脑外伤气管切开患者行吸痰护理的观察

目的:探讨通过控制吸痰粘稠度、时间、负压等不同吸痰措施对脑外伤气管切开患者的影响。方法 :将某院脑外伤后行气管切开的患者64例随机分成观察组和对照组,每组32例。对照组行传统的吸痰管理,观察组采取严格控制管理吸痰的干预措施,两组均接受脑外伤的常规治疗。2周后观察气管护理对比两组痰液吸净时间/吸痰负压、氧合指数、气道黏膜损伤频次、肺部感染率、颅内压、格拉斯哥(GCS)评分等指标。结果:与对照组比较,发现吸痰时间、吸痰负压、氧合指数、气道黏膜损伤频次、肺部感染率、颅内压和GCS评分均显优势,均有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:采用不同的吸痰管理的护理干预措施结合常规治疗有利于降低颅内压及肺部感染发生率,并且能促进脑外伤患者的康复。     

吸痰枕在吸痰护理中的应用效果观察与护理

目的探讨自制吸痰枕在吸痰护理中的应用效果。方法选取44例需要吸痰的肺部感染患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组24名,观察组20名。对照组采用常规方法吸痰,观察组采用应用自制吸痰枕辅助深部吸痰,比较两组单日平均吸痰次数、单次平均吸痰时间、气道粘膜出血例数等,其中对照组包含1例气管切开,观察组无气管切开。结果对照组单日平均吸痰次数为12次,气道粘膜出血例数为12例,观察组单日平均吸痰次数为4次,气道粘膜出血例数为3例,（P〈0．05）差异具有统计学意义,观察组的单次平均吸痰时间明显小于对照组。结论应用自制吸痰枕辅助深部吸痰可以明显缩短吸痰时间,减少吸痰次数,减少气道粘膜出血,有效改善患者氧合。     

脑外伤患者气管切开后及机械通气适宜吸痰负压的临床观察

目的:观察脑外伤患者气管切开后及机械通气时不同痰液黏稠度适宜吸痰负压效果.方法:以脑外伤患者气管切开后或机械通气患者为观察对象共28例,按照适时吸痰指征,根据患者痰液黏稠度选择不同的吸引负压,测量每例患者负压下吸痰前后血氧饱和度.并记录每次吸痰时间和黏膜损伤情况.结果:Ⅰ度痰液负压为13.3～16.0 KPa负压下吸痰,此时患者的血氧饱和度下降幅度小,而且痰液吸净时间控制在25秒左右,Ⅱ度痰液负压为24.0～26.7 KPa负压下吸痰,患者的血氧饱和度下降幅度小,而且痰液吸净时间控制在24～29秒左右,Ⅲ度痰液负压为33.3KPa负压下吸痰,此时即可控制血氧饱和度无显著下降,保持痰液吸净时间控制在30秒左右.结论:临床护理根据痰液黏稠度不同选择适宜的负压吸引,做到同时控制血氧饱和度下降幅度和吸痰时间,最大限度降低吸痰导致的低氧血症和气道黏膜损伤.     

氨溴索湿化重症监护患者气管切后气道护理体 会简

目的 探讨氨溴索湿化应用于重症监护室（ICU）患者气管切开后气道护理的应用价值.方法 选择ICU进行气管切开的患者54例,随机分为观察组和对照组,各27例.对照组给予ICU常规护理并结合雾化0.9％氯化钠注射液,观察组给予针对性护理干预同时给予氨溴索雾化吸入,观察护理效果.结果 观察组患者痰痂形成、肺部感染、气管黏膜充血及刺激性咳嗽的发生情况均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组患者痰液黏稠度情况显著好于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组患者临床护理满意度显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 对ICU气管切开患者实施针对性护理干预措施并结合氨溴索雾化吸入可以明显减轻对气道的刺激,改善患者痰液黏稠程度,提高临床护理满意度,值得临床推广.     

