Comparison of coronary artery bypass grafting and drug-eluting stents in patients with chronic kidney disease and multivessel disease: A meta-analysis

BackgroundThe optimal revascularization strategy of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent (PCI-DES) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and multivessel disease (MVD) remains unclear.MethodsPubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched from inception until June 2016. Studies that evaluate the comparative benefits of DES versus CABG in CKD patients with multi-vessel disease were considered for inclusion. We pooled the odds ratios from individual studies and conducted heterogeneity, quality assessment and publication bias analyses.ResultsA total of 11 studies with 29,246 patients were included (17,928 DES patients; 11,318 CABG). Compared with CABG, pooled analysis of studies showed DES had higher long-term all-cause mortality (OR, 1.22; p < 0.00001), cardiac mortality (OR, 1.29; p < 0.00001), myocardial infarction (OR, 1.89; p = 0.02), repeat revascularization (OR, 3.47; p < 0.00001) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (OR, 2.00; p = 0.002), but lower short-term all-cause mortality (OR, 0.33; p < 0.00001) and cerebrovascular accident (OR, 0.64; p = 0.0001). Subgroup analysis restricted to patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) yielded similar results, but no significant differences were found regarding CVA and MACCE.ConclusionsCABG for patients with CKD and MVD had advantages over PCI-DES in long-term all-cause mortality, MI, repeat revascularization and MACCE, but the substantial disadvantage in short-term mortality and CVA. Future large randomized controlled trials are certainly needed to confirm these findings.     

冠状动脉多支血管病变伴慢性肾功能不全患者血管重建策略与预后的关系

目的对比多支血管病变伴慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）和冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）的2年临床预后。方法根据改良MDRD公式对北京安贞医院2004年到2006年因多支冠状动脉病变接受药物洗脱支架（DES）或CABG的患者的肾小球滤过率（GFR）进行计算,GFR＆lt;60mL/min诊断为CKD。共入选CKD患者1069例,其中724例接受DES,345例接受CABG。首要终点为2年内死亡、心肌梗死（MI）以及脑血管事件（CVE）的复合终点,次级终点为再次血管重建。结果在2年随访中,CABG组首要终点的发生率为9.9%,DES组为11.3%（P=0.528）。两组之间死亡率差异也无统计学意义（CABG组与DES组分别为3.5%比4.7%,P=0.422）。而DES组2年再次血管重建的比例显著高于CABG组（9.0%比4.1%,P=0.004）。Cox多因素回归分析表明,年龄、糖尿病、左心室功能不全（LVEF＆lt;30%）和急性冠状动脉综合征是复合终点发生的独立预测因素。结论在冠状动脉多支病变伴CKD患者中,CABG和DES两种血管重建策略显示出相同的死亡率和MI、CVE发生率。但DES组患者再次血管重建的发生率依然高于CABC组患者。     

Analysis of long-term survival after revascularization in patients with chronic kidney disease presenting with acute coronary syndromes

Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with CKD who develop an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have a poor prognosis, with >70% mortality at 2 years. Despite this heavy burden of disease, the optimal management of ACS in this patient population is unknown. Our goal was to compare the effect of coronary revascularization or medical therapy alone on the long-term survival of patients with CKD presenting with ACS. From 1990 to 1998, data were prospectively collected on 4,758 patients admitted to a coronary care unit with the diagnosis of ACS. Of these, 3,104 had preserved renal function, and 1,654 had significant renal dysfunction, as defined by the National Kidney Foundation in the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative classification of kidney function as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Long-term survival was assessed and outcomes were compared according to whether patients were treated with medical therapy alone or if they underwent a percutaneous or surgical revascularization procedure. Follow-up information was available in 99% of the patients up to 8 years after the index hospitalization. Of the 1,654 patients with significant renal dysfunction, 64 underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, 232 underwent percutaneous coronary revascularization, 280 underwent a diagnostic cardiac catheterization and were subsequently treated medically, whereas 1,078 were treated with medical therapy alone. Percutaneous coronary revascularization was associated with superior long-term survival. In conclusion, patients with severe CKD and ACS had improved long-term survival when treated with percutaneous coronary revascularization.     

无慢性肾病冠心病患者肾功能对预后的影响

目的 了解未诊断慢性肾脏疾病(CKD),且接受血运重建冠心病患者的肾功能状态,探讨肾功能与患者预后之间的关系,明确选择合理的血运重建方式能否使患者获益.方法 入选无肾脏病史、并接受血运苇建治疗的冠心病患者,肾功能根据肌酐清除率(CrCl)分级,评价不同肾功能患者的临床特征、冠状动脉病变和血运重建情况以及临床预后.结果 入选患者2896例,肾功能不全患者的住院期和随访期病死率以及随访期卒中的发生率高于肾功能正常患者.多因素回归分析显示,血运重建术后死亡的独立危险因素分别为:血运重建方式、年龄和CrCl.在肾功能正常和轻度肾功能不全的冠心病患者中,经皮冠状动脉介入术组的病死率显著低于冠状动脉旁路移植术组.结论 在未诊断CKD的冠心病患者中,轻、中度的肾功能不全并不少见,并与血运重建术后的不良事件相关.冠状动脉血运重建方式影响肾功能正常或轻度不全患者的预后.     

