肠内营养支持对危重病人营养状态及内毒素水平影响

目的探讨肠内营养（EN）支持对危重病人营养状态及内毒素水平影响。方法选择64例不能经口进食的危重病人,分为完全肠外营养（TPN）组及TPN＋EN组,TPN组采用完全静脉营养支持,TPN＋EN组在病人营养支持全程或部分时间采用EN营养支持,比较两组病人营养支持前后营养状态、血清内毒素及炎性递质的水平。结果治疗1周后,TPN＋EN组病人血清前血清清蛋白、前清蛋白水平高于TPN组（t=2．92、3．58,P〈0．05）,血清内毒素、白介素6及肿瘤坏死因子a水平低于TPN组（t=3．54～7．36,P〈0．05）。结论EN支持能够改善危重病人的营养状态,减少病人体内细菌内毒素的生成及炎性损伤。     

早期肠内营养联合肠道去污对犬急性坏死性胰腺炎尿中甘露醇/乳果糖的影响

目的:观察早期肠内营养(EN)联合肠道去污(SDD)对犬急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP) 肠黏膜结构、尿中的甘露醇/乳果糖的影响。方法:经腹向胰管内注入5%牛磺胆酸钠胰蛋白酶混合液(1 ml/kg)诱导ANP。20条杂种犬随机分为生理盐水(NS)组(n=5)、SDD组(n=5)、EN组(n=5)、SDD联合EN(ESDD)组(n=5)。在诱导ANP24 h后给予治疗,维持5 d。在治疗的第1、2、3、4、5天测定外周血的淀粉酶、乳酸脱氢酶。第2、5天测定尿中的甘露醇/乳果糖。实验第7天处死动物。分别取空肠、回肠、结肠测定绒毛高度、粘膜厚度。结果:①各组中淀粉酶、乳酸脱氢酶均无显著性差异。②EN和ESDD组小肠绒毛高度和肠粘膜厚度均高于SDD组和NS组(P<0.05)。③NS组第5天尿中的乳果糖/甘露醇明显高于EN、SDD组和ESDD组(P<0.05)。其中EN和SDD组第5天尿中的乳果糖/甘露醇明显高于ESDD组(P<0.05)。而第2 天尿中的乳果糖/甘露醇无明显差异。结论:EN、SDD和ES DD在犬急性坏死性胰腺炎中能够维持肠道粘膜的正常结构和功能,其中ESDD效果最佳。     

早期肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎治疗的影响

目的：探讨早期肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）治疗中的有效性。方法：回顾分析本院近5年来收治的71例SAP患者的临床资料，经综合治疗观察患者血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、CD4／CD8、IgG、内毒素水平。按营养支持不同分为36例肠内营养组（EN组），35例全胃肠外营养组（TPN组）。结果：EN组治疗后14d患者血清CD4／CD8比值及IgG水平比TPN组有明显升高（P〈0．05）；EN组治疗后7、14d时TNF-α与治疗前比较明显下降（P〈0．05），且与TPN组比较明显减少（P〈0．05）；EN组治疗后血清前白蛋白水平比治疗前明显增高（P〈0．05），且与TPN组比较亦有显著提高（P〈0．05）。结论：早期肠内营养对SAP治疗是安全有效的，能提高血清前白蛋白水平水平，改善SAP营养状况，增强肠道黏膜屏障，抑制炎症因子释放，增强患者的免疫功能，改善SAP的预后。     

经鼻空肠管进行肠内营养对急性重症胰腺炎患者预后的影响

目的观察经鼻空肠管进行肠内营养（EN）对急性重症胰腺炎（SAP）患者预后的影响。方法将45例SAP患者随机分为3组,即完全肠外营养组（TPN组）,经鼻空肠管进行常规EN组（EN组）,经鼻空肠管进行添加谷氨酰胺的EN组（Gtn组）,每组15例。治疗前及治疗后第1、7、14d分别检测3组患者血白蛋白、c反应蛋白（cRP）及内毒素水平,并进行急性生理功能和慢性健康状况（APACHE）Ⅱ与Ranson评分,同时观察患者体质量、肠功能及并发症发生情况。结果治疗后第7天。3组白蛋白、体质量均较治疗前明显下降,第14天恢复,其中Gin组回升最明显。治疗后第14天,3组APACHE-Ⅱ及Ranson评分均低于治疗前,但3组间比较,差异无统计学意义。治疗第7天,Gin组CRP及内毒素水平低于其他2组,第14天Gin组与EN组比较无显著差异,但均低于TPN组。Gin组并发症发生率最低,明显低于TPN组,略低于EN组。治疗前后3组肠功能评分比较,差异均无统计学意义,但Gin组肠功能改善情况略优于TPN组和EN组。结论添加谷氨酰胺的EN可改善SAP患者炎症反应,减少细菌移位,降低肠源性感染几率,对患者的预后具有重要作用。     

