吞咽生命质量量表联合纤维内镜下吞咽功能检查技术在鼻咽癌放化疗后吞咽障碍患者中的应用

目的 吞咽生命质量量表(SWAL-QOL)联合纤维内镜下吞咽功能检查技术(FEES)对鼻咽癌放化疗后吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能进行评估,以了解经放化疗后的鼻咽癌患者的吞咽相关生活质量情况,并拓展二者在临床中的应用。 方法 纳入2019年9月至2020年3月在四川大学华西医院随访的经放化疗治疗的、且存在吞咽障碍的162例鼻咽癌患者为病例组,纳入健康人144例为对照组,两组均填写SWAL-QOL。并对病例组96例患者进行FEES检查,再根据渗漏/误吸量表(PAS)对其吞咽障碍严重程度进行分级。 结果 病例组SWAL-QOL中生活质量量表的总分(124.69±25.57)及吞咽症状维度得分(58.56±9.46)均明显低于对照组,且组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);生活质量量表中,除“疲劳”“睡眠”维度外,其余8个维度差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据PAS评分显示,无渗漏组22例(22.92%),喉渗漏组60例(62.50%),隐性误吸组14例(14.58%),分组比较:3组病例对比发现,SWAL-QOL总分及“言语交流”“进食恐惧”“疲劳”“睡眠”各维度差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对比无渗漏组与喉渗漏组SWAL-QOL总分、吞咽症状维度评分及生活质量量表各维度的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对比无渗漏组和隐性误吸组,SWAL-QOL总分、进食时间、言语交流、睡眠各维度的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但吞咽症状及其他维度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对比喉渗漏组和隐性误吸组,SWAL-QOL总分,“言语交流”“睡眠”各维度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),吞咽症状及其他维度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 吞咽障碍对鼻咽癌放化疗后患者生活质量影响是多方面的;SWAL-QOL可联合FEES技术,并结合PAS评分对经放化疗后的鼻咽癌患者的吞咽功能进行评估及吞咽障碍严重程度分级,且PAS分级越高,其SWAL-QOL的评分越低。     

OSAHS患者手术麻醉中应用纤维喉镜引导经鼻行气管插管

目的 探讨在纤维喉镜引导下经鼻气管插管应用于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者手术麻醉中的效果。 方法 选取OSAHS患者70例,将其分为纤维喉镜组和麻醉视频喉镜组,每组35例,观察2个组于纤维喉镜或麻醉视频喉镜引导下经鼻气管插管一次插管成功的例数、插管所用时间以及咽部损伤出血、咽后壁损伤、术中鼻腔活动性出血、术后鼻腔粘连、鼻塞等不良反应发生率。 结果 纤维喉镜组全部气管导管一次插管成功,平均所用时间(32.34±6.13)s,位置正确,麻醉全程无需调整。麻醉视频喉镜组5例患者有不同原因需要重新插管,均2次成功,平均所用时间(56.54±23.75)s,失败率14%(5/35)。纤维喉镜组插管所用时间明显优于麻醉视频喉镜组(P<0.05)。纤维喉镜组无1例出现鼻腔、咽喉黏膜损伤,术后患者插管侧鼻腔无鼻塞加重症状出现。麻醉视频喉镜组插管后鼻腔活动性出血3例,术后鼻腔粘连3例,咽后壁损伤3例。 结论 纤维喉镜引导气管插管可作为OSAHS患者困难气管插管首选,方式安全高效。     

改良负压封闭引流装置在难治性咽瘘治疗中的应用

目的 探讨改良负压封闭引流(VSD)装置在难治性咽瘘治疗中的应用。 方法 两例患者诊断分别为下咽癌(环后区, T2N2M0)和喉癌(声门区, T1N0M0),年龄为48岁和62岁,行下咽肿瘤切除术和支撑喉镜下二氧化碳激光声带部分切除术,术后下咽癌患者行放化疗,喉癌患者行放疗,分别于同步放化疗后5 d、放疗后146 d出现难治性咽瘘,应用自制改良VSD装置治疗,对两例患者咽瘘愈合过程进行观察。 结果 2例患者使用改良VSD装置治疗后分别于第6天、第3天瘘口红肿消退,第58天、第38天创面明显缩小,后行咽瘘修补术,第74天、第63天咽瘘愈合。 结论 经过改良的VSD装置可以根据创面情况灵活应用,有助于头颈部肿瘤治疗后并发的难治性咽瘘的治疗。     