Optimal revascularization strategy for diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: the duel between old hero and young warrior

Given the results of the BARI and ARTS I trials and a meta-analysis, coronary artery bypass surgery has been preferred to percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetics with multivessel coronary artery disease requiring hypoglycemic treatment and in whom internal mammary artery grafts can be used. This approach was strongly recommended in a 2002 ACC/AHA Task Force on the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome. But, these recommendations were made before the availability of drug-eluting stents. We strongly believe that the ongoing, multi-centre FREEDOM, CARDia and SYNTAX trials will elucidate the optimal revascularization strategy for diabetic patients with multivessel disease in the near future.     

Three-vessel coronary disease in diabetics: personalized versus evidence-based revascularization strategy

A steady increase in the number of diabetic patients undergoing coronary revascularization has been recorded in recent years. The causes for this rise are found predominantly in the general demographic development of western industrialized nations, the epidemic progress and wide-spread of diabetes mellitus and changes in assignment behavior. In this article, the specific risk profile of diabetic coronary patients with three-vessel disease in percutaneous or surgical revascularization and tried and tested treatment concepts for this particularly challenging group of patients, with reference to the most recent study results will be presented. Particularly, the peculiarities of coronary heart disease in diabetic patients, the choice of revascularization method, different operative strategies for diabetic patients with coronary heart disease, and challenges faced during follow-up are discussed.     

Optimal revascularization strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to review the current status of optimal revascularization strategies in patients presenting with multivessel coronary artery disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Coronary artery bypass surgery is the gold standard for patients with multivessel disease. Recent developments in the interventional field, like drug-eluting stents, which significantly reduced restenosis and the need for repeat revascularizations, have cut back one of the largest limitations of percutaneous coronary intervention. SUMMARY: There is currently little evidence to believe that in a general population, opting for either coronary artery bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention would imply a better long-term survival. Coronary artery bypass surgery is still associated with higher rates of complete revascularization and a higher durability than percutaneous coronary intervention, resulting in lower rates of repeat revascularization. The current evidence, however, is based on sub-optimal inconclusive data from single center or multicenter registries. Until the results of several dedicated ongoing randomized trials are presented, the choice for a revascularization strategy should be made not only on the basis of feasibility but also by taking into account each patient's co-morbidities and risk factors. Careful monitoring of glycemic control and lipid concentrations and an optimal pharmacological treatment are at least as important in achieving an optimal outcome.     

Patients with severe chronic kidney disease benefit from early revascularization after acute coronary syndrome

Background

Early revascularization is associated with improved outcomes after non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It is unclear whether its benefits exist in patients with ACS and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), because these patients are often sub-optimally treated and excluded from clinical trials.

Methods

We undertook meta-analyses of short- and long-term mortality outcomes in comparative studies examining the effectiveness of early revascularization in patients with ACS and CKD (as estimated by Glomerular Filtration Rate, eGFR). A literature search between 1995 and 2010 identified 7 published reports enrolling 23,234 patients with at least mild reduction in eGFR (< 90 mL/min/1.73 m²), of whom 6276 and 16,958 patients received early revascularization versus initial medical therapy, respectively. Summary odds ratios (OR) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects models. Sensitivity analyses were performed by one-study removal, and publication bias was assessed by the funnel plot analysis.

Results

Early revascularization was associated with a reduction in 1-year mortality compared to initial medical therapy (OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.26–0.82, P = 0.008) among ACS patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². The mortality reduction with early revascularization occurred upfront (short term mortality OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.56–0.87, P = 0.001), persisted at 3 years (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.31–0.96, P = 0.037), was evident across all CKD stages (including dialysis patients), and was independent of the influence of any single study.

Conclusions

Early revascularization after ACS is associated with reduced mortality in appropriately-selected patients with CKD, including those with severe CKD or receiving dialysis.     

Outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease referred late to nephrologists: a meta-analysis

Purpose

The study purpose was to compare differences in mortality and the duration of hospitalization in patients with chronic kidney disease who are referred early versus late to nephrologists.

Methods

We searched English-language literature from 1980 through December 2005, along with national conference proceedings, the Web of Science Citation Index, and reference lists of all included studies. Twenty-two studies with a total sample size of 12,749 met inclusion criteria.

Results

There was significantly increased overall mortality in the late referral group as compared with the early referral group (relative risk 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66 to 2.39, P <.0001). The duration of hospital stay, at the time of initiation of renal replacement therapy, was greater in the late referred group by an average of 12 days (95% CI, 8.0 to 16.1, P = .0007). Significant heterogeneity was detected for both outcomes.

Conclusion

Timing of referral emerged to be a significant factor impacting homogeneity in the mortality outcome. Our results suggest significantly higher mortality and increased early hospitalization of chronic kidney disease subjects referred late to nephrologists as compared with earlier referred subjects.     

