环肺静脉电隔离治疗心房颤动50例的护理

目的探讨经导管行环肺静脉电隔离治疗心房颤动的护理。方法对50例心房颤动患者环肺静脉隔离术的观察和护理。结果手术成功,随访1~12个月,无任何并发症的发生。结论环肺静脉电隔离治疗心房颤动安全有效,高质量的术前、术后护理是治疗心房颤动的重要保证。     

组织多普勒评价阵发性心房颤动患者环肺静脉左心房线性消融术后左心房功能变化

目的 利用组织多普勒超声评价阵发性心房颤动(房颤)患者环肺静脉左房线性消融术后左房功能的动态变化.方法 阵发性房颤患者108例,CARTO系统下行环肺静脉左房线性消融术,术前48 h及术后48 h、1个月、3个月、6个月分别行组织多普勒及常规超声心动图检查.结果 106例阵发性房颤患者成功施行环肺静脉左房线性消融术.与术前相比,左房前后径和左房容积减小,但术后48 h、1个月差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后3个月和6个月差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);左室舒张末内径、左室收缩末内径、左室射血分数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);二尖瓣舒张早期峰速差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),二尖瓣舒张晚期峰速术后48 h较术前降低(P＜0.05),术后1个月、3个月、6个月逐渐增高,3个月时恢复到术前水平.与术前相比,二尖瓣环左室侧壁收缩期峰速、舒张早期峰速差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),舒张晚期峰速术后48 h较术前降低(P＜0.05),术后1个月、3个月、6个月逐渐增高,1个月时恢复到术前水平.结论 环肺静脉左房线性消融术后左房内径和容积减小;环肺静脉左房线性消融术后可出现左房主动收缩功能降低(左房顿抑),经过一段时间可自行恢复.     

EnsiteNavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左心房线性消融治疗心房颤动

目的 探讨EnsiteNavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左房线性消融电隔离治疗心房颤动的疗效.方法 阵发性心房颤动14例和持续性心房颤动3例,采用EnsiteNavX标测系统进行环肺静脉左房线性消融.消融终点为肺静脉电隔离.结果 17例患者均达到消融终点;手术时间(226.1±36.2)min、X线曝光时间(41.3 ±12.8)min、放电时间(61.9±15.4)min.术后2例复发,1例再次消融成功,1例拒绝再次手术;随访3～26个月,14例(82.3%)无心房颤动发作;3例(17.7%)有心房颤动复发,但发作次数及时间均较术前明显减少,用胺碘酮治疗可控制(术前胺碘酮治疗无效).术中及随访期间无任何与操作相关的并发症.结论 Ensite NavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左房线性消融治疗心房颤动有效、安全.     

多层螺旋CT评价不同类型心房颤动患者左心房和左心耳功能

目的 采用多层螺旋CT定量测量心房颤动（AF）患者左心房、左心耳功能,探讨不同类型AF患者之间左心房及左心耳功能的差异。方法 收集71例AF患者,包括阵发性房颤（PAF）40例（PAF组）,持续性房颤（PeAF）31例（PeAF组）。应用心功能后处理软件测量AF患者左心耳最大容积（LAAV_max）、左心耳最小容积（LAAV_min）、左心房最大容积（LAV_max）和左心房最小容积（LAV_min）,并计算左心耳射血分数（LAAEF）、左心耳射血量（LAAEV）、左心房射血分数（LAEF）、左心房射血量（LAEV）。结果 PeAF组LAAEF、LAEF、LAEV均小于PAF组（P均<0.01）,LAAV_max、LAAV_min、LAV_max、LAV_min均大于PAF组（P均<0.05）。2组间LAAEV差异无统计学意义（P=0.23）。AF患者LAAEF与LAEF呈正相关（r_s=0.57,P<0.01）,与AF持续时间呈负相关（r_s=－0.26,P=0.03）。结论 应用多层螺旋CT可以客观评价左心房和左心耳功能,对认识不同分型AF患者左心耳和左心房功能改变有重要临床意义。     

左心房心外膜脂肪组织CT密度与心房颤动的相关性研究

目的:探讨MSCT测量的左心房心外膜脂肪组织(LA-EAT)密度与心房颤动(房颤)的相关性.方法:选取2018年1月-2020年4月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院行左心房增强CTA或冠状动脉增强CTA的阵发性房颤患者44例,持续性房颤患者31例,另选取窦性心律患者112例作为对照.测量所有患者的LA-EAT CT值、心外膜...     

