放松训练对脑电、心率变异及情绪的影响

目的：观察放松训练对受试者脑电、心率变异、情绪、肌电和皮肤末梢循环的影响，以及以上各因素之间的关系，探讨放松训练对抗精神紧张、改善心身健康的心理生理机制。方法：将60名大学生分为实验组和对照组；实验组集体接受放松训练2个月，对照组不接受任何放松训练；两组实验期间同时经历考试应激过程。比较实验前后两组的心率变异，并用心理测验量表（SCL－90、SRHMS和PSQI）对其情绪进行评估，同时测定2个月后两组的脑电变化。最后，以脑电指标中的额α指数为因变量，进行回归分析。结果：2个月后，与对照组比较，实验组的脑电α指数及脑电相干函数增高、心率变异中低频／高频比值降低（P＜0．05）、RR间期散点图形状得分升高（P＜0．01），SCL－90总分降低（P＜0．01）。结论：放松训练对大学生精神紧张有一定缓解作用。     

大学生的睡眠质量与抑郁、焦虑的关系

目的:探讨大学生的睡眠质量与抑郁、焦虑症状严重程度的关系。方法:选取580名大学生,采用匹兹堡睡眠量表(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表测试(SAS)分别测查其睡眠质量以及抑郁、焦虑症状严重程度。SDS标准分≥53分为抑郁组,53分为无抑郁组;SAS标准分≥50分为焦虑组,50分为无焦虑组。结果:PSQI总分与SDS得分、SAS得分正相关(r=0.58、0.47,均P0.01)。得到抑郁组39例、无抑郁组488例,焦虑组147例、无焦虑组380例;其中抑郁症状的大学生PSQI总分高于无抑郁症状者[(9.2±2.2)vs.(5.5±2.2),P0.01],有焦虑症状的大学生PSQI总分高于无焦虑症状者[(7.2±2.6)vs.(5.3±2.1),P0.01];且PSQI总分对SDS得分和SAS得分的主效应均有统计学意义(F=22.64、14.00,均P0.01)。PSQI总分与SDS得分正向关联(β=0.58,P0.01),对SDS得分解释率为33.4%;PSQI总分与SAS得分正向关联(β=0.47,P0.01),对SAS得分的解释率为22.1%。结论:大学生睡眠质量是衡量抑郁、焦虑严重程度的重要指标。     

肌电反馈放松训练对大学生失眠症治疗作用的初步探索

目的: 探究肌电反馈放松训练对大学生失眠症的治疗作用.方法: 采用肌电反馈放松训练对36例失眠症患者进行治疗,在治疗前后让失眠症患者填写抑郁自评量表、焦虑自评量表,并记录治疗前后被试的睡眠多导图和肌电值.结果: 与治疗前相比,治疗后被试的睡眠潜伏期缩短(32.9 4±22.6/85.7 4±52.8,P=0.015),觉醒次数减少(1.8±0.8/3.5 4±1.5,P=0.031),快速眼动睡眠期时间延长(78.7 4±22.9/42.5±24.5,P=O.033),3期、4期睡眠时间延长(56.0 4±39.4/31.9 4±26.2,P±=0.024),睡眠效率提高(78.1 4±11.2/64.3 4±21.3,P=0.027);焦虑自评量表得分和抑郁自评量表得分均降低(30.9 4±5.3/35.7 4±5.8、40.9 ±8.6/43.7 4±6.2,P=0.027、0.016);肌电值降低(2.6 4±0.9/0.8±4±O.2,P=0.017).结论: 肌电反馈放松训练具有放松肌肉、缓解紧张、改善睡眠的作用.     

青少年的睡眠质量与负性生活事件、人格

目的:探讨青少年睡眠质量与负性生活事件、人格的关系,考察负性生活事件、人格特质与睡眠质量是否有交互作用.方法:本研究数据来自中国科学院心理研究所全国青少年心理健康数据库中2008年的调查数据,样本是用系统分层抽样方法抽取的4538名中小学生,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、青少年负性生活事件自评问卷和艾森克人格问卷少年版(EPQ-Junior)评估青少年睡眠质量、负性生活事件和人格.结果:本样本PSQI总分为(5.1±2.8),26％的人有睡眠质量问题(PSQI≥7).11～14岁年龄组PSQI得分低于15 ～ 17岁年龄组,15～ 17岁年龄组PSQI得分低于18～20岁年龄组[(3.9±2.5)vs.(5.4±2.6)vs.(6.5±2.7),P＜0.01].PSQI总分与负性生活事件总分(r=0.32),EPQ-Jun-ior的神经质(r=0.54)、精神质维度(r=0.18)得分呈正相关(均P＜0.01),与内外倾维度得分呈负相关(r=-0.16,P＜0.01).二分logistic回归分析显示,负性生活事件得分(OR=1.56)与EPQ-Junior的神经质维度得分(OR=1.23)越高,PSQI得分可能越高(均P＜0.01).结论:同时存在神经质人格高分和经历负性生活事件多的青少年的睡眠质量可能更差.     

