基层传染病防治监督执法面临的问题

我国传染病防治工作经过半个多世纪的实践和探索,已经形成了一套较为完整的理论体系和管理规范,而传染病防治监督执法工作主要是在1989年<中华人民共和国传染病防治法>(以下简称<传染病防治法>)颁布实施后才得以开展,经过15年的实施,尤其是在2000年前后实施卫生防保监督体制改革,组建成立疾病预防控制中心及卫生监督所后,传染病防治监督执法工作取得了较大的成绩和经验,但其执法力度和效能远不及食品卫生、公共场所卫生及医政执法等其它卫生监督执法工作.就我县而言,2000～2003年4年间,食品卫生实施行政处罚352起,罚款18万元,公共场所卫生66起,罚款2.5万元,医政27起,罚款9.5万元,而传染病仅5起,罚款1.2万元,传染病监督执法的力度从中可见一斑.新修订的<传染病防治法>已于2004年12月1日起正式施行,为更好地贯彻实施新修订的<传染病防治法>,很有必要对以往及目前基层传染病防治监督执法工作中存在和面临的问题进行回顾分析并研究相应对策.     

当前计划免疫工作面临的法律问题及对策

1 计划免疫工作的社会地位及法律属性 1.1 计划免疫是国家意志在<宪法>第21条国家"开展群众性的卫生活动,保护人民健康"的原则精神指导下,<传染病防治法>明确规定:"各级政府领导传染病防治工作,制定传染病防治规划,并组织实施"."各级政府卫生行政部门对传染病防治工作实施统一监督管理.各级各类卫生防疫机构按照专业分工承担责任范围内的传染病监测管理工作.各级各类医疗保健机构承担责任范围内的传染病防治管理任务,并接受有关卫生防疫机构的业务指导".从以上的法律规定可以看出:按照宪法精神,法律把传染病防治工作,保护人民的健康,完全地置于国家管理之下.政府、政府卫生行政部门、卫生防疫机构、医疗保健机构均应承担相应的传染病防治工作.计划免疫是传染病防治工作的重要组成部分,<传染病防治法>进一步严格规定"国家实行有计划的预防接种制度".国家把实行计划免疫的重要手段--预防接种上升为法律制度,这完全体现了我国将公民之根本利益生命健康放到了国家工作的重要位置.所以计划免疫是国家的意志.     

传染病防治日常卫生监督工作规范

<正>第一章总则第一条为保障公众健康,规范传染病防治卫生监督工作,根据《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》及相关法规、规章,制定本规范。第二条本规范所称的传染病防治日常卫生监督,是指县级以上地方人民政府卫生行政部门及其卫     

肠道病毒71型与儿童手足口病

2008年5月2日,中华人民共和国卫生部将手足口病纳入<中华人民共和国传染病防治法>规定的丙类传染病进行管理,同时发布"手足口病预防控制指南(2008版)"以指导各地做好手足口病的预防及控制工作.为提高公众对此病的认识程度,加强对手足口病的预防和监测,特对EV71与HFMD的基本特征综述如下.     

消毒产品卫生监督工作规范

<正>第一章总则第一条为保障公众健康,规范消毒产品卫生监督工作,根据《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》(以下简称《传染病防治法》)、《消毒管理办法》等有关法律法规规定,制定本规范。第二条本规范所称的消毒产品卫生监督,是指县级以上地方卫生计生行政部门及其综合监督执法机构依据《传染病防治法》、《消毒管理办法》等有关法律法规规定,对消毒产品生产企业、进口消     

当前我国职业病防治工作存在的问题和改进建议

自2002年<中华人民共和国职业病防治法>(以下简称<职业病防治法>)实施以来,我国职业病防治工作取得显著成绩.但与经济、社会发展水平明显不相适应,职业卫生工作难以满足人们不断增长的职业健康需求.     

卫生行政部门在传染病防治中应尽的职责和义务

经第十届全国人大常委会第十一次会议修订的《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》(以下简称《传染病防治法》)，已于2004年12月1日起施行。新《传染病防治法》进一步明确了卫生行政部门在传染病防治工作中的职责、义务和法律责任，内容丰富翔实。在传染病防治中，卫生行政部门具有双重身份，既是管理和监督执法主体，又是义务和责任主体，担负着贯彻实施这部法律的重任。     

2008年疾病预防控制（爱国卫生）工作要点

一、进一步落实《关于疾病预防控制体系建设的若干规定》，继续完善体系建设和运行机制建设，推进疾病预防控制机构工作绩效评估工作，提高各级疾病预防控制机构履行基本公共卫生职能的程度；开展加强边境地区疾病预防控制工作能力建设研究和人才队伍建设研究，研究、制定加强社区疾病预防控制工作指导的措施，逐步建立与城乡基层卫生网络和医疗卫生机构的工作协凋机制。加大《传染病防治法》、《疫苗流通与预防接种管理条例》、《血吸虫病防治条例》、《艾滋病防治条例》等相关法律法规实施力度。组织修订《传染病防治法实施办法》，推进促进疾病预防控制相关法律、法规立法工作进程。     

资讯健康

新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎被纳入法定传染病管理2020年1月20曰,中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会发布2020年第1号公告。公告指出:经国务院批准,将新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎纳入《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》规定的乙类传染病,并采取甲类传染病的预防、控制措施;将新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎纳入《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》规定的检疫传染病管理。     

北京市职业卫生监督现况分析

自2002年5月1日<中华人民共和国职业病防治法>(以下简称<职业病防治法>)实施以来,我市各级卫生行政部门通过各种方式,对存在职业危害作业的用人单位积极开展了广泛的宣传普法工作,并取得了明显的成效.同时,各级卫生监督机构加大了对用人单位贯彻<职业病防治法>的监督检查力度,使用人单位守法意识、保护劳动者健康意识有了明显增强.     

