Assessment of textile dye remediation using biotic and abiotic agents

The aim of the current work was to assess the removal of direct and reactive dyes using biotic and abiotic agents. Removal of dyes and their derivatives from aqueous solutions was investigated using sugarcane bagasse, sawdust, rice straw, charcoal and fungal biomass as dye removing agents. Seven fungal strains known to have high capacity in removing textile dyes were used. Results of this study indicated that Penicillium commune, P. freii, and P. allii removed 96, 64 and 65%, respectively, of direct violet dye after two hours of incubation. In addition, the use of rice straw was shown to be more efficient in dye removal, than was bagasse or sawdust. Rice straw was effective in removing 72% of direct violet dye within 24 hours. However, with reactive dyes, removal activity was reduced to 27%. Similar trends were recorded with the other tested biotic agents, fast removal of reactive dye was not found after 48 hours of contact time. Results of this study indicate that low-cost, renewable, bioadsorption agents are relatively effective in removing textile dyes from solution.     

The prevalence of specific IgE and IgG to reactive dye-human serum albumin conjugate in workers of a dye factory and neighboring factories

Previous studies suggest that reactive dyes can induce IgE mediated bronchoconstrictions. To evaluate the significance of specific IgE and IgG antibodies in workers exposed to reactive dyes, we studied the prevalence of Black GR-specific IgG by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, as well as Black GR-specific IgE by RAST, in 176 workers employed in 1 reactive dye factory and 4 neighboring factories. Six employees of reactive dye asthma who were working in factories near the reactive dye factories were noted. The prevalence of specific IgE antibodies in the neighboring factories was higher than in that of the reactive dye factory. The prevalence of specific IgG was highest in the reactive dye factory, and those of the neighboring factories were markedly lower. It was suggested that IgE mediated sensitization to reactive dye could have occurred in employees who were working in neighboring factories, and the prevalence of reactive dye-specific IgG antibody could be used as an in direct method of assessing the exposure of workers to reactive dye.     

Enhancing bioremoval of textile dyes by eight fungal strains from media supplemented with gelatine wastes and sucrose

Eight Aspergillus strains were found to be successful in removing textile dyes from liquid media. These fungal strains were grown on medium containing: gelatine wastes and sucrose, as sources of nitrogen and carbon to test the possible speed up of the dyes removing while fungus biomass is building up in the media. The growth of fungal strains ranged from 10 to 110 mg biomass dry weight/100 ml medium. This growth induced high decolorization percentages, which ranged 33-95% within eight days. Two textile dyes Direct brown and Polar red were included in the study. The growth of the fungal strains as well as decolorization percentage of the dyes increased after 5, 6, and 8 days from incubation time with most tested strains. With Direct brown dye the strains number 2, 5, 31 and 37 recorded the highest percentage of decolorization (91, 92, 93 and 95 respectively) after incubation for 6 days. Fungal strains Aspergillus 5 and 31 gave the highest mycelium dry weight being 110 mg. Most of fungal strains induced 86 to 95 percentage of decolorization after 6 days incubation with Polar red dye. The possible toxicity of the remaining supernatant media after fungal biomass removal was tested by Ames test to assess the residual mutagenic agents remaining after dye removal, using three strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538). The results showed that the toxicity of the dyes, measured by Ames test could be removed by the dye absorption on the fungal biomass.     

Occupational asthma and IgE antibodies to reactive dyes

Reactive dyes have been widely used in recent years. This paper reports nine cases of immediate type occupational asthma to reactive dyes in one dye industry. All patients had had asthmatic symptoms, four had had rhinitis and they had worked for 6 to 25 months. Skin prick tests with reactive dyes were positive and bronchoprovocation tests also produced immediate or dual types of bronchoconstriction. We used the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) technique with nitrocellulose filter paper as a solid phase to detect specific IgE to four reactive dye-human serum albumin conjugates. High specific IgE binding was found in eight asthmatic workers compared with 13 negative controls. The RAST inhibition test revealed that there was no immunological cross-reactivity between 4 reactive dyes. These results suggested that the mechanism of their asthmatic symptoms was immunological, mostly an IgE-mediate reaction.     

