纤维内镜吞咽功能检查在鼻咽癌放化疗后吞咽障碍评估中的应用

目的 探讨纤维内镜吞咽功能检查(FEES)在鼻咽癌放/化疗后吞咽障碍评估中的应用价值。方法 对37例经放/化疗后的鼻咽癌患者进行安德森吞咽障碍量表检查(MDADI)、FEES、吞咽X线荧光透视检查,对检查结果进行分析。结果 FEES吞咽障碍的阳性检测率为70.27%,高于吞咽X线荧光透视检查的吞咽障碍阳性检测率48.65%(P＜0.05),差异具有统计学意义。FEES与吞咽X线荧光透视检查的一致性较强(Kappa值为0.358)。FEES与量表评估检查一致性(Kappa值为0.340)优于吞咽X线荧光透视检查与量表评估检的一致性(Kappa值为0.194)。结论 FEES可应用于鼻咽癌放/化疗后吞咽障碍的评估,值得临床推广。     

鼻咽癌放疗后蝶窦病变

报道５例鼻咽癌放射治疗所引起的后遗症一蝶窦病变。其潜伏期长达８～１４年；临床主要表现为复视、头痛；视力下降发展到视神经萎缩。出现岩尖综合征１例，周围性面瘫１例。经二种途径三种术式治疗后，效果良好。病检报告为潴留囊肿２例，肉芽增生２例，骨坏死并坏死组织潴留１例。     

鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽大出血45例分析

目的 研究鼻咽癌放疗后发生鼻咽大出血的原因及抢救措施。方法本文收集45例经病理证实的鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽大出血病人，其中复发再治占77，8％，抢救方法主要包括后鼻孔填塞、鼻前野放射和颈外动脉结扎术。结果21例(46，7％)抢救成功，2例急性大出血的尸体解剖结果表明出血是与肿瘤侵蚀颈内动脉有关。鼻咽癌放疗后合并鼻咽大出血者预后凶险。结论后鼻孔填塞、颈外动脉结扎、鼻前野放射止血及血管栓塞术是目前可行的主要止血措施。出血控制后要加强对鼻咽原发灶的治疗才能提高疗效。     

吞咽生命质量量表联合纤维内镜下吞咽功能检查技术在鼻咽癌放化疗后吞咽障碍患者中的应用

目的 吞咽生命质量量表(SWAL-QOL)联合纤维内镜下吞咽功能检查技术(FEES)对鼻咽癌放化疗后吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能进行评估,以了解经放化疗后的鼻咽癌患者的吞咽相关生活质量情况,并拓展二者在临床中的应用。 方法 纳入2019年9月至2020年3月在四川大学华西医院随访的经放化疗治疗的、且存在吞咽障碍的162例鼻咽癌患者为病例组,纳入健康人144例为对照组,两组均填写SWAL-QOL。并对病例组96例患者进行FEES检查,再根据渗漏/误吸量表(PAS)对其吞咽障碍严重程度进行分级。 结果 病例组SWAL-QOL中生活质量量表的总分(124.69±25.57)及吞咽症状维度得分(58.56±9.46)均明显低于对照组,且组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);生活质量量表中,除“疲劳”“睡眠”维度外,其余8个维度差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据PAS评分显示,无渗漏组22例(22.92%),喉渗漏组60例(62.50%),隐性误吸组14例(14.58%),分组比较:3组病例对比发现,SWAL-QOL总分及“言语交流”“进食恐惧”“疲劳”“睡眠”各维度差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对比无渗漏组与喉渗漏组SWAL-QOL总分、吞咽症状维度评分及生活质量量表各维度的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对比无渗漏组和隐性误吸组,SWAL-QOL总分、进食时间、言语交流、睡眠各维度的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但吞咽症状及其他维度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对比喉渗漏组和隐性误吸组,SWAL-QOL总分,“言语交流”“睡眠”各维度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),吞咽症状及其他维度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 吞咽障碍对鼻咽癌放化疗后患者生活质量影响是多方面的;SWAL-QOL可联合FEES技术,并结合PAS评分对经放化疗后的鼻咽癌患者的吞咽功能进行评估及吞咽障碍严重程度分级,且PAS分级越高,其SWAL-QOL的评分越低。     

