胆囊床血管的超声和应用解剖学研究

目的：为腹腔镜胆囊切除术保护胆囊床内血管提供形态学基础；探讨术前彩色多普勒超声探查肝中静脉的意义。方法：（1）对30例正常成人肝标本在超声影像下观察胆囊床血管的位置、大小及与胆囊床的毗邻关系；（2）对30例超声观察后的肝标本进行解剖，观察胆囊床内超声显示的血管的位置、来源，测量其长度和直径，比较超声下血管与解剖观察血管的形态和走行；（3）对20例肝铸型标本胆囊床血管进行观察；（4）采用彩色多普勒超声对168例正常成人活体肝脏进行观测，记录胆囊床血管的直径、位置及毗邻关系，并与解剖观察结果比较。结果：30例成人肝标本胆囊床超声影像下观察到5例直径大于2mm，长度大于2cm的变异血管；解剖证实，这些血管均为肝中静脉起始部或其属支，距胆囊床表面0～3mm，其中位于胆囊床正中的2例，位于左、右缘的分别为1例和2例，均与胆囊床长轴平行。胆囊床血管彩色多普勒超声影像检查，距胆囊床0～3mm范围内内径超过2mm的肝中静脉或其属支有29例，肝门静脉分支1例。结论：直径超过2mm，距胆囊床表面0～3mm的胆囊床变异血管为肝中静脉起始段或其属支，出现率为17．3％。腹腔镜胆囊切除术术前进行彩色多普勒超声检查，能明确胆囊床内肝中静脉或其属支及肝门静脉分支的位置及与胆囊床的关系。     

左外叶活体肝移植肝静脉的临床应用解剖

目的 :观察肝左叶静脉解剖结构 ,模拟左外叶活体肝移植肝静脉切取方法。方法 :解剖正常人肝脏标本 30具 ,观察肝脏铸型标本 30具 ,测量肝左静脉长度、管径及属支分布情况。结果 :肝左静脉主要由左外叶上段静脉支和下段静脉支汇合并延续而成 ,主要接收或不接收较有意义的属支有左后上缘静脉支和左叶间裂静脉支。结论 :肝左外叶静脉血管解剖变异较多 ,活体取肝前应仔细研究其结构特点 ,设计合理的切取模式 ;移植前肝静脉需行必要的整形 ,以便与受体静脉进行吻合。少数情况下肝左外叶活体移植为禁忌证。     

左外叶活体肝移植的解剖学研究

目的：模拟左外叶活体肝移植门静脉、肝动脉和胆管的切取方法。方法：解剖正常人肝脏标本30具，观察肝脏铸型标本30具，测量门静脉、肝动脉及胆管长度、管径及属支或分支分布情况。结果：左外叶门静脉的血供来自门静脉左支，主要为左外叶上段门静脉支、左外叶下段门静脉支；动脉主要来源于肝固有动脉、肝左动脉、肝中动脉，偶有迷走动脉支；胆道引流属支有左外叶上段胆管支、左外叶下段胆管支。结论：左外叶解剖变异较多，活体取肝前应仔细研究其结构特点，设计合理的切取模式；对门静脉、肝动脉和胆管支需行必要的整形，以便与受体相应的管道进行吻合。     

胆囊床内肝中静脉的应用解剖

目的：为临床胆囊切除术提供形态学资料。方法：对１２８例肝脏标本的胆囊床进行解剖,观察突入胆囊床内肝中静脉及其属支的和 入段的直径和长度。结果：肝中静脉及其属支突胆囊床的占１２．５％（１６例）,突人形式主要有：（１）肝中静脉主干;（２）右前叶支、或左内叶支、或两者一起突出;（３）右前叶支属支、左内叶支支、或两者一起突出３种类型。结论：胆囊切除时,应注意保护肝中静脉及属支,以防止出血。     