Combinatorial Effects of Charge Characteristics and Hydrophobicity of Silk Fibroin on the Sorption and Release of Charged Dyes

Abstract

The present study was designed to examine the influence of the charge characteristics of silk fibroin on the sorption and release of charged dyes by varying the pH values of the sorption and release media as well as types of charged dyes. Negatively charged dyes (phenol red and chromotrope 2R) and positively charged dyes (crystal violet and indoine blue) were used as the model compounds. Silk fibroin films were prepared by using a solution casting technique. The prepared films were then treated with an aqueous methanol solution or annealed with water to control their conformation. The sorption behavior of the model compounds made by the methanol-treated and water-annealed silk fibroin films was investigated. Compared to the water- annealed silk fibroin films, a higher hydrophobicity of the methanol-treated silk fibroin films caused a higher sorption of the hydrophobic dyes. The dye molecules had a fairly high affinity to the silk fibroin film, even though the dye and the matrix possessed the same charge. However, in the presence of two charged groups in a single dye molecule, the electrostatic repulsion become more dominant. Stronger interaction was observed when the charges of the film and the dye were opposite. The results of dye sorption and release experiments showed that the degree of synergism or competition between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions directly depended on the charges and chemical structure of the dye molecules and the environmental pH conditions of the existing silk fibroin film.     

Occupational Asthma Induced by the Reactive Dye Synozol Red-K 3BS

Various reactive dyes can elicit occupational asthma in exposed textile industry workers. To date, there has been no report of occupational asthma caused by the red dye Synozol Red-K 3BS (Red-K). Here, we report a 38-year-old male textile worker with occupational asthma and rhinitis induced by inhalation of Red-K. He showed positive responses to Red-K extract on skin-prick testing and serum specific IgE antibodies to Red-K-human serum albumin conjugate were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A bronchoprovocation test with Red-K extract resulted in significant bronchoconstriction. These findings suggest that the inhalation of the reactive dye Red-K can induce IgE-mediated occupational asthma and rhinitis in exposed workers.     

CellVue Claret, a new far-red dye, facilitates polychromatic assessment of immune cell proliferation

Flow cytometric analyses of immune cell proliferation, differentiation, and function are limited by the number of different fluorochromes that can be resolved simultaneously. Additional colors to expand functional analytic capability will facilitate higher dimensional analyses of heterogeneous cell populations by basic and clinical scientists. Our aim in these studies was to evaluate CellVue Claret, a fluorescent, far-red emitting, membrane intercalating dye (excitation maximum: 655 nm, emission maximum 677 nm), as an alternative and/or complementary probe to PKH26 and CFSE(1) for polychromatic studies of immune cell proliferation and function. Using a BD FACSCalibur and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 8 different donors (2 donors studied twice), we compared CellVue Claret with the two most commonly used visible-emitting proliferation dyes, PKH26 and CFSE, in terms of: (1) compatibility with 7-Amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) as a viability marker; (2) effect of dye labeling on lymphocyte viability; and (3) the proliferative response of CD3+ T lymphocytes from 0-96 hours as assessed by dilution of each of the 3 cell tracking dyes in cultures stimulated with anti-CD3 plus IL-2. Post-labeling recoveries and viabilities were similar for all 3 dyes, with modestly higher initial staining intensities and coefficients of variation for CellVue Claret than for CFSE or PKH26. Lymphocyte viabilities in stimulated or unstimulated cultures were also unaffected by choice of dye. Proliferative responses of viable CD3+ lymphocytes were comparable for all three dyes, whether results were reported as Proliferative Fraction (percent of cells that had divided one or more times) or as Precursor Frequency (percent of parent population that had gone on to proliferate in response to anti-CD3 plus IL-2). In summary, T cell proliferation analysis using CellVue Claret gives results equivalent to those obtained with PKH26 or CFSE, expanding the choice of proliferation dyes suitable for use in high dimensional polychromatic studies on flow cytometers with far red (633 nm-658 nm) excitation capabilities.     