大学生对网络心理咨询的态度及与人格、网络自我效能感的关系

目的:探讨大学生网络心理咨询态度的基本特点及与人格、网络自我效能感之间的关系,为改善大学生网络心理咨询态度,提高其网络心理咨询行为提供有益参考.方法:在2所高校大一至大四学生中选取有心理咨询经历者310人(其中面对面心理咨询经历者32人,无面对面经历者278人).选用网络心理咨询态度问卷(OCAS,包含网络心理咨询的评价和网络心理咨询的不适感两个维度)、中国人人格量表(QZPS)及大学生网络自我效能感问卷测查.结果:大学生网络心理咨询的评价得分较高,网络心理咨询的不适感得分较低.有面对面心理咨询经历者网络心理咨询的不适感得分低于无面对面心理咨询经历者[(12.9±2.6)vs.(14.0±2.8),P＜0.05].大一学生网络心理咨询的评价得分低于其他3个年级学生[(17.8±3.0)vs.(18.7±2.6),(19.0±2.2),(19.1±1.7);均P＜0.05],大一、大二学生网络心理咨询的不适感得分高于大三学生[(14.4±3.1),(14.2±2.5) vs.(13.3±2.8);均P＜0.05].QZPS的外向性、善良、才干、情绪性和处世态度得分及大学生网络自我效能感问卷的网络能力感、行为努力感得分均与网络心理咨询的评价得分呈正相关(r=0.11～0.29;均P＜0.05);网络心理咨询的不适感得分与QZPS的外向性、处世态度得分呈负相关(r=-0.21、-0.16,均P＜0.05),而与才干得分呈正相关(r=0.13,P＜0.05).结论:大学生对网络心理咨询有较积极的态度,外向性低、高才干的个体对网络心理咨询的接纳性可能更低;大学生网络心理咨询态度可能与其人格特征、网络自我效能感有关.     

智能心理多功能减压训练对潜艇艇员睡眠质量的影响

目的探讨智能心理多功能减压训练对潜艇艇员睡眠情况的影响。方法采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(PSQI)对潜艇艇员进行评估,将PSQI7分的12名艇员作为训练组,12名PSQI7分的艇员作为对照组,对训练组的艇员进行智能心理多功能减压训练。结果训练前训练组在睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠障碍、日间功能障碍的得分显著高于对照组(t=4.73,5.93,2.80,2.80,5.00;P0.01);训练后训练组在睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠障碍、日间功能障碍上的得分显著低于训练前(t=9.57,7.29,7.42,4.63,6.51;P0.01),在睡眠效率、催眠药物上的得分低于训练前,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。训练组训练后脉搏、呼吸、PNN50的得分显著低于训练前(t=3.96,3.63,5.52;P0.01),H放松指数为(76.48±44.33),B放松指数为(89.31±24.58),综合放松度为(89.56±30.24)。结论智能心理多功能减压训练对治疗缓解失眠、引导睡眠有明显作用。     

大学生感觉寻求人格特征与脑电诱发电位的关系

目的:研究大学生感觉寻求人格特征与脑电诱发电位的相关性.方法:测试大学生感觉寻求及MMPI人格特征,分析长潜伏期听觉诱发电位与感觉寻求人格特征的相关性,寻找感觉寻求人格特征的生物学标志,并进一步探讨感觉寻求人格特征的生物学基础.结果:1.高、低感觉寻求组轻躁狂(t=3.1)以及抑郁(t=3.62)分量表得分具有显著性差异(P均＜0.01),高感觉寻求组的抑郁得分较低,轻躁狂得分较高,而低感觉寻求组则与之相反.2.高感觉寻求者具有快速习惯化的特点(tc2=2.4,tc3=2.6,tc4=2.5,P均＜0.05).结论:1.感觉寻求人格特征呈现极端形式者(低或高)可能容易出现与抑郁、轻躁狂相关的精神问题.2.与强度依赖性相比,快速习惯化现象可能是高感觉寻求者的一个更加显著的电生理标志.     

