但仍然在许多发展中国家流行,包括中国在内的发达国家也重新出现梅毒。     

袁州区1995-2000年梅毒疫情分析

梅毒是由苍白螺旋体(trepongema pallidum)感染引起的性传染性疾病，是常见的性病之一。袁州区1964～1994期间未见有病例报告，自1995年报告2例梅毒患者后，每年均有病例发生，且呈较高增长态势。为了解近几年袁州区梅毒的流行趋势，以便采取防治措施，现将1995～2000年该区梅毒流行情况报告如下。     

无锡市2000年～2004年梅毒疫情流行病学分析

梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的一种性传播疾病,传染性强且危害大,几乎可引起人体全身所有组织和器官的损害和病变,导致功能障碍、组织破坏乃至死亡。为分析无锡市梅毒疫情动态,掌握其流行趋势和特征,制定防治措施,现将该市2000年-2004年梅毒流行情况分析如下。     

梅毒

1定义 　　梅毒是由苍白螺旋体所引起的一种慢性传染性疾病.本病几乎可以侵犯全身各个器官,产生多种多样的临床症状和体征.梅毒主要通过性交传染,也可通过胎盘传给下一代发生先天梅毒.为我国法定乙类传染病. 　　……     

深圳口岸2004～2005年出入境人员传染病监测结果分析

〔目的〕了解深圳口岸2004～2005年传染性疾病流行特征,为卫生检疫部门制订传染性疾病防治措施提供科学依据。[方法]对深圳口岸2004～2005年出入境人员进行HBV、梅毒及HIV检测。[结果]深圳口岸2004年传染性疾病报告病例数为5562例;2005年传染性疾病报告病例数为5910例,2005年较2004年增长了6.6%。2004年和2005年都是HBV检出率最高,其次是梅毒,2004年和2005年分别发现HIV感染者10例和8例。[结论]HBV和梅毒病例数呈明显上升趋势,应大力加强对出入境人员传染病监测体检工作。     

海拉尔地区1993～2003年梅毒流行病学调查

梅毒是一种由梅毒螺旋体引起的慢性系统性性传播疾病，传染性强且危害大，占法定报告传染病的7．56％。为探讨海拉尔地区梅毒的流行特点及其流行趋势。以指导今后防治工作，笔者对该地区1993～2003年10年的梅毒流行情况进行了调查，报告如下。     

大同市2005—2011年梅毒流行特征分析

梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的一种慢性全身性疾病,可以引起全身组织和器官的损害与病变,导致组织破坏乃至死亡。1960年代性病在中国基本被消除,1980年代性病再度抬头,梅毒发病率也呈上升趋势。为了解大同市梅毒发病趋势和流行特征,对大同市2005—2011年梅毒流行特征进行分析。     

合肥市蜀山区2006-2012年梅毒流行病学分析

梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体感染引起的一种慢性传染病,主要通过性接触传播、血液传播和垂直传播,传染性强且危害大[1]。人体受感染后,螺旋体很快播散全身,可引起神经心血管等多系统损害,甚至威胁生命[2]。为掌握梅毒的流行特征和流行趋势,对制订和实施防控措施提供科学依据,现对合肥市蜀山区2006~2012年报告梅毒病例进行流行病学分析,结果报道如下。     

宜昌市夷陵区2001-2008年梅毒疫情分析

梅毒是一种传染性强、危害大的性传播疾病之一,几乎可引起人体全身所有组织器官损害和病变,导致功能障碍、组织破坏乃至死亡。为了解湖北省宜昌市夷陵区梅毒流行趋势和特征,为防控梅毒提供依据,现将夷陵区2001-2008年梅毒疫情分析如下。     

南京地区献血者中梅毒流行状况的调查分析

近年来,我国的梅毒发病率呈逐年上升趋势[1].梅毒是由苍白螺旋体引起的一种传染性疾病,主要传播途径是性接触传播,但输入含梅毒螺旋体的新鲜血液及血液成分也可感染梅毒[2].为预防输血感染梅毒,世界各国都将梅毒作为筛查献血员的必检项目.笔者对1999年以来南京地区227175名献血者进行梅毒检测,结果报告如下.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.