Relationship of chemical structures of textile dyes on the pre-adaptation medium and the potentialities of their biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Azo dye derivatives of azobenzene constitute the largest group of dyes used in the textile industry and possess recalcitrant chemical groups, such as those of azo and sulphonic acid. Some microorganisms are able to degrade these aromatic compounds. In the present work, decolourisation of culture media containing azo dyes by the ligninolytic fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was achieved under nitrogen-limited conditions. The dyes used in the study are derivatives of meta- or para-aminosulphonic or aminobenzoic acids and include in their structures groups such as guaiacol or syringol, which are bioaccessible to the lignin degrading fungus P. chrysosporium. The aim of this study was to pre-adapt the microorganism to the structure of the dyes and to establish the relationships of the chemical structure of the dye present in the pre-adaptation medium with the chemical structure of the dye to be degraded. The azo dye used in the pre-adaptation medium that gave the best overall decolourisation performance was a meta-aminosulphonic acid and guaiacol derivative. The azo dye derivative of a meta-aminobenzoic acid and syringol showed a better performance in the decolourisation assays. Preliminary GC-MS studies indicated the formation of a nitroso substituted catechol metabolite, a precursor of aromatic ring cleavage, which was confirmed to occur by an enzymatic assay. The presence of this type of metabolite allows the establishment of a possible metabolic pathway towards mineralisation.     

The use of the Congo red-related dye DBACR to recognize the heavy chain-derived abnormality of myeloma immunoglobulins

Introduction The aim of this study was to differentiate heavy and light chain-derived instability of monoclonal myeloma immunoglobulins by complexation of matched supramolecular dyes. These are composed of several micellar pieces of self-assembled dye molecules which may penetrate the protein interior of the binding locus with polypeptide chains. These dyes were used to elicit, by precipitation, the postulated higher aggregation tendency of the heavy chain derived from its higher hydrophobicity. Materials and Methods Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to create conditions for dye complexation and to reveal the precipitation. Results Congo red derivatives with aromatic ring substitutes, BACR and DBACR, of increased penetrating capability were chosen to provoke the precipitation of abnormal immunoglobulins by displacing association-prone polypeptide chains from the protein interior. Conclusions The results of this study confirm the heavy chain-related propensity of some monoclonal immunoglobulins to aggregate and precipitate. The simplicity of the technique may improve clinical diagnosis and facilitate predictions of disease complications.     

Adsorptive removal of textile dyes from aqueous solutions by dead fungal biomass

Dead fungal biomass prepared from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Funalia trogii was tested for their efficiency in removal of textile dyes. The effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, amount of dead biomass and agitation rate on dye removal have been determined. Removal of all dyes required a very short time (60 min). Experimental results show that, P. chrysosporium was more effective than F. trogii . An increase in the amount of dead biomass positively affected of the dye removal. The removal efficiency of different amount of biomass was in order 1 g > 0.5 g > 0.2 g > 0.1 g. The highest removal was obtained at 150-200 rpm. Slightly lower removing activities were found at lower agitation rates. This study showed that it was possible to remove textile dyes by dead biomass of P. chrysosporium .     

CellVue® Claret,a New Far-Red Dye,Facilitates Polychromatic Assessment of Immune Cell Proliferation

Flow cytometric analyses of immune cell proliferation, differentiation, and function are limited by the number of different fluorochromes that can be resolved simultaneously. Additional colors to expand functional analytic capability will facilitate higher dimensional analyses of heterogeneous cell populations by basic and clinical scientists. Our aim in these studies was to evaluate CellVue® Claret, a fluorescent, far-red emitting, membrane intercalating dye (excitation maximum: 655 nm, emission maximum 677nm), as an alternative and/or complementary probe to PKH26 and CFSE¹ for polychromatic studies of immune cell proliferation and function. Using a BD FACSCalibur and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 8 different donors (2 donors studied twice), we compared CellVue® Claret with the two most commonly used visible-emitting proliferation dyes, PKH26 and CFSE, in terms of: (1) compatibility with 7-Amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) as a viability marker; (2) effect of dye labeling on lymphocyte viability; and (3) the proliferative response of CD3+ T lymphocytes from 0–96 hours as assessed by dilution of each of the 3 cell tracking dyes in cultures stimulated with anti-CD3 plus IL-2. Post-labeling recoveries and viabilities were similar for all 3 dyes, with modestly higher initial staining intensities and coefficients of variation for CellVue® Claret than for CFSE or PKH26. Lymphocyte viabilities in stimulated or unstimulated cultures were also unaffected by choice of dye. Proliferative responses of viable CD3+ lymphocytes were comparable for all three dyes, whether results were reported as Proliferative Fraction (percent of cells that had divided one or more times) or as Precursor Frequency (percent of parent population that had gone on to proliferate in response to anti-CD3 plus IL-2). In summary, T cell proliferation analysis using CellVue® Claret gives results equivalent to those obtained with PKH26 or CFSE, expanding the choice of proliferation dyes suitable for use in high dimensional polychromatic studies on flow cytometers with far red (633 nm–658 nm) excitation capabilities.     