鼻咽癌放/化疗后吞咽障碍的临床评估

目的 遴选出安全、有效、便捷的鼻咽癌放/化疗后吞咽障碍的评估方法。方法 选取在邵阳市中心医院就诊的鼻咽癌患者37例,应用吞咽X线荧光透视检查（VFSS）、进食评估问卷调查量表（EAT-10）、安德森吞咽障碍量表（MDADI）、反复唾液吞咽试验（RSST）和洼田饮水试验（WST）对入组患者进行吞咽功能的评估,筛选适合鼻咽癌放/化疗后吞咽障碍评估的方法。结果 以VFSS为金标准,进食评估EAT-10的灵敏度为83.33%,MDADI灵敏度为72.22%,RSST特异度为84.21%,但这些方法与金标准的Kappa值都小于0.2,其一致性较低。WST特异度为78.95%,Kappa值大于0.2,具有相对较好的一致性。结论 WST与VFSS的一致性相对较好,可以作为鼻咽癌放/化疗后吞咽障碍的筛查工具,其他方法也可辅助评估。     

系统性康复训练对鼻咽癌放疗患者吞咽功能的影响

目的探讨系统性康复训练对鼻咽癌放疗患者吞咽功能的影响。方法选择我院2018年7月-2020年7月收治的鼻咽癌放疗后存在吞咽功能障碍的患者64例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组32例,对照组患者予以常规抗感染、营养支持等对症治疗,观察组患者在上述治疗基础上予以系统性康复训练治疗,比较两组治疗前后渗漏-误吸评估量表(PAS)分级和治疗疗效。结果经治疗后1个月,观察组患者PAS分级显著低于对照组,同时观察组患者治疗有效率为90.63%(29/32),显著高于对照组68.75%(22/32),差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论系统性康复训练治疗模式能够改善鼻咽癌放疗患者的吞咽功能,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

鼻咽清创术在鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽坏死并反复出血的应用

目的 探讨鼻咽清创术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽坏死致反复鼻出血的疗效。方法 8例鼻咽癌放疗后因鼻咽坏死引起鼻出血,在常规止血效果不理想的情况下,采用鼻咽清创术治疗,并分析其效果。结果 8例均未出现严重的手术并发症,1例因再次出血死亡,7例出血得到控制,随诊情况良好。结论 在常规止血效果不佳的情况下,鼻咽清创术可有效治疗鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽坏死所致鼻出血。     

鼻咽癌调强适形放疗137例远期疗效及预后因素分析

目的：回顾性分析137例鼻咽癌调强适形放射治疗的远期疗效及预后影响因素。方法：对确诊的初治的无远处转移的137例鼻咽癌患者,采用三维适形调强放射治疗技术。在放疗后1个月按WHO实体瘤疗效评价标准进行近期疗效评价。放疗结束后2年内每3个月复查一次,2年后每6～12个月复查一次,常规进行临床查体、鼻咽镜、CT、B超、MRI、胸片、骨扫描检查,了解鼻咽腔、颈部淋巴结及颅神经情况。采用寿命表法计算总生存率,Kaplan-Meier方法计算无复发生存率、无远处转移生存率、无瘤生存率,用Log—rank检验法对14项可能影响预后的临床因素进行单因素分析,采用Cox风险比例模型做多因素分析,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果：①1、3、5年总生存率分别为98．5％、90．3％、74．6％,无复发生存率分别为97．0％、81．9％、66．7％无远处转移生存率分别为96．3％、80．5％、56．0％,元瘤生存率分别为95．6％、76．9％、43．8％;②单因素分析显示T分期、N分期、92福州临床分期、联合化疗、颅底骨质破坏、颅神经损伤、咽后淋巴结转移、疗终残留、总放疗时间等对预后的影响有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）;性别、族别、年龄、病理类型、贫血与否对预后的影响无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;③将T分期、颅底骨质破坏、颅神经损伤、咽后淋巴结转移、N分期、联合化疗、疗终残留、总放疗时间、贫血与否引入Cox模型,结果表明N分期、联合化疗、颅神经损伤、疗终残留、总放疗时间是影响鼻咽癌预后的独立因素（均P〈0．05）。结论：鼻咽癌调强适形放射治疗较常规放疗有明显优势,在相关临床因素中N分期、颅神经损伤、联合化疗、疗终残留、总放疗时间是影响预后的最主要因素。     

