Imaging strategies in the evaluation of soft-tissue hemangiomas of the extremities: correlation of the findings of plain radiography,angiography, CT,MRI, and ultrasonography in 12 histologically proven cases

Twelve patients with the histologic diagnosis of soft-tissue hemangioma of the extremities (nine intramuscular, two subcutaneous, and one synovial) were evaluated in a retrospective study using plain film radiography (n = 12), angiography (n = 8), computed tomography (CT; n = 4), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 3), and ultrasonography (US; n = 2). In eight of nine intramuscular lesions, the plain film demonstration of phleboliths suggested the diagnosis, while the plain radiographs were normal in three. Angiograms showed the pathognomonic features of soft-tissue hemangioma in six patients. MRI was characteristic in all three patients: The lesion demonstrated intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted spin echo images and extremely bright signal on T2-weighting. US showed a hypoechoic soft-tissue mass in one case and a mixed echo pattern in the other. In one case, a central echogenic focus with acoustic shadowing consistent with a calcified phlebolith was identified, and one lesion exhibited increased color flow and low resistance arterial Doppler signal. CT showed a nonspecific mass in one of four cases and a mass with phleboliths in three. If a deep hemangioma is suspected, we recommend initial imaging with plain radiography followed by MRI. US may be useful in confirming the presence of a mass in doubtful cases or if MRI is unavailable. CT offers no distinct advantage over the combined use of plain radiography and MRI. Although angiography demonstrated the pathognomonic features in all six deeply situated lesions, because of its invasiveness it should be reserved chiefly for those patients undergoing surgical resection.     

脑实质海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的:探讨脑实质海绵状血管瘤(cavernous angioma,CA)的CT、MRI表现及其诊断价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实为CA的CT和MRI表现. 结果: 15例CA共检出19个病灶.CA可发生于脑内任何部位,单发多见(13/15).15例CT和MRI平扫均发现所有病灶.CA的CT平扫均表现为高或稍高密度;CA的MRI平扫表现为T1WI呈等或低信9个,高信号7个,混杂信号3个;T2WI呈高低混杂信号,16个病灶周围伴有低信号环,无占位效应;CT和MRI增强扫描无或轻度增强.结论: CA有典型影像表现,CT和MRI平扫对明确诊断具有重要意义,MRI优于CT,是首选和最佳的影像学方法.     

PET/CT and MRI of intra-osseous haemangioma of the tibia

Intra-osseous haemangioma is a rare, benign neoplasm that usually involves the vertebrae and craniofacial bones. Furthermore, its occurrence in the long bones is extremely rare. We report the findings of fluorine-18-fludeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and MRI in a patient with intra-osseous haemangioma in the proximal tibia, who was initially misdiagnosed as having a malignancy based on (18)F-FDG PET/CT. (18)F-FDG PET/CT showed a well-marginated osteolytic lesion with abnormal FDG uptake. The mass demonstrated low signal intensity on T(1) weighted MRI. On T(2) weighted images, the lesion appeared as a cluster of high signal intensity lobules and showed strong enhancement on contrast-enhanced T(1) weighted images. Surgical curettage was performed and histopathological examination of the excised tissue confirmed a cavernous haemangioma.     

脑实质内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨脑实质内海绵状血管瘤(CA)的CT和MRI表现，以提高对本病的认识。资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的CAl4例。12例行CT平扫，10例行CT增强扫描；10例行MM检查，6例行Gd—DTPA增强扫描；9例同时行CT和MRI检查。结果 CA可发生于脑内任何部位，以单发病灶多见。12例CT平扫发现16个病灶，全部病灶均呈高密度或稍高密度，7个病灶可见钙化；10例CT增强扫描发现病灶14个，9个病灶无强化，5个病灶呈轻度强化。10例MRI检查发现13个病灶，3个在T1WI上是等信号，10个为高信号；在T2WI上全部病灶为高低混杂信号，其中9个病灶周围伴有环形低信号，大多数病灶周围无水肿带，无占位效应。结论 CA具有较典型的影像学表现，CT和MRI对病变的诊断具有重要意义，且MRI优于CT。正确诊断有赖于结合临床资料和影像学征象的综合分析。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的:探讨脑内与脑外海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI表现及诊断价值.方法:搜集45例颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI影像资料进行分析,MRI检查45例,CT检查30例,其中脑内型海绵状血管瘤42例,脑外型海绵状血管瘤3例,均经手术病理证实.结果:脑内型海绵状血管瘤可位于脑内任何部位,单发病灶多见,无明显占位效应,周围无或轻度水肿.CT检查的全部病例呈稍高及混杂密度影27例,增强扫描大都无强化;MRI检查T2 WI表现为"桑葚状"混杂高信号,周围有云絮状低信号环,增强后病灶仅少数轻度强化.脑外型病灶位于中颅窝鞍旁,MRI呈类似哑铃形或类圆形较均匀的稍长T1明显长T2信号,增强扫描呈明显均匀强化.结论:脑内与脑外型海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI表现具有一定特征,MRI优于CT像,特别是MRI的T2 WI像有助于明确诊断.     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的影像诊断