"产业化"与"市场化"的错位

医疗改革之弊,也许在于过度的“市场化”而非产业化。如果不对这两个概念加以区别,将棒子打在“产业化”上,其结果有可能贻害相关领域的改革深化     

The use of "impotence" and "frigidity": why has "impotence" survived

The negative connotations and decreased utility of the terms "impotence" and "frigidity" prompted an investigation of their use in the literature. Psychological Abstracts were reviewed from 1940 to 1983 for titles containing these terms. It was found that both impotence and frigidity titles fluctuated at low levels from 1940 to 1969. Frigidity titles then increased slightly, but dropped to zero after 1979. Impotence titles, however, have continued to increase at a significant rate. Classic sexual behavior and therapy works are reviewed to explain this discrepancy since both terms are equally inappropriate.     

耐多药结核病患者"知""信""行"护理干预模式研究

目的评价耐多药结核病患者“知、信、行”护理干预模式的效果。方法将60例耐多药结核病患者随机分成研究组和对照组各30例,对照组采用规则抗结核治疗和常规护理,研究组实施“知、信、行”护理干预。结果研究组知识、信念、行为明显高于对照组;12个月痰菌阴转率为83．3％、患者病灶吸收率81．3％、空洞闭合率55．6％,明显高于对照组;二者与对照组比较差异有显著意义。结论采用“知、信、行”护理干预模式,能有效地提高耐多药结核病患者的治疗疗效,改善其生活质量。     

The "lessons" of the Australian "heroin shortage"

Heroin use causes considerable harm to individual users including dependence, fatal and nonfatal overdose, mental health problems, and blood borne virus transmission. It also adversely affects the community through drug dealing, property crime and reduced public amenity. During the mid to late 1990s in Australia the prevalence of heroin use increased as reflected in steeply rising overdose deaths. In January 2001, there were reports of an unpredicted and unprecedented reduction in heroin supply with an abrupt onset in all Australian jurisdictions. The shortage was most marked in New South Wales, the State with the largest heroin market, which saw increases in price, dramatic decreases in purity at the street level, and reductions in the ease with which injecting drug users reported being able to obtain the drug. The abrupt onset of the shortage and a subsequent dramatic reduction in overdose deaths prompted national debate about the causes of the shortage and later international debate about the policy significance of what has come to be called the "Australian heroin shortage". In this paper we summarise insights from four years' research into the causes, consequences and policy implications of the "heroin shortage".     

Diagnosing "dayans" and "demons"

The new ?Witch Craft Prevention Bill? prohibiting witch hunting was passed in Bihar, India, in reaction to the branding and subsequent killing of more than 500 helpless women as "dayans" (witches) in the past 7 years. Most of them were single, widows, or deserted women victimized by the pathological greed of some of the male members of their families or by some powerful persons in the village community interested in claiming their property. Even with the passage of the bill, though, most of these crimes will remain unpunished because the community is an accomplice in them, and they tend not to be reported. What is needed overall is socioeconomic and political development that will lead to the empowerment of women to ensure that there will be an end to the cruel and inhuman activities (such as witch hunting) instigated by traditional healers or "Ojhas".     

Cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals

PURPOSE: To compare and contrast the cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals in the UK National Health Service (NHS). DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A multiple case study design incorporating a purposeful sample of "low" and "high" performing acute hospital Trusts, as assessed by the star performance rating system. FINDINGS: These case studies suggest that "high" and "low" performing acute hospital organisations may be very different environments in which to work. Although each case possessed its own unique character, significant patternings were observed within cases grouped by performance to suggest considerable cultural divergence. The key points of divergence can be grouped under four main headings: leadership and management orientation; accountability and information systems; human resources policies; and relationships within the local health economy. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: As with any study, interpretation of findings should be tempered with a degree of caution because of methodological considerations. First, there are the limitations of case study which proceeds on the basis of theoretical rather than quantitative generalisation. Second, organisational culture was assessed by exploring the views of middle and senior managers. While one should in no way suggest that such an approach can capture all important cultural characteristics of organisations, it is believed that it may be at least partially justified, given the agenda-setting powers and influence of the senior management team. Finally "star" performance measures are far from a perfect measure of organisational performance. Despite such reservations, the findings indicate that organisational culture is associated in a variety of non-trivial ways with the measured performance of hospital organisations. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Highlights considerable cultural divergence within UK NHS hospitals.