活体肝移植右半肝内肝静脉的应用解剖

目的:为活体肝移植提供右半肝内肝静脉的解剖学资料.方法:采用50例无病变成人尸体肝标本进行解剖剥离,对肝右静脉(RHV)及属支、副肝右静脉(aRHV)和肝中静脉(MHV)右半肝属支等进行观测.结果:RHV分型中A型、B型分别为74.0%和26.0%.RHV主干属支汇合形式可分为3种,其中90.0%为树状,8.0%呈2支型,2.0%呈3支型.RHV主要属支共(5.88±2.26)支,Ⅴ段、Ⅵ段、Ⅶ段、Ⅷ段主要属支直径分别为(4.05±1.06)mm、(3.96±0.86)mm、(4.64±1.57)mm、(4.46±1.30)mm,长度分别为(21.51±11.24)mm、(28.94±15.90)mm、(30.14±14.41)mm和(23.03±11.14)mm;Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉血液同时汇入RHV和MHV者分别占66.0%、88.0%,Ⅴ段静脉血仅通过MHV回流者占34.0%.直径≥3.00mm的aRHV的出现率为60.0%.结论:RHV引流范围同时受MHV和aRHV影响,主要属支数目不恒定,其右叶上段属支管径较下段粗,右后叶属支较前叶属支长.右叶部分活体肝移植术前应充分掌握右半肝内肝静脉的解剖学资料,以利于制定合理的手术方案.     

肝中静脉属支解剖及其在活体肝移植中的意义

目的:为临床活体肝移植提供有关肝中静脉属支的形态学资料.方法:采用50例无病变成人尸体肝标本进行解剖剥离,对肝中静脉及属支进行观测,并采集相关数据进行统计分析.结果:肝中静脉主要属支为(5.26±1.16)支,直径大于5.00mm的肝中静脉主要属支的出现率为76.0%;肝Ⅳ段静脉血大多由肝中静脉回流;肝中静脉均参与肝Ⅴ段回流,Ⅴ、Ⅶ段由肝中静脉和肝右静脉共同引流者分别占66.0%和90.0%;肝Ⅲ段静脉单独由肝中静脉引流占10.0%;肝中静脉引流肝Ⅵ段静脉血者占22.0%.结论:肝中静脉主要属支数目不恒定,形态结构多异,临床活体肝移植术前应根据肝中静脉主干的汇合形式、主要属支的分型、管径及引流范围等,进行个性化分析,研究出较理想的手术方案.     

右叶部分肝移植肝静脉的临床应用解剖

目的：为右叶部分肝移植提供肝静脉的解剖学基础。方法：观测52个铸型标本中肝静脉的走行、分布、分型，肝中静脉肝左静脉合干比率，肝短静脉的数量，大小，及其在肝静脉的各类型中的出现率。结果：肝静脉的分型中A型、B型、C型分别为65．4％、26．9％、7．7％。肝中静脉肝左静脉合干机率67．3％。肝短静脉出现率为32．6％，肝右静脉汇入下腔静脉处与肝中静脉汇入肝左静脉或下腔静脉处的距离2．Ocm以内者占80．7％。结论：本文结果为右叶部分肝移植提供了肝静脉的解剖学基础，提示中国人肝静脉的结构似乎较适合右叶部分肝移植。     

肝段在冠状断面上的划分：断层标本与磁共振图像对照研究

为给ＭＲ图像精确定位肝内占位性病变提供断面面解剖学依据，利用１０套成人肝连续冠状断层标本、３套躯干部连续冠状断层标本、４１例胎肝管道铸型及２３例正常肝ＭＲ冠状图像，研究了肝段在连续冠状断面上的划分。正中裂的产有部为肝中静脉至胆囊窝中点的连线，后部的为肝中静脉至门裂为肝左静脉至肝左缘中点的连线；右叶间裂依几呈冠状位的肝右静脉确定；右段间裂主要依门静脉分支来确定；背裂的前部为肝中静脉注入下腔静脉处至门     

肝段在矢状断面上的划分：断层标本与磁共振图像对照研究

目的：为ＭＲ矢状图像精确定位肝内占位性病变提供断层解剖学依据。方法：对照观察３８例腹部连续矢状断层标本、４１例胎肝管道铸型和８例活体腹部ＭＲ矢状图像，探讨肝段在矢状断面上的划分。结果：依肝左静脉可区分段Ⅱ和段Ⅲ，门静脉左支矢状部是段Ⅱ、段Ⅲ与段Ⅳ间的天然良界，段Ⅰ位于静脉韧带裂后方或／和下腔静脉前方，肝中静脉与肝门或胆囊窝的连线可用以区分段Ⅳ与段Ⅴ、段Ⅷ，依肝右静脉、胆囊窝和门静脉右支及其分支可区分出段Ⅴ、段Ⅷ、段Ⅵ、段Ⅶ。结论：依肝静脉、门静脉和肝的自然沟裂，在ＭＲ矢状图像上可精确划分肝段     