目的：分析颅内海绵状血管瘤的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ征象，以提高对其的认识。材料和方法：经病理证实的海绵状血管瘤３２例，２６例作ＣＴ检查，３０例作ＭＲＩ检查。结果：颅内海绵状血管瘤多为单发，脑内海绵状血管瘤多于脑外。ＣＴ平扫病灶呈高密度或稍高密度，增强扫描病灶呈轻至中度强化。ＭＲＩＴ２ＷＩ常显示海绵状血管瘤核心为混杂高信号，周边有一圈环状低信号。结论：ＭＲＩ对微小病灶的显示较ＣＴ优越，ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ结合是诊断海绵状血管瘤的有效方法，能全面提供诊断资料。     

Uterine cavernous haemangioma in a post-menopausal woman: CT and MRI findings mimicking uterine myoma with degeneration

Cavernous haemangioma is a very rare vascular malformation of the uterus. We describe the CT and MRI findings of a cavernous haemangioma in an 81-year-old female with recurrent menorrhagia. CT showed a well-marginated mass with multifocal calcifications and extensive haemorrhage, as well as necrosis in the anterior wall of the uterus. MRI revealed heterogeneous low- to high-signal intensities of the mass on T(1) and T(2 )weighted images as well as portions with poor enhancement of the mass on contrast-enhanced T(1 )weighted images. Although rare, cavernous haemangioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a calcified haemorrhagic necrotic uterine mass in post-menopausal women.     

Cavernous hemangioma of the intracranial optic pathways: CT and MRI.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to describe the CT and MR findings in three patients with cavernous hemangioma (CH) of the intracranial optic pathways. METHOD: CT and MR studies of three patients with CH of the optic chiasm were reviewed. All patients underwent MRI of the chiasmal area, with coronal T2- and T1-weighted studies as well as gadolinium-enhanced coronal and sagittal T1-weighted studies. RESULTS: The patients (mean age, 40 years) presented with chiasmal apoplexy (two cases) and progressive decrease of visual acuity (one case). In all cases, MRI showed regular enlargement of the optic chiasm, with extension to the optic nerve in one case and to the left optic tract in one case. The chiasmatic dimension was 2.5-3 cm in two cases and 1-1.5 cm in the other case. In all cases, MRI revealed an acute (isointense signal on T1-weighted and hypointense signal on T2-weighted sequences) or subacute (hyperintense signal on T1 - and T2-weighted sequences) hemorrhage with, adjacent to it, an area with signals of blood of different ages, highly suggestive of CH. CT showed, in chiasmatic CHs, a suprasellar mass spontaneously denser than adjacent brain parenchyma. In two cases, microcalcifications were associated. In two cases, CT and MRI revealed slight heterogeneous enhancement after contrast agent administration. In one case, no enhancement was observed. Two patients underwent surgery by frontopterional craniotomy. The optic chiasms were swollen with an intrinsic bluish mass. The cerebrospinal fluid was not xanthochromic. Microscope examination confirmed the diagnosis of CH. After 12 months, the operated patients had improved visual acuity and visual field but did not completely recover. The nonoperated patient (because of spontaneous rapid recovery of visual acuity) was followed clinically and on MRI over 18 months. CONCLUSION: CH in the optic chiasm must be suspected in the presence of an acute chiasmatic syndrome. MRI is the best imaging modality, showing either an acute or a subacute chiasmatic hemorrhage or the typical pattern of CH with heterogeneous alternation of foci of blood of different ages, with a central focus of methemoglobin, a peripheral rim of hemosiderin, adjacent foci of acute or subacute hemorrhage, and slight or no enhancement after gadolinium administration.     