高压氧舱内两种气道护理方法的效果比较

目的探讨高压氧舱内气管切开患者两种气道护理的效果。方法选择行高压氧治疗且已行气管切开患者60例,按单双号分组分为观察组和对照组各30例。观察组采取气切套管下吸痰,吸痰后立即行气道声门下冲洗,对照组采取深部吸痰,吸痰后不进行冲洗。对两组气管切开患者的心率、呼吸,血氧饱和度、吸痰间隔时间、气道黏膜损伤、呛咳等呼吸道并发症及呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率与一周内呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的发生例数、发生时间的情况进行统计和观察。结果两种气道护理方式对患者生命体征及血氧饱和度均有影响,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,舱内两小时吸痰间隔时间、气道黏膜损伤、呛咳等呼吸道并发症的发生差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率与一周内VAP的发生例数,发生时间差异有统计学意义。结论高压舱内气管切开患者选择气切套管下吸痰,且吸痰后立即行气道声门下冲洗,不仅能延长吸痰间隔时间,有效保持呼吸道通畅,保证高压氧治疗效果,而且还可以减少并发症的发生。     

气管切开患者吸痰的护理体会

气管切开术是抢救危重患者呼吸道不畅所采取的紧急而有效的治疗措施.需机械通气的危重患者,吸痰是护理技术之一.常规是2h吸痰1次,若吸痰操作不当及过于频繁可致许多并发症.如:缺氧、窒息、肺不张、支气管痉挛、心律失常、气道损伤、颅内压增高、血流动力学异常改变及感染等.为了探讨吸痰的正确方法.保证患者安全.现将28例气管切开患者的吸痰护理体会总结如下.     

重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开的护理探讨

目的 探讨护理干预对重型颅脑损伤气管切开患者的影响.方法 将150例重型颅脑损伤气管切开患者随机分为观察组和对照组各75例.对照组行神经外科常规治疗护理,观察组给予护理干预措施.护理2周后观察2组肺部感染情况及护理前后患者格拉斯哥(GCS)评分变化情况.结果 2组肺部感染率和感染控制时间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组护理1周、2周后GCS评分均显著提高,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 合理的护理干预措施可有效降低肺部感染发生率,促进患者康复.     

重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开的护理探讨

目的 探讨护理干预对重型颅脑损伤气管切开患者的影响.方法 将150例重型颅脑损伤气管切开患者随机分为观察组和对照组各75例.对照组行神经外科常规治疗护理,观察组给予护理干预措施.护理2周后观察2组肺部感染情况及护理前后患者格拉斯哥（GCS）评分变化情况.结果 2组肺部感染率和感染控制时间比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.2组护理1周、2周后GCS评分均显著提高,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 合理的护理干预措施可有效降低肺部感染发生率,促进患者康复.     

重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后呼吸道的管理

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开后呼吸道的护理措施。方法:对70例重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开后气道的管理,着重做好以下四个环节:气道感染的预防,气道湿化,气管内吸引,减少引起气道刺激的因素,防止气道黏膜的损害。结果:70例患者中发生肺部感染者6例,肺不张者2例,无肺部并发症者62例。结论:重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开后气道管理的关键是无菌操作,适量湿化,有效吸痰以及减少刺激因素,从而降低肺部等并发症的发生。     

两种不同气道湿化方法用于脑梗死患者气管切开术后疗效比较

目的比较两种不同气道湿化方法用于脑梗死患者气管切开的疗效。方法60例脑梗死气管切开患者按数字表法随机分为观察组及对照组各30例,观察组采用以输液泵持续滴注0．45％氯化钠溶液气道湿化法,对照组采用以注射器间断滴入0．45％氯化钠注射液气道湿化法,比较两组患者刺激性咳嗽、痰痂形成、气道黏膜出血、肺部感染等发生情况。结果观察组刺激性咳嗽、痰痂形成、气道黏膜出血、肺部感染等发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论应用输液泵持续滴注0．45％氯化钠溶液气道湿化法能明显减少肺部感染及痰痂形成,预防刺激性咳嗽与气道黏膜出血,值得临床推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.