尾状叶静脉的应用解剖与CT研究

目的：为腹腔镜肝尾状叶切除等手术提供形态学基础。方法：①32具尸体标本采用大体解剖方法观测尾状叶静脉数量、直径、走行、回流部位、游离部长度（肝外长度）及毗邻解剖关系。②对15例铸型标本的尾状叶静脉进行观测。③采用64排螺旋CT对10例肝脏标本进行扫描，并进行三维重建。记录螺旋CT影像下尾状叶静脉内径、数量、走向及毗邻关系。与解剖研究结果比较。结果：固有尾状叶静脉有1～3支，34．38%（11例）有固有尾状叶上静脉，90．63％（29例）有固有尾状叶中静脉，59.38％（19例）有固有尾状叶下静脉。腔静脉旁部静脉和尾状突静脉都为1支，尾状突静脉出现率34．38％（11例）。尾状叶静脉主要汇入到下腔静脉肝后段的左上区（2区）、左中区（6区）、左下区（10区）。其游离部的长度长短不一。结论：了解尾状叶静脉的形态特点及分布规律，对于提高腹腔镜尾状叶切除术中操作的安全性具有临床意义。     

Anatomy of the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins: application to liver transplantation

An anastomosis between the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins of the receiver and the cranial portion of the inferior vena cava of the donor is one of the techniques for restoration of hepato-caval continuity in orthotopic liver transplantation. This technique avoids dissection of the retrohepatic vena cava and total caval clamping. The aim of this study was to define the feasibility of this technique by a morphologic and biometric study of the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins on the basis of 64 injection-corrosion hepatic specimens and 21 fresh subjects. A common trunk for the middle and left hepatic veins was present in 54 of 64 cases (84%) with a length of 3 to 17 mm. The diameter of the new ostium constructed by section 0.5 cm proximal to the junction of the middle and left hepatic veins was 23.9 ± 2.3 mm, which approximated to that of the vena cava where it traversed the diaphragm (24.4 ± 2.0 mm). These findings confirmed that restoration of hepato-caval continuity by anastomosis between the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins of the receiver and the cranial portion of the vena cava of the graft is possible without incongruence. This study makes no assumptions about the hemodynamic effects associated with the smallest diameter of the true ostium of the common trunk at its opening into the inferior vena cava. In this study, the morphology of the common trunk was comparable to that observed by Nakamura. Further, we propose an anatomo-clinical classification allowing evaluation of the facility of vascular control of the common trunk in terms of the number and location of the collateral veins.     

Subclavian vein obstruction with collateral flow through the umbilical and hepatic veins

Upper venous return to the heart can be obstructed by any number of pathologies and often leads to formation of collateral pathways around the obstruction. This case report describes a thrombotic obstruction of the left subclavian and brachiocephalic veins and a collateral pathway involving recanalization of the umbilical vein. Even more rare and unique is the anastomosis of the recanalized umbilical vein to the middle and left hepatic vein rather than the portal vein. The anatomy of the expected collateral pathways and the anastomotic vascular anomaly is described in detail, including a discussion of the embryological development of the system.     

胎肝血管的解剖及其移植应用

目的观察胎肝的血管特点,探讨在临床带血管的胎肝移植的血管吻合的选择性。方法6～10个月胎龄的死胎33例于手术放大镜下原位解剖胎肝的附属血管,用直尺、卡尺和分割规测量附属血管的外径和长度。结果6～10个月胎龄的胎肝脐静脉的外径为(3.68±0.48)mm～(5.61±0.87)mm,长度为(36.12±4.58)mm～(50.97±7.68)mm;门静脉的外径为(2.31±0.43)mm～(4.16±0.65)mm,长度为(15.62±2.68)mm～(29.03±4.87)mm;肝固有动脉的外径为(1.67±0.82)mm～(2.32±0.98)mm,长度为(14.96±3.03)mm～(25.58±3.85)mm。脐静脉的外径较门静脉的外径粗(P<0.05);门静脉的外径较肝固有动脉的外径粗(P<0.05)。结论在胎肝移植前先结扎静脉导管,以脐静脉替代门静脉吻合,门静脉替代肝固有动脉吻合,更有利于吻合技术操作和供肝的双重血供,更有利于供肝发挥正常的功能。     

Corona mortis: an anatomical study with clinical implications in approaches to the pelvis and acetabulum

