神经导航下眶上"锁孔"入路的显微解剖学研究

目的 研究眶上"锁孔"入路的显露范围,探讨其适应证.方法 在8具(双侧)尸体头颅上行眶上"锁孔"入路的手术解剖,手术显微镜下观察其显露范围,并使用导航系统测量术野中相关结构的最大显露程度.结果 眶上"锁孔"入路可以通过鞍区四个间隙进行手术.外侧可显露同侧大脑中动脉的最大距离为18.7±4.65 mm;内侧可显露对侧颈内动脉的最大范围为7.5±1.65 mm;上方可显露前交通动脉复合体最高点距前颅底平面约为5.7±2.35 mm;基底动脉可显露为6.7±2.29mm.结论 (1)神经导航应用于颅底测量简便、精确,优势明显;(2)眶上"锁孔"入路对鞍区及周围结构显露较好,适用于Willis环及基底动脉顶端、大脑后动脉、小脑上动脉近端的动脉瘤以及鞍区、前颅底肿瘤手术.     

CTA影像模拟眶上锁孔入路手术中颈内动脉的显露

目的 应用CT血管造影（CTA）模拟去除前床突前后颈内动脉颅内段的显露情况,为眶上锁孔入路处理颈内动脉动脉瘤提供解剖数据。方法 收集30例双侧颈内动脉及颅底骨质无解剖异常的CTA影像数据,利用容积再现技术+图像融合技术重建颅骨及颅内主要动脉影像,然后用CTA重建影像模拟眶上锁孔入路手术时颈内动脉和颅骨的显露情况,测量去除前床突前后双侧颈内动脉颅内段的显露长度。结果 30例CTA影像获得60组去骨前后颈内动脉颅内段长度共120个。去除前床突前,颈内动脉的显露长度为4.1~21.9 mm,平均（14.7±3.7） mm;去除前床突后,颈内动脉的显露长度为21.4~39.4 mm,平均（30.6±4.1） mm。去骨前后测量长度有统计学差异（P<0.01）。去除前床突后,增加的长度为10.0~25.5 mm,平均（15.8±3.5） mm。结论 眶上锁孔入路中磨除同侧前床突能增加颈内动脉颅内段的显露范围,术中可利用此方法处理被前床突遮挡的颈内动脉动脉瘤。     

眶上锁孔入路治疗基底动脉上段动脉瘤的解剖学研究及初步临床应用

目的探讨眶上锁孔入路治疗基底动脉上段动脉瘤的可行性和适应证,并报告其初步临床应用经验。方法 8具福尔马林固定的尸头标本,完成眶上锁孔入路开颅后,通过视神经颈内动脉三角(即第二间隙),观察基底动脉上段的显露,并在神经导航系统辅助下完成解剖数据测量。在临床应用中,经眶上锁孔入路夹闭基底动脉上段动脉瘤9例。结果眶上锁孔入路通过第二间隙可显露基底动脉上1/3段,双侧小脑上动脉和大脑后动脉(P1段和部分P2段)。可观察到的基底动脉最低点与后床突水平间的直线距离为(5.0±1.2)mm,磨除后床突,距离可显著增加(3.4±1.0)mm(P0.05)。可观察到的基底动脉延长线最远点到颅前窝的垂直距离为(12.4±2.3)mm,去除眉弓及部分眶顶,距离可显著增加(3.3±1.2)mm(P0.05)。9例基底动脉上段动脉瘤通过眶上锁孔入路成功夹闭,术后随访6～12个月,病人恢复好。结论眶上锁孔入路可显露不高于颅前窝水平10mm,不低于后床突水平5mm的基底动脉。磨除后床突和切除眉弓及部分眶顶可分别增加基底动脉近端、远端的显露。眶上锁孔入路中,经第二间隙夹闭基底动脉上段动脉瘤是手术最佳路径。     

眶上锁孔入路治疗前循环动脉瘤的显微解剖与临床应用

利用小骨窗的"门洞效应"即眶上锁孔入路(Supraorbital keyhole approach,SKA)治疗前循环动脉瘤,创伤小路径短,能直接到达病变,减轻了脑牵拉,同时去除眶顶板的骨性突起,可以增加显露范围及视角,与标准翼点入路及眶颧入路比较,减少了与手术入路相关的并发症,而且显露范围及手术致残率并无明显差异.手术显微镜及内窥镜的利用又解决了照明及视野的问题.随着专用于锁孔入路的同轴控制显微手术器械的应用,SKA治疗Willis环前循环动脉瘤更能显示其优越性.     