102例房颤患者冠状窦的放射解剖学参数（64排CT测量报告）

目的：通过64排螺旋CT增强扫描三维软件分析102例患者冠状窦的放射解剖学参数,为置管及导管设计提供参考。方法：选择102例拟行阵发性房颤消融的患者,术前行64排螺旋CT增强扫描检查,采用软件Advantage Workstation 4.3（GE Medical System）多个切面分析,三维重建冠状窦和心脏外形,测量主动脉直径、胸椎高度、冠状窦开口段的方向、直径、末段直径,冠状窦开口高度距心脏下缘的距离,分析冠状窦直径、开口高度与身高、体质量、胸椎位置关系、心脏外形的相关性。结果：冠状窦开口向上（与轴面成角27.4°±10.2°）指向右前方（与矢状面成角31.1°±11.4°）,冠状窦开口直径最小12.4 mm×4.3 mm,最大37.3 mm×21 mm,其末段直径（8.9±2.7） mm。冠状窦开口高度,以胸骨角平面向下记录,平均值为4.8±0.7个椎体高度,窦口距离心脏下缘水平线上平均（27.8±8.5） mm（1.2个椎体高）。冠状窦开口与心脏外形成角相关性较佳,横位心冠状窦口显著下移。结论：冠状窦开口向上且指向右前方,开口段直径变异巨大。冠状窦开口高度与胸椎绝对位置相关性差,而与心脏是否横位相关,一般位于心脏下缘水平线上约1.2个椎体高。     

左心房与肺静脉容积比预测导管消融术后心房颤动复发

目的 观察左心房容积(LAV)与肺静脉容积(PVV)比(LAV/PVV)预测导管消融术后心房颤动(AF)复发的价值。方法 纳入95例接受导管消融术治疗的AF患者，根据术后随访1年内有无AF复发将其分别归入复发组(n=23)与未复发组(n=72)。采用2种方法(方法1,对各支肺静脉均渲染至距肺静脉开口部后2 cm;方法2,对各支肺静脉均渲染至肺静脉分叉后1 cm)基于心脏CT血管成像(CTA)测量左肺上静脉容积(LSPVV)、左肺下静脉容积(LIPVV)、右肺上静脉容积(RSPVV)及右肺下静脉容积(RIPVV),计算LAV及PVV;比较2种方法测值，评估LAV/PVV预测导管消融术后AF复发的价值。结果 方法1、2所测LIPVV差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据单因素分析结果，性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、心力衰竭、LAV及LAV/PVV均为导管消融术后AF复发的危险因素；多因素分析结果显示，仅LAV/PVV为AF复发的危险因素。以8.27为方法1所获LAV/PVV的最佳截断值，其预测导管消融术后AF复发的曲线下面积(AUC)、敏感度及特异度分别为0.774、78.26%...     

The impact of atrial fibrillation ablation on left atrial function: association with baseline left atrial function

Background: The effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation on left atrial (LA) function has not been sufficiently determined. Methods: We enrolled 115 consecutive patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF that underwent AF ablation. Multidetector computed tomography was performed in sinus rhythm before and 3 months after ablation to evaluate LA volume (LAV) and function. Estimates of maximum and minimum LAV were used to calculate LA emptying fraction (LAEF) ([maximum–minimum LAV]/maximum LAV × 100). Results: AF ablation significantly decreased maximum LAV (59.0 ± 20.4 to 53.3 ± 16.7 cm³, P = 0.001), and maintained LAEF (44.5 ± 13.1% to 43.7 ± 10.9%, P = 0.49). The larger the baseline maximum LAV, the greater the decrease in LAV after ablation, and a smaller baseline LAEF was associated with a larger recovery of LAEF after ablation (regression coefficient =−0.45 and −0.56, respectively, P < 0.0001). Multivariable analyses revealed that an impaired baseline LAEF was an independent predictor of an improvement in LA function (an increase in LAEF of >10%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.88, P < 0.0001), while an older age and preserved baseline LAEF were independently associated with a deterioration of LA function (a decrease in LAEF of >10%; OR = 1.06, P = 0.03; and OR = 1.10, P = 0.0001). Conclusions: AF ablation appears to have a beneficial effect on LA function in patients with impaired LA function at baseline. However, it may reduce LA function in patients with an older age and preserved baseline LAEF. (PACE 2011;1–8)     