CO2激光联合质子泵抑制剂治疗复发性声带突肉芽肿的疗效观察

目的 探讨CO₂激光联合质子泵抑制剂治疗复发性声带突肉芽肿的疗效。 方法 对复发性声带突肉芽肿患者28例,采用全麻支撑喉镜下CO₂激光手术,其中有胃食管反流症状16例,胃食管反流症状不明确12例,术后应用质子泵抑制剂抗胃酸反流治疗8~12周,术后随访1年观察疗效。 结果 28例术后声嘶、咽异物感等症状均有明显改善,病理证实均为肉芽组织。术后随访1年复查电子喉镜复发2例,给予埃索美拉唑40 mg/d口服1个月,肉芽肿明显缩小1例,肉芽肿未见进一步增大1例,无声嘶及异物感等喉部症状,未予再次手术治疗。 结论 胃食管反流是声带突肉芽肿术后复发的一个重要因素;CO₂激光手术联合质子泵抑制剂是治疗复发性声带突肉芽肿的一个有效方法,创伤小、复发率低。     

电子喉镜吞咽功能检查在声带麻痹定位诊断中的应用

目的 探讨电子喉镜吞咽功能检查在声带麻痹定位诊断中的应用价值。方法 以15例单侧声带麻痹患者为例,应用电子喉镜对此组患者进行吞咽功能检查,其中左侧声带麻痹10例,右侧声带麻痹5例,发病期5d～10个月。以迷走神经神经节为界,将病变部位分为迷走神经神经节或以上部位的高位病变、迷走神经神经节以下部位的低位病变,其中高位病变4例,低位病变4例,部位不明7例。结果 高位病变组的4例患者,吞咽糊状食物时全部有食物残留于病变侧梨状窝;低位病变组的4例患者,吞咽糊状食物时3例梨状窝无食物残留,仅1例患者同侧梨状窝有食物残留,但是该例患者在同时进行的食管镜检查中发现食管中段癌;7例损伤部位不明的患者中,2例同侧梨状窝有食物残留,5例梨状窝无食物残留。结论 电子喉镜下对单侧声带麻痹患者进行吞咽功能检查,根据病变侧梨状窝有无食物残留可以初步判定喉返神经损伤的部位是在迷走神经节以上或以下部位。     

CO2激光显微手术与传统显微手术切除声带息肉疗效比较

目的 比较显微镜CO₂激光机下与传统显微镜支撑喉镜下切除声带息肉的疗效及恢复情况。 方法 选择2013年5月至2016年9月就诊的214例声带息肉患者,按照病理情况和治疗方法不同分为四组,分别为普通CO₂激光组50例,普通传统显微镜组56例,复杂CO₂激光组48例,复杂传统显微镜组60例,比较两种手术方法治疗不同病理情况患者的嗓音疗效。 结果 四组患者总体疗效比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。术后普通型和复杂型声带息肉患者通过两种手术方式治疗总有效率、基频、基频微扰、振幅微扰、噪声能量、谐噪比比较均无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。 结论 显微镜CO₂激光手术与传统显微镜支持喉镜手术治疗声带息肉均能取得较为满意效果,需根据患者具体病情选择最佳治疗方案、优化手术及术后恢复。     

阿克森疗法对声带息肉术后嗓音恢复的疗效探讨

目的 观察阿克森疗法对声带息肉术后嗓音功能恢复的临床效果.方法 经电子喉镜检查并在支撑喉镜下显微镜术后病理组织学检查结果证实为声带息肉患者60例,按随机数字表法随机将病例分为2组,治疗组在术后行常规护理的基础上加阿克森疗法进行嗓音恢复治疗;对照组在术后仅行常规护理治疗.随访1年后,有完整嗓音资料的治疗组18例,对照组20例,将对两组在3个月及1年后均行嗓音障碍指数(VHI)评估.结果 治疗组和对照组在3个月和1年的有效率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),有效率比较差异随时间延长有正相关性.结论 阿克森疗法对声带息肉术后嗓音功能恢复疗效确切并且方便, 适合在声带息肉术后恢复中推广阿克森疗法以防止复发.     