CellVue® Claret, a New Far-Red Dye, Facilitates Polychromatic Assessment of Immune Cell Proliferation

Flow cytometric analyses of immune cell proliferation, differentiation, and function are limited by the number of different fluorochromes that can be resolved simultaneously. Additional colors to expand functional analytic capability will facilitate higher dimensional analyses of heterogeneous cell populations by basic and clinical scientists. Our aim in these studies was to evaluate CellVue® Claret, a fluorescent, far-red emitting, membrane intercalating dye (excitation maximum: 655 nm, emission maximum 677nm), as an alternative and/or complementary probe to PKH26 and CFSE¹ for polychromatic studies of immune cell proliferation and function. Using a BD FACSCalibur and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 8 different donors (2 donors studied twice), we compared CellVue® Claret with the two most commonly used visible-emitting proliferation dyes, PKH26 and CFSE, in terms of: (1) compatibility with 7-Amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) as a viability marker; (2) effect of dye labeling on lymphocyte viability; and (3) the proliferative response of CD3+ T lymphocytes from 0-96 hours as assessed by dilution of each of the 3 cell tracking dyes in cultures stimulated with anti-CD3 plus IL-2. Post-labeling recoveries and viabilities were similar for all 3 dyes, with modestly higher initial staining intensities and coefficients of variation for CellVue® Claret than for CFSE or PKH26. Lymphocyte viabilities in stimulated or unstimulated cultures were also unaffected by choice of dye. Proliferative responses of viable CD3+ lymphocytes were comparable for all three dyes, whether results were reported as Proliferative Fraction (percent of cells that had divided one or more times) or as Precursor Frequency (percent of parent population that had gone on to proliferate in response to anti-CD3 plus IL-2). In summary, T cell proliferation analysis using CellVue® Claret gives results equivalent to those obtained with PKH26 or CFSE, expanding the choice of proliferation dyes suitable for use in high dimensional polychromatic studies on flow cytometers with far red (633 nm-658 nm) excitation capabilities.     

Characterization of inhibitory effects of suspected periodontopathogens on osteogenesis in vitro.

By using an in vitro bone-forming culture system, the chick periosteal osteogenesis (CPO) model, the direct effects on osteogenesis of sonicated extracts derived from oral bacteria were examined. Both extracts from bacterial species having strong associations with periodontal diseases (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella intermedia, hereinafter referred to as suspected periodontopathogens) and extracts from species not correlated with periodontal disease (Streptococcus sanguis, Veillonella atypica, and Prevotella denticola, hereinafter referred to as nonpathogenic bacteria) were tested. All bacterial cultures were grown under standard anaerobic culture conditions. Sonicated bacterial extracts were prepared from the bacterial pellet. These were added in various proportions to the CPO cultures. Parameters of osteogenesis, including alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium and P(i) accumulation, and collagen synthesis, were measured in 6-day-old cultures. Compared with controls grown in the absence of bacterial products, osteogenesis was inhibited significantly in cultures treated with extracts derived from the suspected periodontopathogens. No osteogenic inhibition was observed in cultures treated with extracts from the nonpathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that the ability to inhibit osteogenesis in vitro may be a pathogenic property shared by a limited group of species. Further characterization of the P. gingivalis extracts revealed that both proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous products, including lipopolysaccharide, were able to inhibit osteogenesis. P. gingivalis extract-mediated inhibition of osteogenesis in CPO cultures was blocked by indomethacin, implicating prostaglandins in the regulation of the bacterial effects. The bacterial extracts had either reversible or irreversible inhibitory effects on osteogenesis when added after differentiation or before/during differentiation of bone cells, respectively.     