Staged circumferential and ostial pulmonary vein ablation for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND: Comparisons between segmental ostial disconnection of the pulmonary veins (PV) and circumferential ablation have produced conflicting results in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to evaluate a staged ablation procedure, every step of which was assessed by means of AF inducibility. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with paroxysmal AF were subjected to three ablation stages during one session: (1) circumferential ablation around the PV ostia, (2) segmental ostial PV isolation, and (3) ablation of areas within the circumferential lines with fractionated electrograms or voltage >0.2 mV as well as linear ablation at the mitral isthmus and the left atrial roof. Endpoint of the procedure was noninducibility of AF at any stage. RESULTS: Average radiofrequency energy delivery, fluoroscopy, and procedure times were 43 +/- 11 minutes, 40 +/- 11 minutes, and 3.8 +/- 0.5 hours, respectively. At 6-months follow-up, four patients experienced recurrence of AF (18%), whereas two additional patients (9%) had left atrial arrhythmias not registered before the procedure. Ninety-five percent of the patients who did not have inducible AF (regardless of the stage of ablation at which noninducibility was achieved) were free of recurrent AF, as opposed to none of the patients in whom AF was inducible at the end of the procedure (log-rank test, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A staged ablation procedure combing circumferential and ostial PV ablation with AF noninducibilty as endpoint may result in high success rates without the need of prolonged ablation sessions in certain patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.     

Non-pulmonary vein epicardial foci of atrial fibrillation identified in the left atrium after pulmonary vein isolation

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) has been demonstrated to be an effective technique for curing atrial fibrillation (AF). AF foci that cannot be isolated by PVI (non-PV foci) can become the cause of AF recurrence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of non-PV AF foci. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred consecutive patients with symptomatic AF underwent electrophysiologic studies. In all patients, successful ostial or antral PVI was achieved with a multielectrode basket catheter (MBC). In 45 patients, spontaneous AF was induced even after PVI. In 23 of those patients, 30 AF foci were found in the left atrium (LA) (12 in the PV antrum, and 18 in the LA wall). Twenty-six of those foci were eliminated by focal ablation guided by an MBC. Five of those foci (four in the PV antrum and one in the LA posterior wall) were speculated to be located epicardially because a small potential preceding the LA potential was recorded from the MBC electrodes during AF initiation at the successful ablation site where single large potentials were recorded during sinus rhythm and a longer duration of radiofrequency energy delivery was needed to eliminate them. CONCLUSIONS: MBC mapping with induction of spontaneous AF may be useful for identifying non-PV AF foci in the LA after PVI. In some of those non-PV foci, mainly around the PVI lesions, a few electrophysiologic findings suggesting an epicardial location were observed. This may be a rationale for the efficacy of extensive PV ablation.     

Blocking the pulmonary vein to left atrium conduction in addition to the entrance block enhances clinical efficacy in atrial fibrillation ablation

Background: The unidirectional pulmonary vein (PV) to left atrium (LA) conduction after achieving PV entrance block has not been evaluated. Methods: Circumferential PV isolation was performed in 573 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The unidirectional PV to LA conduction and its influence on clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results: A total of 341 ipsilateral PVs (29.7%) with spontaneous activities (SAs) were documented in 231 patients (40.3%). The unidirectional PV to LA conduction was confirmed in 11 ipsilateral PVs (3.2%) of 11 patients (4.8%). Patients were classified to three groups: Group A (had unidirectional PV to LA conduction during SAs), Group B (with SAs but without PV to LA conduction), and Group C (without SAs). During a 30‐minute observation, the reconnection incidence was higher in Group A (45.4%) than in Group B (13.9%, P = 0.042) and Group C (11.5%, P = 0.018). The reconnection time was shorter in Group A (10.8 ± 9.8 minutes) than that in Group B (20.7 ± 8.0 minutes, P = 0.037) and Group C (21.2 ± 8.2 minutes, P = 0.022). All 11 PVs were successfully isolated and bidirectional block was achieved. Conclusion: Unidirectional entrance block with SAs in PVs may not be a good indication of complete PV isolation. Bidirectional block of the PV‐LA junction can reduce the acute PV reconnection and may reduce the chronic AF recurrence in patients undergoing circumferential PV isolation.(PACE 2012; 1–8)     