鼻咽癌放疗期间两种鼻腔冲洗方法的应用效果比较

目的 比较鼻咽癌放疗期间两种鼻腔冲洗方法应用效果。 方法 选取确诊为鼻咽癌且正在接受放疗的患者60例,将其随机分为观察组与对照组各30例,观察组采用气水式鼻腔冲洗器,对照组采用一次性鼻腔冲洗器。采用中文版鼻腔鼻窦结局量表20条(SNOT-20)调查两组患者放疗前、放疗前期、放疗中期及后期生活质量并记录两组患者最终的鼻黏膜放射损伤程度。 结果 放疗前及放疗前期两组患者生活质量差异无统计学意义(P=0.626,0.643);放疗中期及后期观察组生活质量评分高于对照组(P=0.041,0.007)。放疗结束后观察组鼻黏膜损伤0度3例,Ⅰ度9例,Ⅱ度9例,Ⅲ度5例,Ⅳ度4例,对照组分别为1、2、12、8、7例,两组鼻黏膜放射损伤程度差异有统计学意义(Z=7.200, P=0.007)。 结论 与一次性鼻腔冲洗器相比,气水式鼻腔冲洗器能有效提高鼻咽癌放疗中期及后期生活质量评分,降低鼻黏膜损伤程度。     

半侧舌根组织瓣在咽腔侧方缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨下咽癌切除后应用半侧舌根组织瓣修复咽腔侧方缺损的效果。 方法 回顾性分析 2014年10月~2016年4月于山东大学齐鲁医院(青岛)行下咽癌切除并同期行半侧舌根组织瓣修补咽腔侧方缺损患者36例,其中梨状窝癌29例,下咽后壁癌7例,肿瘤均累及咽腔侧方。临床分期:Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期7例,ⅣA期25例,ⅣB期1例。统计并分析患者3年生存率、术后并发症发生率、咽喉功能恢复情况及喉功能保留率。 结果 所有患者肿瘤完整切除,病理示切缘阴性,均保留喉功能,吞咽、吞咽保护功能好(均于术后10~14 d拔除鼻饲管,顺利经口进食)。其中34例患者顺利拔除气管套管,气管套管拔除率94.4%。术后咽瘘发生1例,经短期换药后愈合,咽瘘发生率2.8%。36例患者3年生存率69.4%。 结论 半侧舌根组织瓣就近取材,操作简便,咽瘘发生率低,在咽腔侧方缺损修复中符合解剖及功能重建的要求。     

等离子射频辅助双侧声带后端切断术治疗双侧声带麻痹导致的上气道梗阻患者13例

目的 评估内镜下等离子射频辅助双侧声带后端切断术治疗双侧声带麻痹导致上气道梗阻患者的疗效。 方法 回顾性分析13例双侧声带麻痹导致的上气道梗阻患者的病例资料,其中男6例、女7例,27~73岁,所有患者均接受等离子射频辅助双侧声带后端切断术。总结评估该手术的临床疗效。 结果 13例随访时间1年1个月~2年11个月,所有患者无严重并发症发生。一次拔管率为84.44%(10/13),二次手术拔管率为88.89%(11/13),拔管时间1~3个月,中位数1个月,上气道梗阻均未复发。 结论 内镜下等离子射频辅助双侧声带切断术操作简单、手术风险小,同时治疗双侧声带麻痹效果可靠,是双侧声带麻痹导致上气道梗阻的有效治疗方法之一,也可作为其他治疗失败的补救治疗措施。     

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in the pediatric population

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic and rehabilitative usefulness of routine fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) in the pediatric population. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, consecutive, blinded. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty pediatric inpatients from a large, urban, tertiary care teaching hospital participated. Their ages ranged from 11 days to 20 years (mean, 10 years and 4 months). In a random fashion, seven subjects were assessed with both videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing (VFES) and FEES and 23 subjects were assessed solely with FEES. Diagnosis of dysphagia was determined by spillage, residue, laryngeal penetration, and aspiration. Rehabilitative strategies, e.g., positioning and modification of bolus consistencies, were based on diagnostic findings. RESULTS: There was 100% agreement between the blinded diagnostic results and implementation of rehabilitative strategies for subjects randomly assigned to receive both VFES and FEES and for subjects who received solely FEES. Of the 23 subjects assessed solely with FEES, 13 of 23 (57%) exhibited normal swallowing and 10 of 23 (43%) exhibited dysphagia. The feeding recommendation for 4 of 10 subjects with dysphagia (40%) was for a non-oral diet because of aspiration. FEES allowed for specific feeding recommendations (i.e., bolus consistency modifications, positioning, and feeding strategies) to reduce aspiration risk in 6 of 10 subjects with dysphagia (60%). CONCLUSION: FEES can be used routinely to diagnose and treat pediatric dysphagia in the acute care setting.     