动态喉镜及纤维喉镜诊断早期声带癌价值比较

目的评价动态喉镜及纤维喉镜诊断早期声带癌的价值.方法采用双盲法对照实验,按照统一的诊断标准,对患者动态喉镜和纤维喉镜检查录像进行诊断,诊断结论与活检病理结果相对照.应用临床流行病学诊断试验的公式计算灵敏度、特异度、漏诊率、误诊率、正确诊断指数、阳性似然比等.结果动态喉镜诊断早期声门癌灵敏度（Sen）86.2%,漏诊率13.8%,特异度（Spe）86.8%,误诊率13.2%,正确诊断指数73.0%,阳性似然比6.53.纤维喉镜诊断早期声门癌灵敏度（Sen）76.7%,漏诊率23.3%,特异度（Spe）73.5%,误诊率26.5%,正确诊断指数50.2%,阳性似然比2.89.结论动态喉镜和纤维喉镜诊断早期声门癌有较高的灵敏度和特异度,有利于尽早发现可疑为喉癌的声带病变,提示医生早做病理检查明确诊断.     

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Approximately 8 million people in the United States report some degree of dysphagia annually; as the population continues to age, this will become a greater problem. A comprehensibly performed and interpreted fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing provides invaluable information for the evaluation and management of individuals with dysphagia or aspiration, or both. STUDY DESIGN: Review. METHODS: The state-of-the-art technique, interpretation, predictive value, and safety of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing was reviewed.     

Predictive value of the Hyodo score in endoscopic evaluation of aspiration during swallowing

Objective

The Hyodo scoring system during the endoscopic procedure has been proposed as a new tool for evaluating oral intake feasibility. However, the effectiveness of the information obtained from this procedure in predicting aspiration is not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of clinical factors, including Hyodo scores, for predicting the risk of aspiration.

Patient-controlled comparison of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) and videofluoroscopy

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the results of videofluoroscopy (VFS) with flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) in dysphagia testing. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of data collected over a 4-year period at a tertiary care medical center. The FEESST and VFS results for patients receiving both examinations within a 2-week period were compared with respect to swallowing function. Comparisons were categorized as full agreement, minor disagreement that would not result in a significant difference in diet recommendations, and major disagreement that would result in a significant difference in diet recommendations. Kappa with quadratic weighting was calculated to evaluate the inter-test agreement. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Forty-one percent of patients were not eating by mouth at the time of FEESST and the mean interval between the two examinations was 5 days. Laryngeal examination revealed edema/erythema in 93%, impaired pharyngeal squeeze in 66%, decreased laryngopharyngeal sensation in 82%, and absent laryngeal adductor reflex in 30%. FEESST with all consistencies revealed pooling in 89%, penetration in 83%, and aspiration in 65% of patients. VFS revealed pooling in 65%, penetration in 67%, and aspiration in 54% of patients. Comparison of FEESST and VFS revealed full agreement in 52%, minor disagreement in 13%, and major disagreement in 35% of patients. A weighted kappa value of 0.324 signified only "fair" agreement between the two tests. CONCLUSIONS: FEESST and VFS may not represent comparable tests of dysphagia. Further comparative studies of tests of swallowing function are required to determine the ideal approach to dysphagia testing.     

Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility: incidence and pathophysiology of aspiration

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to examine the incidence and pathophysiology of aspiration in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility presenting with dysphagia. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) data and medical records in two tertiary medical care centers. METHODS: The data for all patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility who underwent FEESST between 2000 and 2003 were reviewed. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients (45 male and 36 female patients) were included in the study. The mean age was 59 years. The most common causes or origins were iatrogenic (42%), malignancy (23%), and neurological (18%). The immobility was left-sided in 59% of patients. A majority of the patients exhibited laryngeal edema/erythema (90%), difficulty with secretions (60%), and decreased laryngopharyngeal sensation (83%). The laryngeal adductor reflex was absent in 34% of the patients. An aspiration rate of 35% was detected with thin liquids. Trials of purees revealed a 76% rate of pooling, 44% rate of spillage, 32% rate of penetration, 18% rate of aspiration, and 24% rate of regurgitation. Rates of penetration and aspiration with purees were significantly higher in patients who had decreased laryngopharyngeal sensation, absent pharyngeal squeeze, and absent laryngeal adductor reflex. CONCLUSION: Dysphagia in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility is demonstrated during FEESST by pooling, spillage, penetration, and aspiration. The pathophysiology of dysphagia is multifactorial with decreased sensation and limitation of airway protective mechanisms both acting as contributing factors.