Cavernous haemangioma in the cavernous sinus: case report and review of the literature

We report a cavernous haemangioma in the left cavernous sinus. This lesions very rarely occurs in this site and is difficult to diagnose correctly preoperatively. CT, angiography and MRI permit differentiation of the cavernous haemangioma from other tumours in this region and thereby contribute to a better surgical approach. The radiological features of cavernous haemangioma reported in the literature are summarised. Received: 24 February 1999 Accepted: 1 September 2000     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的病理及MR特征

目的:结合颅内海绵状血管瘤的病理特征,分析其MRI影像学表现.方法:搜集颅内海绵状血管瘤共53例,其中脑内型40例,脑外型13例,全部病例均行MRI检查.结果:脑内型海绵状血管瘤MRI大多表现为爆米花样或桑椹状的混杂信号灶,周边围以低信号环;脑外型T1WI表现为均匀低信号,T2WI为高信号,增强扫描明显强化.结论:不同类型的颅内海绵状血管瘤具有不同的病理学特点,导致其MRI表现的不同,其手术方案及预后亦有很大差异.利用MRI检查术前可做出准确诊断,从而指导手术方案的制订.     

软组织海绵状血管瘤的MRI诊断

目的探讨软组织海绵状血管瘤的MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析35例软组织海绵状血管瘤患者的影像资料,全部患者均有MRI平扫和增强扫描,12例有X线平片检查,10例有CT检查。结果单发病灶31例,2~4个多发病灶者4例,共检出43个病灶。SE序列T1WI上33个病灶呈中等略高信号,T2WI上全部病灶呈高信号,信号不均匀。33个病灶内及周边可见高信号的病变,Flash2d序列21个病灶T1WI上高信号被抑制,12个病灶内T1WI上高信号未被抑制。Gd-DTPA增强扫描39个病灶呈明显强化,但强化不甚均匀,其内可见点条状不强化影。结论软组织海绵状血管瘤在MRI表现上有一定特征性,MRI对诊断软组织海绵状血管瘤有重要价值。     

鼻腔、鼻窦血管外皮瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的 探讨鼻腔、鼻窦血管外皮瘤的CT和MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析9例经组织学证实鼻腔、鼻窦血管外皮瘤的CT(9例)和MRI(7例)资料,并分析其中3例动态增强扫描的TIC.结果 血管外皮瘤位于鼻腔5例、上颌窦3例,蝶窦1例;病变呈梭形4例、类圆形3例,不规则形2例,病灶最大径18～52 mm,平均31 mm,边界清楚7例,模糊2例.CT表现:与脑灰质比较,平扫病变呈等密度6例,略高密度3例,2例增强后呈较均匀的显著强化;邻近骨质受压、吸收7例,骨质侵蚀破坏2例.MRI表现:与脑灰质比较,T1WI呈较均匀低信号、T2WI呈高信号3例,T1WI、T2WI均呈等信号4例,其中2例信号不均匀;增强后显著均匀强化4例,不均匀强化3例.3例TIC均为持续上升型.病变侵犯眼眶2例,侵犯海绵窦、前颅底脑膜及翼腭窝、颞下窝1例.5例随访3～8年,其中2例复发.结论 MRI增强后显著强化、持续上升型TIC是鼻腔、鼻窦血管外皮瘤较典型的影像表现;骨质表现有助于良、恶性判断;影像检查能够准确显示病变的范围.     

MR findings of Rosai-Dorfman disease in sellar and suprasellar region

Background

Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) in sellar/suprasellar region is a rare intracranial disorder. The diagnostic evaluation of this condition using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has seldom been described previously. The purpose of our study was to describe MRI characteristics of sellar/suprasellar region RDD.

Methods

Five patients with proved sellar/suprasellar region RDD from May 2005 to March 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients had undergone magnetic resonance scanning. The number, location, signal intensity (SI), and enhancement pattern of the lesions on MRI were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

Pathological diagnosis of RDD was achieved in all 5 cases including 4 by surgery and 1 by biopsy. The most common presenting symptoms were headache (n = 4) and blurred vision (n = 3). On MRI, isolated suprasellar lesion was found in 2 cases. Suprasellar lesion combined with intrasellar, dural, intra-axial and orbital lesions was found in 3 cases. All lesions showed homogeneous isointense SI on T1-weighted images and hypointense to isointense SI on T2-weighted images except one lesion in the midbrain with slight hyperintense SI on T2-weighted images. All lesions showed homogeneous enhancement.