Assessment of oropharyngeal swallowing dysfunction in myasthenia gravis patients presenting with difficulty in swallowing

Objective

To examine the correlation between the results of a clinical neurological evaluation and swallowing dysfunction in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients who presented with difficulty in swallowing and underwent videofluorographic (VF) and fiber-optic endoscopic (FE) evaluation.

Evaluation of Swallowing Safety With Fiberoptic Endoscope: Comparison With Videofluoroscopic Technique

Videofluoroscopy has long been viewed as the “gold standard” of swallowing examination for the comprehensive information it provides. However, it is not very efficient and accessible in some practical situations. In this study, we tried to use a modified technique of fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing (FEES) in evaluating dysphagic patients. For each examination, a spoonful of pudding and dyed water were fed in sequence three times. The pharyngeal swallowing events were observed with fiberscope panoramically and videotaped. Twenty-eight chronic dysphagic patients underwent both videofluoroscopy and FEES in 2 weeks. Comparison of the results revealed that disagreements in premature oral leakage to the pharynx, pharyngeal stasis, laryngeal penetration, aspiration, effective cough reflex, and velopharyngeal incompetence were 39.3%, 10.7%, 14.3%, 14.3%, 39.3%, and 32.1%, respectively. FEES was found to be more sensitive in detecting these risky features of swallowing, except with respect to premature leakage. Possible causes of the discrepant results are discussed, and the limitation of videofluoroscopy in practical usage is discussed. FEES is conclusively a safer, more efficient, and sensitive method than videofluoroscopy in evaluating swallowing safety.     

Dysphagia after radiotherapy: endoscopic examination of swallowing in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Dysphagia is a late sequela compromising the lives of more than one fourth of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who survive long after radiotherapy. By using fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing as a modality for dysphagia evaluation, we were able to easily recognize the functional and anatomic changes in 31 dysphagic NPC patients. The majority of patients were found to aspirate after the act of swallowing (77.4%). Seventeen (54.8%) had tongue atrophy, and 9 (29%) had vocal cord palsy. Dysfunctions such as dry mouth (45.2%), velopharyngeal incompetence (58%), premature leakage (41.9%), delay or absence of swallow reflex (87.1%), poor pharyngeal constriction (80.6%), pharyngeal residue retention (83.9%), penetration or aspiration (93.5%), and silent aspiration (41.9%) were noted in these patients. Multiple dysfunctions were demonstrated in each patient. Abnormality of pharyngeal constriction and/or aberrant upper esophageal sphincter function played the major role in the postswallow aspiration of these irradiated NPC patients. Clinically compromised patients (weight loss of > or =5 kg in 1 year or pneumonia) had more of the above anatomic and functional impairments. The radiation dosage and volume bore no correlation to the time of symptom onset, or to the occurrence of functional changes.     

Fibreoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and videofluoroscopy: does examination type influence perception of pharyngeal residue severity?1

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate whether the type of instrumental swallowing examination (Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) or videofluoroscopy) influences perception of post‐swallow pharyngeal residue. Design: Prospective, single‐blind assessment of residue from simultaneous videofluoroscopy and FEES recordings. All raters were blind to participant details, to the pairing of the videofluoroscopy and FEES examinations and to the other raters’ scores. Setting: Tertiary specialist ENT teaching hospital. Participants: Fifteen adult participants consecutively recruited; seven women and eight men aged between 22 and 73, mean age 53. All participants underwent one FEES examination and one videofluoroscopy examination performed simultaneously. Inclusion criteria: referred to speech and language therapy for assessment of dysphagia. Exclusion criteria: nil by mouth or judged to be at high risk of aspiration. Main outcome measures: The FEES and videofluoroscopy examinations were recorded simultaneously. Fifteen speech and language therapists independently scored pharyngeal residue as none, coating, mild, moderate or severe. All examinations were scored twice by all raters. Results: Intra‐ and inter‐rater agreement were similar for both examinations. There were significant differences between FEES and videofluoroscopy pharyngeal residue severity scores (anova , P < 0.001). FEES residue scores were consistently higher than videofluoroscopy residue scores. Conclusions: Pharyngeal residue was consistently perceived to be greater from FEES than from videofluoroscopy. These findings have significant clinical implications as FEES and videofluoroscopy findings are used to judge aspiration risk and to make recommendations for oral intake. Further research is required to examine the impact of FEES and videofluoroscopy examinations on treatment decisions.     