CT/CTA三维重建鞍区锁孔手术入路的研究

目的 了解鞍区病变锁孔微创手术入路的相关颅底解剖影像资料,为锁孔微创手术提供解剖学依据. 方法 选取15例成人健康志愿者和10例临床诊断颅内动脉瘤患者,分别行16排螺旋CT检查、CTA检查和三维重建,并模拟眶上、额外侧、翼点、颞下锁孔入路到达前后床突、前交通动脉、颈内动脉分叉处以及行相关手术角度的解剖学测量. 结果锁孔中心到达同侧前后床突的距离中,颞下入路最短[(4.98±0.54)cm,(5.35±0.65)cm)],额外侧入路最长[(6.44±0.36)cm,(37.68±1.06)cm].锁孔中心到前后床突的手术操作平面与头颅矢状面的夹角中,额外侧入路大于眶上入路;到前后床突的手术操作平面与头颅横断面的夹角中,颞下入路大于翼点入路.锁孔中心到同侧颈内动脉分叉处的距离从大到小依次为额外侧入路、眶上入路、颞下入路、翼点入路.锁孔中心到同侧颈内动脉分叉处或前交通动脉的手术操作平面与头颅矢状面的夹角中,额外侧入路大于眶上入路. 结论 CT/CTA三维重建下评估手术操作的深度及手术平面与颅底平面的角度,对于鞍区不同部位病变的锁孔微创手术入路方式的术前选择具有重要意义.     

额外侧前颅底锁孔入路显微解剖的临床应用

额外侧前颅底锁孔入路能够较好的显示Willis环前侧方、鞍区及其周围颅底结构,特别是鞍前、鞍旁等区域周围颅底面的解剖结构,在处理小型的嗅沟脑膜瘤、鞍结节脑膜瘤、垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤及前循环动脉瘤等病变时具有其独特的优势。额外侧前颅底锁孔入路损伤较传统的额下入路大大减小,显露范围较眶上锁孔入路更广泛,避免了传统眶上锁孔入路损伤眶上神经、额窦开放性感染等可能的并发症及对于贴近中线部位解剖结构显露的局限性。此入路对于鞍区诸结构的显露可以达到与翼点锁孔入路相当的效果,且无需磨除蝶骨嵴及过多地剥离颞肌。     

眉间锁孔入路手术的显微解剖学研究

目的 观察眉问锁孔入路手术的显露范围并测量相关解剖学参数,以为临床应用提供依据.方法 应用眉间锁孔入路模拟手术并结合局部解剖对12具(24侧)成年国人尸头标本进行研究.形成约3.00 cm×2.50 cm大小骨窗,于手术显微镜下观察显露范围,并测量相关解剖学参数.选择1例典型鞍区脑膜瘤患者,施行眉间锁孔入路手术,观察手术疗效及预后.结果 手术显微镜下观察骨窗显露范围.可见额极、额底、筛板、鸡冠、嗅沟、嗅柬、蝶骨平台、鞍结节、前床突、后床突、小脑幕、视交叉、视神经、颈内动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉、大脑镰、上矢状窦、胼胝体、前连合和终板等组织结构;打开终板,可见第三脑室.测量双侧眶上孔(眶上切迹)之间距离为(45.92±5.86)mm;双侧滑车上切迹之间距离为(33.14±4.23)mm;鼻额缝至双侧内眦连线距离(16.25±1.52)mm;骨窗中心点至视交叉前缘中心点距离(64.30±3.20)mm,至鞍结节中心点距离(57.38±2.72)mm,至鞍膈中心点距离(67.04±2.89)mm,至终板中心点距离(66.18±3.79)mm,至前交通动脉距离(60.64±4.61)mm.1例患者施行眉间锁孔入路肿瘤切除术,疗效满意.结论 眉间锁孔入路手术可较好地显露前颅底及鞍区中线附近的解剖结构,推荐用于前颅底和鞍区中线附近病变的手术以及前交通动脉动脉瘤的夹闭,具有切口小、骨窗小、刨伤小、额叶损伤少、嗅觉易保留等优点,但也存在并发感染、脑脊液漏的风险,且不适用于脑肿胀患者.     