监狱人民警察焦虑状况、人格特征及两者关系

目的:探讨监狱人民警察焦虑状况、人格特征及两者关系。方法:采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对来自广东省监狱系统的205名监狱人民警察进行测试。结果:1约40.98%的监狱人民警察有一定程度的焦虑症状,其中20.00%的问题已较严重;监狱人民警察在SAS上的得分显著高于常模(t=13.70,P0.01);不同性别、工作岗位和工作年限的监狱人民警察SAS总分存在差异(t=1.98,-2.02,-2.13;P0.05);2监狱人民警察的人格特征与常模有显著差异,其在EPQ的P、E维度上得分显著较高(t=13.11,5.53;P0.01),在L维度上得分较低(t=-12.03,P0.01);不同性别、工作岗位和工作年限的监狱人民警察的EPQ得分存在差异(P0.05);3监狱人民警察的SAS总分与EPQ中的P、N维度得分有显著正相关(r=0.288,0.530;P0.05),与E维度则有显著负相关(r=-0.192,P0.05)。结论:监狱人民警察的焦虑状况较差,人格的培养和心理素质的提高有利于改善监狱人民警察的焦虑状况。     

生物反馈放松疗法对冠心病疗效的临床研究

目的 探讨生物反馈放松训练对冠心病患者疗效、焦虑及抑郁情绪的影响.方法 将100例住院冠心病患者随机分为干预组和对照组各50例,对照组进行常规心内科治疗,干预组在常规治疗基础上实施为期8周的生物反馈放松训练.采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)对两组受试者分别于入组及随访结束时进行评估.结果 ①随访结束时干预组的焦虑量表评分显著低于治疗前(t=13.272,P＜0.001)及对照组(t=10.912,P＜0.05);②干预组的抑郁量表评分显著低于治疗前(t=11.343,P＜0.001)及对照组(t=6.920,P＜0.05);③干预组的匹兹堡睡眠质量指数显著低于治疗前(t=7.900,P＜0.05)及对照组(t=6.080,P＜0.05);④干预组临床疗效显著高于对照组(x2=13.272,P＜0.05).结论 生物反馈放松训练有助于减轻冠心病患者焦虑、抑郁情绪,改善睡眠,提高临床疗效.     

心理小组式辅导对大学生考试焦虑干预效

目的:研究心理小组式辅导对大学生考试焦虑干预效果.方法:选择2018年5月至2019年5月大学心理咨询室咨询存在考试焦虑大学生110名,按随机数表法分为观察组和对照组各55名,对照组实施常规干预措施,观察组在此基础上进行心理小组式辅导,两组均实施为期9周的心理干预.观察干预前后考试焦虑量表(TAS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、状态—特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、简式睡眠信念和态度量表(DBAS-16)、知觉压力量表(CPSS)、医学应对问卷(MCMQ)评分情况.结果:观察组干预后TAS量表、SAS量表、STAI量表、TDBAS—16量表、CPSS量表评分均低于对照组(t=4.411,6.862,11.083,5.605,5.870;P＜0.05).观察组干预后MCMQ中面对量表得分明显高于对照组(t=7.306,P＜0.05),而回避、屈服量表的得分均低于对照组(t=3.597,2.444;P＜0.05).结论:心理小组式辅导通过改善大学生对考试应对方式,有效调节考试前焦虑状态,且在一定程度改善睡眠质量及日常压力.     

原发性癫痫患者焦虑心理状态的相关因素分析

目的探讨原发性癫痫患者焦虑心理状态的相关因素。方法选取原发性癫痫患者50例,完成焦虑自评量表(SAS)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(PSQI)和Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)评估,将其中SAS总分≥53分者作为焦虑组,将SAS总分<53分者作为非焦虑组,对比分析两组患者各评定量表结果,并对原发性癫痫患者焦虑心理状态相关因素进行分析。结果焦虑组12例(占24%),非焦虑组38例(占76%),癫痫患者中有焦虑者与未合并焦虑者各量表评定有差异性。相关性分析显示SAS总分与PSQI总分、主观睡眠质量、睡眠障碍和日间功能障碍呈正相关(r=0.382,0.268,0.288,0.421;P<0.05),与MoCA总分、视空间/执行功能、记忆力、注意力、抽象能力和定向力呈负相关(r=-0.382,-0.265,-0.266,-0.454,-0.266,-0.292;P<0.05),行逐步回归分析,进入回归方程的因素有PSQI总分(β=0.954)、PSQI子项目日间功能障碍(β=2.954)和MoCA子项目注意力(β=-2.424)。结论原发性癫痫患者中合并焦虑者与PSQI总分、PSQI子项目日间功能障碍和MoCA子项目注意力有相关性。     

Multiple Response Comparison of Parietal EEG and Frontalis EMG Biofeedback

In Study I parietal EEG and frontalis EMG were simultaneously recorded from 20 normal subjects while half of the subjects received 45 min of eyes-closed alpha EEG enhancement feedback and the other half received a similar amount of EMG suppression feedback. EMG feedback resulted in a significant reduction in frontalis EMG activity accompanied by a reliable increase in parietal alpha density, while EEG feedback produced only an increase in alpha without corresponding EMG reduction. In Study II, each of 8 subjects underwent four separate feedback contingencies in two 40-min sessions—one session with eyes open and the other with eyes closed. The four types of feedback were: a) alpha-up (alpha enhancement), b) alpha-down (alpha suppression), c) EMG-down (frontalis tension decrease), and d) EMG-up (frontalis tension increase). EMG feedback, up and down, resulted in the more consistent pattern of generalized arousal changes reflected in heart rate and respiratory rate as well as EEG and EMG activity. Within the constraints of a limited training period, the results suggest that frontalis EMG feedback is the more efficient procedure for producing a generalized relaxation response. However, since fingertip vasoconstriction accompanied all four types of feedback, caution must be exercised to avoid the oversimplification of generalized organism effects.     