Conclusion

Homogenously enhancing sellar/suprasellar masses of hypointense to isointense SI on T2-weighted images are suggestive of RDD, and central hypointensity on T2-weighted images may be a specific finding. Intra-axial and extra-axial involvements may coexist with sellar/suprasellar region RDD. Although radiological findings can provide some evidence for this rare entity, differential diagnosis is still needed.     

脑实质内海绵状血管瘤的影像学诊断

目的：探讨脑实质内海绵状血管瘤(CA)的CT、MRI、MRA认和DSA表现并比较四种影像学检查方法的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析20例CA的影像学表现，其中15例经手术病理证实，5例经影像学及临床随访证实。20例进行CT和MRI平扫、MRA认，13例行CT增强扫描，15例行MRI增强扫描，12例行DSA检查。结果：CA可发生于脑内任何部位．以单发多见(17／20，占85％)。20例CA检出25个病灶。CT和MRI平扫均发现所有病灶。CA的CT平扫均表现为高密度或稍高密度；13例CT增强扫描发现15个病灶，其中10个病灶无强化，5个病灶轻度强化。CA的MRI平扫表现为T1WI呈等或低信号12个，高信号8个，混杂信号5个；T2WI全部病灶均表现为高低混杂信号，23个病灶周围伴有低信号环，2个病灶周围有水肿带，无占位效应；15例MRI增强扫描发现17个病灶，其中7个病灶出现瘤体血管床轻中度强化，2个病灶边缘强化，8个病灶无强化。20例CA行3D TOF MRA认均未见异常血管影。12例行全脑DSA检查未见供血动脉与引流静脉。4例表现为毛细血管期或静脉窦期富血管性病变。结论：CA具有较典型的影像学表现．CT和MRI平扫对明确诊断具有重要意义，且MRI优于CT；CA的CT和MRI增强扫描无特征性表现；MRA和DSA对诊断CA价值有限。     

Spinal osteoblastoma: CT and MR imaging with pathological correlation

Objectives. To illustrate the CT and MRI features of spinal osteoblastomas and correlate the imaging with histological findings. Design. In a retrospective review the CT and MRI features of spinal osteoblastomas with respect to mineralisation, signal intensity (SI), adjacent reactive changes, enhancement following gadolinium-DTPA (5 cases) and adjacent soft tissue masses were compared and correlated with the histological findings including the degree of osteoid formation and matrix mineralisation, vascularity and surrounding reactive changes in bone and soft tissue. Patients. Eleven patients (7 males and 4 females; age range 8–43 years, mean age 19.5 years) with 12 osteoblastomas (1 patient suffered a recurrence) were studied. Results. All lesions showed classical features on CT with varying degrees of matrix mineralisation, whereas MRI identified mineralisation in only eight of 12 cases. MRI showed low signal intensity of the lesion on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences in several cases in the absence of heavy mineralisation. In these cases, histological examination revealed diffuse osteoid production by the tumour. All patients given gadolinium showed enhancement within the tumour on MRI. Reactive bone marrow changes were identified on MRI in 10 cases, and in five of these the changes were at multiple levels. An adjacent soft tissue mass was demonstrated in five cases, but extraosseous tumour was present histologically in only two of these. Conclusions. The MRI appearances of spinal osteoblastomas are varied and show no characteristic features. MRI may also overestimate the extent of the lesion due to extensive reactive changes and adjacent soft tissue masses. CT should continue to be the investigation of choice for the characterisation and local staging of suspected spinal osteoblastomas.     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和磁共振成像影像诊断

目的探讨脑内海绵状血管瘤的cT、磁共振成像（MRI）影像表现。方法经随访及手术病理证实的脑内海绵状血管瘤13例,4例cT常规检查后行MRI扫描,9例仅行MRI检查。13例患者中2例行磁共振血管造影（MRA）检查,8例行MRI增强检查。结果脑内海绵状血管瘤可位于脑内任何部位,单发病灶多见,瘤周多无水肿及占位效应。cT平扫为稍高密度,有时可有斑片状钙化。MRI中病灶信号混杂,周边有环状低信号。增强后2例病灶轻度强化,6例无明显强化。MRA均未见异常血管团。结论脑内型海绵状血管瘤的MRI表现右明显特秆忡结会CT和MRA可明确诊睐斤     