肺静脉前庭隔离联合左心房线性及碎裂电位消融治疗持续性心房颤动的临床研究

目的探讨肺静脉前庭隔离联合线性及碎裂电位消融治疗持续性心房颤动（房颤）的有效性与安全性。方法共45例持续性房颤患者入选本研究（其中长时程持续性房颤28例）,男性32例,女性13例,年龄（58.8±9.0）岁,病程（23.3±22.4）个月。消融步骤是先行肺静脉前庭隔离,后行线性消融,最后行心房碎裂电位消融。术后所有患者均给予服用培哚普利4 mg/d和抗心律失常药物3个月。甲状腺功能异常者,给予普罗帕酮450 mg/d,共3个月;术前未用胺碘酮者,术后即刻静点胺碘酮1 mg/min,6 h后减量为0.5 mg/min维持42 h,同时口服0.6 g/d连续1周,继之0.4 g/d连续1周,以后0.2 g/d,共3个月;术前口服胺碘酮患者,术后继续口服,0.2 g/d,共3个月。结果消融术中有9例房颤终止,2例先转变为三尖瓣峡部依赖性心房扑动,峡部消融后转为窦性心律（窦律）;3例转为房性心动过速（房速）,最早激动点或者关键峡部消融后转复为窦律;其余患者均行电复律转复为窦律。平均随访（18.2±9.2）个月,共12例患者发作房性心律失常;复发房颤3例,房速9例。结论持续性房颤患者,肺静脉前庭隔离联合左房线性及碎裂电位消融能够破坏更多的维持机制,是治疗持续性房颤的安全、有效的方法。     

Left atrial appendage electrical isolation for persistent atrial fibrillation

Left atrial appendage (LAA) may be the source for initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). This report shows restoration of sinus rhythm in the atria during radiofrequency wide‐area LAA electrical isolation, whereas AF persists in the LAA.     

Efficacy and safety of catheter ablation combined with left atrial appendage occlusion for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is currently the most prevalent arrhythmia in clinical practice, with stroke being one of its major complications. Combining catheter ablation and percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) into a “one-stop” intervention could reduce stroke incidence in selected high-risk patients and, at the same time, relieve AF symptoms in a single procedure. This meta-analysis analyzed the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation combined with LAAO for nonvalvular AF. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to April 2019 to identify relevant citations. Efficacy indexes were procedural success, AF recurrence, stroke/transient ischemic attacks (TIA), and device-related thrombus (DRT). Safety indexes were all-cause death, major hemorrhagic complications, and pericardial effusion/cardiac tamponade. The incidence rate of events (ratio of events to patients) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as summary results. A forest plot was constructed to present pooled rates. Eighteen studies (two randomized controlled trials and 16 observational studies) were included. The results showed that one-stop intervention has significant efficacy and safety, with procedural success of .98 (95% CI, .97-1.00), AF recurrence of .24 (95% CI, .15-.35), stroke/TIA of .01 (95% CI, .00-.01), DRT of .00 (95% CI, .00-.01), all-cause mortality of .00 (95% CI, .00-.00), cardiac/neurological mortality of .00 (95% CI, .00-.00), major hemorrhagic complications of .01 (95% CI, .00-.02), and pericardial effusion/cardiac tamponade of .01 (95% CI, .00-.01). A single procedure with catheter ablation and LAAO in AF is a feasible strategy with significant efficacy and safety.     

Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: long-term outcomes

The benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can be offset by periprocedural complications such as acute vessel closure and stent thrombosis in the absence of adequate antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy. Additionally, conditions occurring after 30 days post-PCI, such as in-stent restenosis or late stent thrombosis can occur. Excess antithrombotic therapy, on the other hand, carries a risk of major gastrointestinal or intracranial bleeding as well as vascular access site bleeding complications. In this review, evidence related to the various pharmacological agents for reduction of stent thrombosis available to clinicians during and after PCI will be explored.