Expression and characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) from Plasmodium falciparum has been detected previously in cultures of parasites grown in G6PD-deficient red blood cells. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a semi-quantitative assay has been developed to compare the level of the parasite enzyme activity in G6PD normal and in G6PD-deficient host cells. The results do not support the previous contention that the host cell G6PD-deficiency necessarily affects the level of expression of the parasite enzyme. The plasmodial enzyme was partially purified from extracts of parasites prepared by digitonin lysis of infected red blood cells, and its distinctive biochemical properties are described. P. falciparum G6PD has a KmG6P of 27 microM, a KmNADP of 4.5 microM, and KiNADPH of 4.5 microM, indicating an affinity for all its main ligands much higher than that of normal human red cell G6PD.     

Direct effects of metabolic products and sonicated extracts of Porphyromonas gingivalis 2561 on osteogenesis in vitro.

It is well documented that oral microorganisms play a significant role in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. By using various in vitro models, it has been shown that some bacteria considered periodontal pathogens or their products can stimulate bone resorption and some other parameters of osteoblast-like cell activity. However, the effects of these organisms and their products on osteogenesis itself are not known. This study was undertaken to determine the direct effects of metabolic products and sonicated extracts of Porphyromonas gingivalis on bone formation in the chick periosteal osteogenesis model. Cultures of P. gingivalis 2561 were grown under standard anaerobic culture conditions. The spent medium was collected, and following centrifugation, sonicated bacterial extracts were prepared from the bacterial pellet. These were added in various proportions to the chick periosteal osteogenesis cultures. Sonicated extracts were further fractionated into five molecular-size ranges and similarly tested. Parameters of osteogenesis, including alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium and Pi accumulation, and collagen synthesis, were measured on 6-day-old cultures. Compared with controls devoid of bacterial products, osteogenesis was inhibited significantly in cultures treated with either conditioned medium or extracts obtained from P. gingivalis. Various amounts of inhibitory activity were observed in the different ultrafiltration molecular-size fractions, with very profound inhibitory effects observed in the < 5-kDa range. Histological observations indicated the presence of cells, some bone, and/or new fibrous connective tissue at all concentrations, indicating that toxicity was not a factor. These results suggest that periodontal pathogens such as P. gingivalis might contribute to the bone loss in periodontal diseases not only by stimulating resorption but, possibly, by inhibiting bone formation directly.     

Screening of filamentous fungi for the decolorization of a commercial reactive dye

The aim of this work is to verify the ability of 19 isolates of 13 different fungal species to decolorize the reactive dye blue‐BF‐R. The isolates of Pleurotus pulmonarius, P. ostreatus, P. ëous, P. citrinopileatus, Lentinus edodes, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Schizophyllum commune, Agaricus blazei, Ganoderma sp. and four isolates obtained from textile effluent were evaluated in minimum liquid medium. In addition, seven of them were also evaluated on solid medium, and both media were both added 0.5 g dye/l. All isolates evaluated on solid medium decolorized the dye. The isolates Phanerochaete chrysosporium CCB478 and Lentinus edodes CCB047 were the ones that presented the fastest and slowest growth, respectively. Despite the isolate of the textile effluent had grown on solid medium, it did not decolorize the dye. All the isolates of the genus Pleurotus, except the isolate Pleurotus ëous CCB440, decolorized the dye in liquid medium. They presented decolorization percentage ranging from 39% to 51%. The absorbance ratio (Abs₅₉₀/Abs₄₅₅) of the culture medium inoculated with these isolates decreased throughout the experiment indicating the fungal dye degradation. The others presented decolorization percent below 8%. The isolates of Pleurotus, except the isolate Pleurotus ëous CCB440, were able to decolorize and to degrade the commercial reactive dye blue‐BF‐R. The results indicate their potential to be used in the treatment of effluents containing this dye. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Evaluation of natural dyes for human spermatozoa morphology assessment