海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的影像诊断与手术治疗

目的:探讨海绵窦海绵状血管瘤CT、MRI表现特征和外科治疗方法,以提高其诊断治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析8例海绵窦海绵状血管瘤影像学表现及经额颞联合耳前颞下入路、改良翼点入路的手术治疗方法。结果:海绵窦海绵状血管瘤呈类圆形或哑铃状,CT平扫为均匀的等、稍高或稍低密度影,伴蝶骨轻度骨质侵蚀;MRI检查T1WI呈等、稍低的均匀信号,T2WI为均匀的高信号;增强扫描显著强化。额颞联合耳前颞下入路全切除1例,次全切除2例;改良翼点入路全切除4例,次全切除1例。结论:海绵窦海绵状血管瘤有一定CT、MRI表现特征,有助于术前诊断;额颞联合耳前颞下入路、改良翼点入路是手术治疗的主要方法。     

The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of Ewing sarcoma

The experience with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 27 patients with Ewing sarcoma is reported and compared with computed tomography (CT) and plain films. Plain radiography proved to be the best imaging method to asses probable histological diagnosis in all cases (n=6). For the evaluation of chemotherapeutic response (n=4), CT and MRI gave the same information about the variation in size of the tumor. In this small series, the high signal in T2 weighted images was not altered significantly by therapy. In preoperative evaluation (n=14), MRI gave better information than CT of soft tissue involvement and extension within the bone marrow in two cases each. The ability of MRI to accurately define extension through the epiphyseal plate in two cases permitted limb salvage which otherwise would not have been possible. In the long-term follow-up (n=12), three patients without recurrence one year after therapy showed a low signal in the surgical area in T2 weighted images. Nine patients had a high signal in T2 weighted images: four were reactive lesions, two had obvious recurrence, and one was a hematoma. In the two remaining cases plain films and CT were normal, in the presence of both active tumor and reactive lesions. It was not possible with MRI to differentiate active tumor from reactive change, even after Gd-DTPA infusion.     

CT、MRI在儿童软组织血管瘤中的应用

目的：研究CT和MRI在儿童软组织血管癌中的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析经病理征实的57例儿童软组织血管瘤的CT和／或MRI影像。结果：肿块分界较清伴中等度或明显强化，约40％见不规则钙化或圆形静脉石影。在MRI上以T2W和STIR显示病灶更清晰。结论：血管癌的CT、MRI及其强化方式有助于本症的诊断和鉴别诊断，并有助于确定治疗方案及术后随访疗效，了解有无复发等。     

肝局灶性病变CT与MRI动态增强对照研究

目的:探讨肝局灶性病变在CT和MRI动态增强中的影像差异及其原因,以提高对CT及MRI各自动态增强表现的认识。方法:搜集17例肝脏局灶性病变患者的临床资料,其中7例肝细胞肝癌,5例海绵状血管瘤,2例腺瘤,2例局灶结节性增生,1例转移瘤。全部病例均分别行CT及MRI的平扫和三期动态增强扫描;MRI采用SE序列加快速扰相梯度回波序列,将CT和MR动态增强图像进行对照观察,包括动态增强各期的强化范围、强化方式和强化幅度,强化幅度的比较用病灶密度(信号)与肝脏密度(信号)的比值进行比较。结果:肝癌、腺瘤和局灶结节性增生在CT与MRI上强化范围相似。1例肝癌动脉期强化幅度MRI大于CT,3例肝癌和2例局灶结节性增生门脉期及延迟期强化幅度MRI大于CT,2例腺瘤增强各期强化幅度MRI均大于CT,以动脉期差异最大。5例海绵状血管瘤强化范围动脉期及门脉期MRI大于CT,延迟期则相仿。1例转移瘤CT增强各期均未见明显强化,MRI门脉期及延迟期可见环状强化。结论:肝局灶性病变CT与MRI动态增强表现存在一定的差异,主要表现为部分病变增强各期强化幅度MRI大于CT,尤以动脉期差异最大;部分病变增强范围MRI大于CT。