锁孔入路显微手术治疗颅内前循环动脉瘤

目的探讨前循环动脉瘤经翼点锁孔入路和经眉弓眶上锁孔入路的手术方法及疗效。方法 16例前循环动脉瘤患者中,前交通动脉瘤8例,采用经眉弓眶上锁孔入路手术治疗;后交通动脉瘤6例,大脑中动脉分叉及颈内动脉分叉动脉瘤各1例患者则均采用经翼点锁孔入路手术治疗。手术在发病后1~3d进行,均以直径2cm×(3～4)cm的微骨窗行显微外科手术夹闭。结果 16例动脉瘤全部一次手术夹闭成功,其中2例术中发生动脉瘤破裂出血,无手术死亡及其他严重并发症,随访16例全部恢复良好。结论锁孔入路治疗前循环动脉瘤安全、微创、有效;完善的个体化术前设计、精湛的手术技巧及良好的术中配合是手术成功的重要保证。     

眶上锁孔入路去除眶顶的解剖学研究

目的探讨眶上锁孔入路中去除眶顶的应用价值。方法取成人尸头标本8例,模拟眶上锁孔入路并去除眶顶,比较去除眶顶前后Willis环周围血管最大显露程度、显露面积及不同深度靶点显露角度的差异。结果去除眶顶前后,前交通动脉复合体、同侧大脑中动脉的显露范围有显著性差异(P< 0.01)。在基底动脉顶端位置较高的标本中,去除眶顶有助于其显露;对鞍区其他深部结构如大脑后动脉、小脑上动脉的显露无显著性差别(P> 0.05)。去除眶顶后,手术显露面积(864.2 mm2)较去除眶顶前(494.9 mm2)明显增加;工作角度平均增加34.2%。结论去除眶顶对位置较高的前交通动脉复合体、A2段近端和位置较高的基底动脉顶端分叉部的显露有实际意义;应根据病变的特点确定是否去除眶顶。     

翼点入路和眉弓锁孔入路对前交通动脉复合体显露的解剖学对比研究

目的探讨翼点入路和眉弓锁孔入路对前交通动脉复合体显露的解剖学区别。方法选择10个经乳胶灌注后的成人防腐尸头标本,按解剖入路的不同分为翼点入路组与眉弓锁孔入路组,共10例,20侧;每例标本均一侧为翼点入路,一侧为眉弓锁孔入路进行解剖观察。比较两组标本前交通动脉复合体的解剖学情况。结果眉弓锁孔入路组中,颧突与同侧前床突的距离为(6.23±0.25)cm,角度为(34.08±3.15)°,而翼点入路组中,翼点和同侧前床突距离为(5.03±0.24)cm,角度为(63.49±4.67)°,两组比较具有显著差异(P0.05);眉弓锁孔入路组在A1段、ACoA段、A2段的完全暴露例数均比翼点入路组少(P0.05);眉弓锁孔入路组穿支动脉拉破、穿支动脉移位发生率少于翼点入路组[10.00%(1/10)vs60.00%(6/10),0.00%(0/10)vs 50.00%(5/10)](P0.05)。结论翼点入路具有暴露范围广、操作空间大等优势,而眉弓锁孔入路虽暴露面积小于翼点入路,但其安全性较高,创伤小。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.