鼻空肠管早期肠内营养治疗急性重症胰腺炎20例临床护理

目的：探讨经鼻空肠管早期肠内营养（EN）治疗急性重症胰腺炎（SAP）的护理方法。方法：将42例SAP患者随机分为经鼻空肠管早期EN治疗SAP20例（EN组）,全疗程全胃肠外营养（TPN）治疗SAP22例（TPN组）,观察两组治愈率、病死率、细菌或霉菌感染率、住院时间和平均住院费用的差异。结果：EN组患者住院时间、住院费用及细菌或霉菌感染的发生率均低于TPN组（P〈0．05）。治愈率、病死率两组比较无统计学意义,无一例患者因行EN治疗而加重SAP病情。结论：经鼻空肠管早期EN治疗对SAP是一种安全有效的营养方法．值得临床推广应用。     

早期肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎中的意义

目的评价早期放置鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养（EN）对重症急性胰腺炎（SPA）的疗效。方法分析36例SPA患者的临床资料,按全肠外营养（TPN）和肠内营养（EN）随机分成两组,每组18例。比较两组患者治疗后的免疫、营养状况及平均住院天数、感染率及高血糖的发生率。结果两组的血清白蛋白、前白蛋白显著升高。EN组的感染率、平均住院天数、高血糖发生率均低于TPN组（P〈0．05）。结论早期EN在SPA治疗中起重要作用,合理应用有助于改善机体免疫及营养状况。     

十二指肠营养管在食管癌和贲门癌患者术后发生吻合口瘘的应用

目的探讨食管癌贲门癌患者术后发生吻合口瘘时十二指肠营养管应用的临床效果。方法选取36例食管癌贲门癌术后发生吻合口瘘患者,随机分为中心静脉营养加空肠造瘘组（TPN,n=16）和外周静脉加肠内营养组（PN＋EN,n=20）,观察两组患者的血浆白蛋白、患者的体重、住院总费用等指标。结果两组患者的体重无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,两组患者的血浆白蛋白水平无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,住院总费用EN组明显少于TPN组（P〈0．05）,差异有统计学意义。结论食管癌贲门癌患者术后发生吻合口瘘时,经十二指肠管进行肠内营养具有更符合生理需求、更安全、费用低、并发症少等优点。     

急性重症胰腺炎患者早期肠内外营养支持的效果评价

目的：评价急性重症胰腺炎患者早期肠内外营养支持有无差异。方法：将我院近两年收治的急性重症胰腺炎患者39例分为早期肠内营养组（EN组13例）和早期肠外营养组（TPN组14例）,对照组（12例）。在常规治疗基础上,EN组早期留置液囊空肠营养管行空肠营养,TPN组早期行静脉高糖氨基酸治疗,对照组早期未行肠内外营养支持。分别在治疗1、2、3周后比较三组总胆红素、WBC、APACHEⅡ评分、Ranson评分和C-反应蛋白（CRP）、血淀粉酶、尿淀粉酶恢复时间、白蛋白变化情况,于出院时比较感染并发症率、病死率、平均住院时间等。结果：三组患者APACHEⅡ评分和Ranson评分差异无统计学差异;第2周时,EN组及TPN组白细胞和CRP水平显著低于对照组,第2、3周时．EN组和TPN组血清白蛋白水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）;EN组及TPN组感染率、感染并发症、平均住院时间明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,EN组更优,但TPN组肠胀气及消化道出血发生率低于EN组及对照组,尤其是较高龄人群。结论：早期营养支持可以显著改善急性重症胰腺炎患者营养状况,缩短病程、减低感染率、病死率、并发症发生率。但针对不同年龄人群,可选择不同营养支持方法。     

经鼻空肠管肠内营养在急性重症胰腺炎患者中的应用

目的探讨经鼻空肠管行肠内营养在急性重症胰腺炎患者中的应用。方法将急性重症胰腺炎30例随机分为肠内营养组（EN组）（16例）和全胃肠外营养组（TPN组）（14例）,观察两组治疗结果以及临床指标的变化。结果营养支持2周后两组患者的APACHEⅡ评分、CT评分较前显著降低（P〈0．01）,且EN组的各项评分均显著低于TPN组（P〈0．01）。营养支持后两组的血清白蛋白均较前有明显改善（P〈0．01）,但两组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。EN组治疗后血清前白蛋白水平与治疗前明显增高（P〈0．05）,且与TPN组比较亦有显著性增加（P〈0．05）。EN组平均住院天数显著缩短,中转手术率、感染率、死亡率方面EN组均显著低于PN组（P〈0．05）,且MODS发生率两组有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论经鼻空肠管肠内营养支持方式的疗效优于完全胃肠外营养,对重症急性胰腺炎的治疗起了积极作用。     

肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎的临床应用

目的研究肠内营养（EN）在治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）中所起的作用。方法收集2006年1月至2008年8月本院收治的重症急性胰腺炎患者33例,16例接受经鼻空肠管肠内营养＋肠外营养（EN＋PN）治疗,17例接受全肠外营养（TPN）治疗,比较两组患者症状改善情况、生化指标恢复时间、细菌或真菌培养阳性率、住院天数、住院费用的差异。结果经鼻空肠管肠内营养＋肠外营养（EN＋PN）比全肠外营养（TPN）症状体征改善、生化指标恢复及住院时间显著缩短、细菌或真菌培养阳性率显著降低,住院费用明显减少（均P〈0．05）。结论EN＋PN应用于重症急性胰腺炎卓有成效,经济,安全可行,值得临床推广。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.