The "corona mortis" is an anatomical variant, an anastomosis between the obturator and the external iliac or inferior epigastric arteries or veins. It is located behind the superior pubic ramus at a variable distance from the symphysis pubis (range 40-96 mm). The name "corona mortis" or crown of death testifies to the importance of this feature, as significant hemorrhage may occur if accidentally cut and it is difficult to achieve subsequent hemostasis. It constitutes a hazard for orthopedic surgeons especially in the anterior approach to the acetabulum. We carried out forty cadaver dissections (80 hemi-pelvises) through the ilioinguinal approach. A vascular anastomosis was found in 83% of specimens. Of these, 60% had a large diameter (>3 mm) channel along the posterior aspect of the superior pubic ramus. In clinical practice, however, 492 anterior approaches (to the best of our knowledge the largest series described) have been carried out over the last 15 years by the senior author (MB) and only five of these problematic vessels were discovered, and in only two cases was there troublesome bleeding. This study confirms a paradox: in anatomical dissections a large vessel was identified behind the superior pubic ramus, whereas in clinical practice this vessel does not seem to be as great a threat as initially perceived. Orthopedic surgeons planning an anterior approach to the acetabulum, such as the ilioinguinal or the intrapelvic approach (modified Stoppa), have to be cautious when dissecting near the superior pubic ramus. Despite the high prevalence of these large retropubic vessels in the dissecting room, surgeons should exercise caution but not alter their surgical approach for fear of excessive hemorrhage.     

指掌侧静脉的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的探讨指掌侧固有静脉是否存在,指掌侧浅、深静脉在断指再植中的应用价值。方法5只新鲜尸体手,以环氧树脂混合溶液为填充剂,灌注后制成动、静脉分色手血管铸型标本,在手术显微镜下解剖观测。结果指掌侧固有静脉分布不恒定,在示、中、环指共30条手指血管神经束中发现3条,指掌侧固有静脉起自手指中节,在血管束内伴随指动脉而行,在指根部注入指掌侧总静脉,在手指近节其外径为(0.21±0．03)mm。指掌侧浅静脉位置恒定,在远侧指间关节处汇聚成2～4条较粗大的纵向静脉干,逐渐向指掌侧中线的两侧分布,形成2条静脉主干,其在中节的外径为(0.64±0.12)mm,在近节的外径为(0.78±0.10)mm。指掌侧浅静脉管径较粗,但细于指背静脉,其与指背静脉外径的差异有非常显著意义(P＜0.01)。结论指掌侧固有静脉不恒定,属于一种退化现象,不能作为断指再植中的常规吻合静脉。指背静脉是断指再植中的主要吻合静脉,指掌侧浅静脉具有吻合价值。在断指再植中吻合指背静脉的同时,吻合指掌侧浅静脉利于再植指的静脉回流,提高断指再植的成活率。     

The congenital anastomoses between hepatic arteries:angiographic appearance

The purpose of this study was to evaluate congenital anastomoses between hepatic arteries demonstrated on angiography in ten patients and to correlate the anastomosis with types of hepatic arterial anatomy. We evaluated the types of the hepatic arterial anatomy based on Michels’ classification for 720 patients and compared the anatomic types between the patients with the anastomoses (ten patients) and without the anastomoses (710 patients). The diameter of the anastomoses ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 mm (mean, 2.4 mm). Five anastomoses were classified as tortuous type and five as straight type. Based on Michels’ classification for types of hepatic arterial anatomy, eight (80%) of ten patients with the congenital anastomoses were classified as type III (replaced right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery). The remaining two patients were classified as type IV (replaced right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery and replaced left hepatic artery from left gastric artery) and type VIIIa (replaced right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery and accessory left hepatic artery from left gastric artery). Eight (16%) of 48 patients who were classified as type III have the anastomoses. In conclusion, the congenital anastomoses were observed especially in patients with replaced right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery.     

Anatomical considerations on Sudeck's critical point and its relevance to colorectal surgery

Sudeck's critical point at the rectosigmoid junction is described as the point of origin of the last sigmoid arterial branch, originating from the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). There is controversy on the importance of Sudeck's point, and the frequency in which the anastomosis is found. Furthermore, the diameter of the anastomosis, if present, may also impact on the viability of the caudal stump. This study aimed to determine the frequency in which a macroscopic anastomosis occurs, between the superior rectal artery and the last sigmoidal branch, in a cadaver population; the diameter of this anastomosis and the distance from the origin of the IMA to Sudeck's point. Sixty-four cadavers were included in the study, excluding those with previous surgery to the rectosigmoid junction. Sudeck's point was carefully identified and dissected to establish the presence of an anastomosis. Subsequent measurements were performed using a digital caliper (accuracy = 0.01 mm). A macroscopic anatomosis was absent in three cases (4.7%). The mean diameter of the anastomosis when present was 1.9 mm (SD: 0.5 mm), and the distance from the origin of the IMA to Sudeck's point was 55.5 mm (SD: 14.6 mm). Although an anastomosis is present in the majority of cases, the vessel is very small in diameter, and may not be sufficient to meet the demands of the caudal stump. The distance from the origin of the IMA to Sudeck's point is sufficient enough to allow for ligation of the IMA proximal to Sudeck's point.     