Coronary artery disease in chronic kidney disease patients: assessing the evidence for diagnosis, screening and revascularization

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in North America, with an attendant increase in cardiovascular complications. The bulk of the mortality and morbidity in CKD patients can be attributed to coronary artery disease (CAD), especially in the presence of diabetes mellitus. Thus, screening and diagnosis of CAD is particularly important in the management of these patients, especially during evaluation for renal transplantation. However, numerous limitations exist with noninvasive tests that cloud the ideal strategy for diagnosis. In addition, the optimal revascularization strategy (surgery versus percutaneous intervention) for CAD is controversial for these patients. Randomized trials are clearly needed; unfortunately, major cardiovascular trials usually exclude patients with significant renal dysfunction. The current diagnostic and revascularization strategy for CAD in CKD patients is discussed, highlighting current controversies that warrant further investigation.     

Complete versus culprit-only revascularization during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with multivessel disease: A meta-analysis

Complete versus culprit-only revascularization in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with multivessel disease is controversial. Current guidelines recommend treatment of the culprit artery alone during the primary procedure. However, with improvements in stent technique and with the use of new antiplatelet drugs (GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors), complete revascularization (CR) at an early stage is attracting increasing attention. We conducted an English language search on Medline (PubMed database), Embase, and the Cochrane databases between January 1966 and January 2011, as well as a search on the China National Knowledge Internet (1979–January 2011), and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (1978–January 2011). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or non-RCTs that compared the two strategies in patients with STEMI and multivessel disease (MVD) during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included. Thirteen articles were selected, 8240 patients in the CR group and 51,998 in the culprit-only revascularization group. CR was associated with an increased short-term mortality [odds ratio (OR) = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.26, 1.53)], a long-term mortality [OR = 1.35, 95% CI = (1.09, 1.67)], and an increased risk of renal failure [OR (95% CI) = 1.24 (1.11, 1.38)] in patients with STEMI and MVD at the primary procedure. In addition, CR did not reduce the rate of short-term major adverse cardiac events [OR (95% CI) = 1.52 (0.88, 2.61)] and remyocardial infarction [OR = 0.57, 95% CI = (0.25, 1.29)]. However, CR was associated with a marked reduction in the rate of revascularization [OR = 0.45, 95% CI = (0.27, 0.74)]. This analysis of current available data demonstrates that CR during primary PCI can put those patients with STEMI and MVD at risk. To clarify this issue, large RCTs are needed.     

Choosing a revascularization strategy in patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease: a complex decision

Diabetes mellitus is associated with well-known increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In diabetics with stable coronary artery disease, the best therapeutic option is widely discussed. Current studies comparing surgical to percutaneous revascularization have been unable to definitely demonstrate any significant advantage of one strategy over the other regarding the prevention of cardiac death or acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, even taking into account clinical and angiographic information as well as the risks determined by each type of treatment, the decision regarding the best therapeutic strategy in diabetics with stable coronary artery disease is still complex.     

Outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with chronic kidney disease

Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Patients with CKD are known to have a greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease than the general population, and patients with concurrent CKD and coronary artery disease (CAD) have greater mortality than patients without CKD.The rate of cardiovascular mortality is approximately 50%, five to 10 times higher than the general population.     

Outcomes of ICDs and CRTs in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of 21,000 patients

Purpose

The efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. The aim of this meta-analysis is to explore the association between ICD/CRT and mortality in CKD patients.

Methods

An electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE. We included studies that reported outcomes of interest in CKD patients stratified by the presence of ICD, CRT, or none. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Outcomes were pooled using random effects model. Odds ratios (OR) were reported for dichotomous variables.

Results

The literature search resulted in 11 studies (observational studies) including 21,136 adult patients: seven studies compared ICD vs. no ICD and four studies compared CRT vs. ICD. All-cause mortality was significantly lower in the ICD group in comparison to that in the no ICD group (OR 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45; 0.98), P?=?0.04). Among dialysis-only patients, all-cause mortality was significantly lower in the ICD group (OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.38; 0.64), P?<?0.001). All-cause mortality was significantly lower in the CRT group in comparison to that in the ICD group (OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.57; 0.92), P?=?0.01).

Conclusions

The use of ICDs is associated with lower all-cause mortality in observational studies of CKD patients. CRT use was also associated with lower all-cause mortality in CKD patients in comparison to ICDs. A randomized controlled trial is required to definitively define the role of ICDs/CRTs in CKD patients.

     

Preventing radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing coronary angiography

Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy(RCIN) is an acute and severe complication after coronary angiography,particularly for patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease(CKD).It has been associated with both short-and long-term adverse outcomes,including the need for renal replacement therapy,increased length of hospital stay,major cardiac adverse events,and mortality.RCIN is generally defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration of 0.5 mg/dL or 25%above baseline within 48 h after contrast administration.There is no effective therapy once injury has occurred,therefore,prevention is the cornerstone for all patients at risk for acute kidney injury(AKI).There is a small but growing body of evidence that prevention of AKI is associated with a reduction in later adverse outcomes.The optimal strategy for preventing RCIN has not yet been established.This review discusses the principal risk factors for RCIN,evaluates and summarizes the evidence for RCIN prophylaxis,and proposes recommendations for preventing RCIN in CKD patients undergoing coronary angiography.