心理社会因素在重性抑郁障碍中的作用

为探讨心理社会因素在重性抑郁障碍中的作用。采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、生活事件量表(LES)、特质应对方式量表(TCSQ)和社会支持问卷(SSS)对114例重性抑郁障碍患者进行测试,同时选取97名健康志愿者进行对照研究。结果显示:①重性抑郁障碍患者组的EPQ-精神质(P),神经质(N)分高于健康对照组,内外向(E)分低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②重性抑郁障碍患者经历的负性生活事件高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。③患者组消极应对分高于健康对照组,积极应对分明显低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。④重性抑郁障碍患者组在社会支持总分,主观支持与利用度均低于健康对照组(P<0.01)。重性抑郁障碍患者的人格特征及负性生活事件,应对方式,社会支持在其发病过程中起着重要作用。     

应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念的关系:冲动性人格与抑郁情绪的不同作用

目的:考察冲动性与抑郁情绪在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间的中介效应与调节效应。方法:采用自杀风险评估问卷—自杀意念分量表、中文版Barratt冲动性人格量表、症状自评量表—抑郁分量表和青少年生活事件量表对2326名大学生进行测量。结果:①应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间呈显著正相关;②抑郁情绪在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间起部分中介作用;③冲动性人格在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间既有中介作用,又有调节作用。结论:应激生活事件、冲动性人格和抑郁情绪对大学生自杀意念的产生有重要影响。     

应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念的关系:冲动性人格与抑郁情绪的不同作用北大核心CSCDCSSCI

目的:考察冲动性与抑郁情绪在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间的中介效应与调节效应。方法:采用自杀风险评估问卷—自杀意念分量表、中文版Barratt冲动性人格量表、症状自评量表—抑郁分量表和青少年生活事件量表对2326名大学生进行测量。结果:①应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间呈显著正相关;②抑郁情绪在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间起部分中介作用;③冲动性人格在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间既有中介作用,又有调节作用。结论:应激生活事件、冲动性人格和抑郁情绪对大学生自杀意念的产生有重要影响。     

70例青少年抑郁障碍心理社会学影响因素探讨

目的：探讨青少年抑郁障碍的心理社会学影响因素。方法：连续收集70例门诊抑郁障碍患者，采用自编社会人口学资料表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、中国版明尼苏达多项人格问卷(MMPI)、ZUNG氏抑郁自评量表(SDS)、ZUNG氏焦虑自评量表(SAS)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)对70例诊断为抑郁障碍的青少年及其父母进行相应测查。结果：青少年抑郁障碍的产生及病情轻重可能与应激性生活事件、家庭关系、父母心理健康水平及父母养育方式等有关。结论：认识这一点，有利于临床诊断、预防和治疗。     

人格在大学生负性生活事件和自杀意念间的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生人格在负性生活事件与自杀意念之间的中介效应.方法:采用青少年负性生活事件量表、自杀意念量表、艾森克人格问卷对8379名大学一年级学生进行调查,采用SPSS 23.0进行数据分析,并进行中介效应检验.结果:大学生自杀意念、自杀倾向(最近一周、最忧郁时)得分与负性生活事件应激量总分及各因子得分均正相关(r=...     

述情障碍和无聊倾向性在神经质与焦虑、抑郁之间的中介效应

目的:考察新兵人格特征与心理健康的关系及述情障碍和无聊倾向性在人格特征与心理健康的中介作用.方法:通过使用艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版、自评抑郁量表、状态和特质焦虑量表、述情障碍量表和无聊倾向性量表对314名新兵进行调查.结果:神经质、述情障碍、无聊倾向性与抑郁、状态焦虑、特质焦虑均呈正相关(r=0.38～0.52,Ps<0.01).述情障碍在神经质对抑郁、状态焦虑和特质焦虑的预测中介效应分别为0.375、0.467、0.377(Ps<0.01).无聊倾向性在神经质对抑郁、状态焦虑和特质焦虑的中介作用分别为0.359、0.546、0.565(Ps<0.01).结论:述情障碍和无聊倾向性是影响神经质类型人格心理健康水平的重要因素,士兵的心理健康防治工作可以从这两个方面开展.     

生活事件对大学生抑郁的影响:神经质与应对方式的链式中介作用

目的:探讨神经质人格和应对方式在大学生生活事件与抑郁间的链式中介作用。方法:采用艾森克人格问卷、特质应对方式量表、青少年生活事件量表以及流调中心抑郁量表对330名大学生进行调查。结果:相关分析表明,神经质、消极应对以及生活事件与抑郁呈显著正相关;而积极应对与抑郁呈显著负相关。中介作用检验结果表明:生活事件通过神经质到抑郁、生活事件通过神经质和积极应对到抑郁、生活事件通过神经质和消极应对到抑郁这三条中介路径均显著。结论:神经质和应对方式在大学生应激与抑郁间存在链式中介效应。     

口吃患者人格特征与临床症状的研究

目的探讨口吃患者的情绪状态与口吃程度及其人格特征之间的相互关系,为临床治疗提供理论依据.方法应用焦虑自评量表(SAS),抑郁自评量表(SDS)、艾森克个性人格问卷(EPQ)对108例口吃患者,110名正常人,103例强迫症患者,137例抑郁性神经症患者进行测评.结果口吃组抑郁、焦虑高于正常组,低于抑郁组、强迫症组(p＜0.01).口吃患者的E分低于正常组,高于抑郁组、强迫组;N分高于正常组,低于抑郁组、强迫组(p＜0.01).E分与N分呈显著正相关.SAS、SDS得分与E分呈显著负相关.与N分呈显著正相关.SAS与SDS呈显著正相关.结论口吃患者的人格倾向于抑郁质,其负性情绪可能与人格特征有关.     

A Trace Research of the Effect of Stress-reactive Rumination on Depressive Symptoms in High School Students

目的 探讨应激性沉思反应在应激性生活事件和抑郁症状关系中的调节作用.方法 在第一次测评时,用抑郁量表、青少年生活事件问卷和应激反应问卷-沉思分量表等自评量表对527名高中生的抑郁症状、应激性生活事件和应激性沉思反应进行测评,随后每3个月测评1次抑郁症状和应激性生活事件,追踪调查1年,用多层线性模型分析数据.结果 相关分析表明,首次测评的抑郁症状、应激性生活事件和应激性沉思反应之间均两两正相关(r=0.21～0.54,P＜0.001).多层线性模型分析表明,应激性生活事件(β=0.13,P＜0.001)和应激性沉思反应(β=1.74,P＜0.001)对抑郁症状的预测作用显著,应激性沉思反应与应激性生活事件的交互作用也显著(β=0.03,P＜0.05).结论 应激性沉思反应在应激性生活事件和抑郁症状的关系中起调节作用.     

汶川地震后某医学院学生心理健康状况分析

目的 了解汶川地震后一般灾区某医学院学生的心理健康状况,为其心理健康教育与干预提供依据.方法 采用自拟问卷及事件影响量表(IES)、贝克抑郁自评问卷(BDI)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)对该院校的280名学生进行调查.结果 ①共发放问卷280份,有效回收率96.43％,23名学生IES总分≥3...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.