保留喉功能的梨状窝癌手术14例

目的 探讨保留喉功能的梨状窝癌手术方法和适应证。方法 梨状窝癌患者14例, Ⅰ期3例, Ⅱ期5例, Ⅲ期4例, Ⅳ期2例。行保留喉功能的手术治疗, 术后放疗40～55 Gy。结果 随访5年, 14例均恢复发音功能, 12例拔管。3年生存率为64.29%, 5年生存率为42.86%。结论 经严格术前评估, 大部分梨状窝癌患者可通过精细手术保留喉正常组织, 并通过多种修复方法恢复喉的全部或部分功能。     

纤维内镜吞咽功能检查在鼻咽癌放化疗后吞咽障碍评估中的应用

目的 探讨纤维内镜吞咽功能检查(FEES)在鼻咽癌放/化疗后吞咽障碍评估中的应用价值。方法 对37例经放/化疗后的鼻咽癌患者进行安德森吞咽障碍量表检查(MDADI)、FEES、吞咽X线荧光透视检查,对检查结果进行分析。结果 FEES吞咽障碍的阳性检测率为70.27%,高于吞咽X线荧光透视检查的吞咽障碍阳性检测率48.65%(P＜0.05),差异具有统计学意义。FEES与吞咽X线荧光透视检查的一致性较强(Kappa值为0.358)。FEES与量表评估检查一致性(Kappa值为0.340)优于吞咽X线荧光透视检查与量表评估检的一致性(Kappa值为0.194)。结论 FEES可应用于鼻咽癌放/化疗后吞咽障碍的评估,值得临床推广。     

纤维内镜检查在吞咽障碍评估中的应用研究

目的 探讨纤维内镜检查吞咽状况(fibreoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, FEES)在吞咽功能评估中的应用价值.方法 对52例临床筛选有吞咽障碍的神经系统疾病患者2日内行FEES和X线造影录像(videofluoroscopy)吞咽功能检查,结果进行对比分析.结果 FEES吞咽前咽渗漏25例次(48.1%),咽潴留39例次(75.0%),喉渗入36例次(69.2%),误吸29例次(55.8%),静息性误吸15例次(28.8%);X线造影吞咽检查以上各项分别为23例次(44.2%)、33例次(63.5%)、30例次(57.7%)、24例次(46.2%)、11例次(21.2%).以X线造影存咽检查结果为金标准,FEES对于喉渗入、误吸和静息性误吸的敏感度(分别为90.0%、87.5%、90.9%、)和阴性预测值(分别为81.3%、87.0%、97.3%)很高.将患者吞咽障碍严重程度分为无喉渗入、喉渗入、误吸、静息性误吸4个等级,Kappa一致性检验显示FEES和X线造影吞咽评估结果有高度的一致性(Kappa=0.452,加权Kappa=0.713).结论 FEES可有效评估吞咽功能障碍,有利于指导患者的饮食管理和康复治疗.     

经口三种入路切除咽旁间隙肿瘤的应用分析

目的 探讨在内镜及等离子辅助下经口切除咽旁间隙肿瘤(PPS)的手术入路的选择。方法 收集耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2015年3月至2021年12月诊断为咽旁间隙肿瘤的患者56例,经口(EATA)24例,颈侧(EA)32例。统计比较临床及手术资料。结果 所有肿瘤均完全切除,经口组分为咽后壁入路12例,咽侧壁入路7例,软腭入路5例。术后病理良性54例(96.4%),恶性2例(3.6%)。经口入路的手术时间、出血量少于颈侧组。术后颈侧组有7例出现并发症,经口组中有3例出现并发症(P=0.489)。平均随访(46.04±27.88)个月,仅经口组1例复发。结论 根据肿瘤的大小和位置选择不同的经口入路,能提供与颈侧入路相当甚至更好的治疗效果,如在手术出血量、手术时间、无颈部瘢痕等方面,但同时也是一项具有挑战性的术式,需要更加的完善。