Dye extracts from plants have been valuable not only for the economy but also environmental sustainability. There have been many reports on the utilization of natural dyes extracted from various sources for staining of biological tissues. This study aimed to investigate the extraction of natural dye from black rice (Oryza Sativa), butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), fresh roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), and mulberry (Morus alba) to stain of human spermatozoa for morphology assessment. The results showed that black rice extracted from solvents C containing 5?ml of absolute ethanol, 10?g of potassium alum and 100?ml of distilled water is the best dye for human spermatozoa evaluation comparable to the rapid PAP and Dip quick® stain. Effectiveness of the process was found with black rice extract stain by using 2 steps for 15?min. There were no statistically significant differences in the parameters of head, midpiece, tail and background for human sperm morphology assessment comparable to rapid PAP and Dip quick® stain (p?>?0.05) unless the midpiece compartment when compare to rapid PAP. This finding suggests that the black rice extracted has potential for use as an alternative dye for human spermatozoa morphology evaluation. The usefulness of black rice extracts will decrease the expense for purchasing synthetic dyes and reduce their adverse effects on human and environment.     

Proteolytic activities in cultures of selected white-rot fungi

The presence of multiple intracellular and extracellular proteolytic activities in trophophasic (nutrientrich) and idiophasic (carbon-or nitrogen-starved) cultures of the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor and Phlebia radiata was demonstrated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing denatured haemoglobin as a substrate. In the trophophasic cultures of T. versicolor, seven electrophoretically distinguishable proteases were defined using mycelial extracts and six (three clear and three less intensive) of secreted proteases. For P. radiata eight bands of intracellular and five bands (one distinct and four less active) of extracellular proteolytic activities were detected. Gel electrophoresis revealed changes in patterns of secreted and mycelial proteinases upon carbon or nitrogen deprivation. The changes were seen both as an increase in activity of certain bands and as the appearance of new proteolytic bands. Specific activities of extracellular proteinases, assayed under idiophasic (—C or —N) conditions, increased 2—3 fold as compared to those upon nutrient sufficiency. These changes accompanied a shift to secondary metabolism and onset of ligninolytic activity.     

Evaluation of biotoxicity of textile dyes using two bioassays

The toxicity of eight textile dyes was evaluated using two bioassays namely: Ames test and seed germination test. The Ames test is widely used for the evaluation of hazardous mutagenic effect of different chemicals, as a short-term screening test for environmental impact assessment. The eight-textile dyes and Eithidium bromide dye (as positive control) were tested with five "his" Salmonella typhimurium strains: TA 100; TA 98; TA 1535; TA 1537; TA 1538. Using six concentrations of each dye (2.5 microg/ml, 4.5 microg/ml, 9 microg/ml, 13.5 microg/ml, 18 microg/ml, and 22.5 microg/ml) revealed that, most of the dyes were mutagenic for the test strains used in this study. The high concentrations of dye eliminated microbial colonies due to the high frequency of mutation causing lethal effect on the cells.In this work the phytotoxicity of different soluble textile dyes was estimated by measuring the relative changes in seed germination of four plants: clover, wheat, tomato and lettuce. The changes in shooting percentages and root length as affected by dye were also measured. Seed germination percent and shoot growth as well as root length were recorded after 6 days of exposure to different concentrations of textile dyes in irrigation water. The results show that high concentrations of dyes were more toxic to seed germination as compared with the lower concentrations. However, the low concentrations of the tested dyes adversely affected the shooting percent significantly.     

Infection of human epithelial cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). II. Biochemical characterization of EBV-determined proteins synthesized in epithelial cells

Primary cultures of epithelial cells were grown from tonsils of patients with diseases not related to EBV. The cells were implanted with EBV receptors and exposed to EBV of the transforming (B95-8, AG-876) and nontransforming (P3HR-1) strains. The EBV-infected and control cells were pulsed with [35S]methionine at 18-24 h after infection, and cell extracts were prepared for immunoprecipitation with anti-EBV sera and analysis by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. About 20 EBV-determined proteins ranging from 22 to 185 kDa were detected in P3HR-1 virus-infected epithelial cells. Only a few polypeptides were detected in extracts of cells infected with AG-876 virus while no EBV-specific proteins were immunoprecipitated from extracts of B95-8 virus-infected cells. These results demonstrate that the system of EBV receptor-implanted normal human epithelial cells can be used for direct biochemical analysis of EBV infection in the epithelial tissue.