老年大鼠后肢高血流剪切力诱导的侧支血管生长及其与血管生成素-1表达的关系

目的:检测老年大鼠后肢高血流剪切力诱导的侧支血管生长情况及其与血管生成素-1(Ang-1)表达的关系。方法:实验组取12只老年健康SD大鼠,左侧行股动静脉单纯分离,右侧行股动静脉吻合术,在1周与4周时间点分别处死6只大鼠,采用血管造影与共聚焦免疫荧光术分别观察侧支血管生长情况及Ang-1在血管处的表达情况,正常组3只大鼠用作正常对照组。结果:正常对照组的侧支血管生长与假手术侧无明显差异,但吻合侧的侧支血管生长明显增加,且4周组吻合侧的血管生长多于1周组。正常对照组的血管Ang-1表达与假手术组无明显差异,仅在血管外膜及部分中膜存在表达;1周组吻合侧的Ang-1不仅在原有表达区域明显表达增加,且在内皮细胞处也有所表达;4周组吻合侧Ang-1在血管各层均明显存在高表达。与假手术侧相比,吻合侧Ang-1表达增加,差异具有统计学意义;4周吻合侧的Ang-1荧光强度较1周吻合侧明显增加,其差异也具有统计学意义。结论:老年大鼠后肢高血流剪切力模型可以诱导侧支血管的生长,且与相应部位血管Ang-1表达的增长呈正相关。     

桡动脉掌浅支为蒂的大鱼际皮瓣的显微外科解剖

目的介绍以桡动脉掌浅支为蒂的大鱼际皮瓣的显微解剖学基础,为该皮瓣游离移植修复指腹缺损提供解剖学依据。方法解剖20只成人新鲜尸体手标本,于远侧腕横纹上方约10cm处解剖出桡动脉灌注红色乳胶,桡动脉的伴行静脉及头静脉灌注蓝色乳胶,在手术显微镜下进行解剖,观察大鱼际皮肤动脉、静脉、神经来源、分支及吻合情况。其中5只标本于桡动脉掌浅支起始处灌注墨汁,测量皮肤染色范围。结果桡动脉掌浅支起始处外径为(1.40±0.22)mm,长度为(2.0±0.5)cm,皮瓣可切取面积为2cm×3cm～4cm×5cm。静脉回流有两种途径,神经支配以正中神经掌皮支为主。结论桡动脉掌浅支起始与走行恒定,口径适当,可设计以桡动脉掌浅支及其伴行静脉或浅静脉为蒂、带正中神经掌皮支的大鱼际皮瓣游离移植修复指腹缺损。     

3D DCE MRP在评价肝硬化门脉高压症门静脉系统血管解剖及侧支循环的价值

目的:探讨三维动态对比增强磁共振门脉血管造影(3DDCEMRP)在肝硬化门脉高压症门静脉系统及门体侧支循环显像中的应用价值.方法:对19例肝硬化门脉高压症组病人及51例非肝硬化对照组行3DDCEMRP检查,测量门脉系统各主要干支的径线并比较两者差异;于3DDCEMRP检查前后10d内,对所有肝硬化症组患者行门脉间接造影,以其结果为标准,分析侧支循环发生的部位和分布范围,评价两者的符合情况.结果:肝硬化门脉高压症组MPV、SPV及SMV直径明显大于对照组(P<0.05),门脉分支级数明显减少;但Child A、B级患者间MPV直径及门脉分支级数的减少无明显差别(P>0.05).同时,3D DCE MRP显示2例门脉主干海绵样变并检出48条肝外侧支血管,与DSA结果相对照,除1例脐静脉开放及1例自发性脾肾分流未见显示外,其余侧支循环在3D DCE MRP 上均清楚显影,总符合率为96.0%(48/50).结论:3DDCEMRP能较好显示门脉系统的解剖影像,并对曲张静脉、侧支循环显影良好,也是诊断门脉海绵样变的有效方法.对于门脉高压症的诊断及手术治疗有重要指导意义.