Comparison of Frontal EMG Biofeedback and Several Types of Relaxation Instructions in Reducing Multiple Indices of Arousal

During the training phase, 96 subjects were given one of four types of relaxation instructions (single instructions, repeated instructions, relaxation training, no instructions) and in addition either did or did not receive frontal EMG biofeedback training. Results indicated that each of the instructions and biofeedback procedures were equally effective in reducing frontal EMG, but that none of these procedures had any effect on subjective anxiety or autonomic indices of arousal (pulse rate, skin temperature, and finger pulse volume). During the generalization/stress phase, subjects were threatened with electric shock and were told to apply the relaxation techniques they learned during the training phase even though no additional instructions and/ or biofeedback training would be provided. To assess the effectiveness of the shock manipulation, a no-threat control group was included. Results indicated that: a) the shock manipulation was effective in increasing arousal, b) previous instructions and/or biofeedback were equally effective in reducing frontal EMG levels, but that c) only relaxation training was consistently effective in reducing subjective and autonomic indices of arousal. These findings: a) suggest that in stressful situations, relaxation training may be more effective than either EMG biofeedback or simple relaxation instructions in producing a general relaxation effect as opposed to a specific EMG effect; and b) indicate the importance of assessing the effectiveness of relaxation procedures during stressful situations during which subjects’ levels of arousal are elevated above resting baseline levels.     

综合医院护理人员睡眠质量与抑郁焦虑状况的相关性

目的:了解综合医院护理人员睡眠质量与抑郁焦虑状况的关系,为改善护理人员的睡眠质量提供参考。方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)对109名综合医院护理人员进行测评。结果:本组护理人员PSQI总分及各因子分均高于正常人群(U=5.76~15.33,P0.01),且41.3%(45/109)护理人员PSQI总分大于7分,远高于正常人群(χ2=69.11,P0.001);本组护理人员的SDS总分和SAS总分均高于我国常模(U=12.12,12.39;P0.01);SAS总分和SDS总分均与PSQI总分呈正向相关(r=0.534,0.897;P0.01)。结论:综合医院护理人员的睡眠质量较差,改善其抑郁焦虑状况有助于睡眠质量的改善。     

Effect of EMG Biofeedback and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training on Awareness of Frontalis Muscle Tension

Awareness of muscle tension, as estimated by a modification of the Kinsman et al. (1975) procedure for determining probability of correct estimation (P(c)) of absolute differences in muscle tension between adjacent trials, was examined before and after volunteer subjects underwent 4 sessions of either: 1) EMG biofeedback (BF) training, 2) progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) training, or 3) a placebo-control (MC) procedure which involved listening to music as an alleged guide for relaxation. The subjects were 30 females (mean age = 28.3 yrs) responding to an offering of experimental treatment for anxiety and tension. Measurements of frontalis muscle tension (EMG) and P(c) were made before and after training. The results showed that EMG was significantly reduced by BF and PMR training but not by the MC procedure. Increases in P(c) after training were significantly greater for BF than for PMR or MC training. There were no group differences for subjective report of tension. Correlations between pre- to post-training EMG and P(c) change scores were significant only for the BF group and the combined group of BF and PMR subjects. These results suggest that: 1) both BF and PMR training were effective in producing frontalis EMG reductions, 2) the following relationship may exist among training groups in terms of relative influence upon awareness of tension—BF training > PMR training > MC training, and 3) awareness of tension appears to be related to the ability to reduce EMG although the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear.     

Training and Transfer of Training Effects in EMG Biofeedback Assisted Muscular Relaxation

Twenty-two normal adults participated in an electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback experiment designed to test if the feedback stimulus is necessary in obtaining EMG reductions during typical laboratory procedures, and if prior training on one muscle facilitates the training of a second muscle. One group of subjects received forearm feedback training followed by frontalis training. A second group received training in the reverse order. Two control groups relaxed first on their own followed by either forearm or frontalis training. Attention was directed toward motivating control subjects to perform maximally during relaxation without feedback. Heart and respiration rates and skin conductance and temperature were also recorded. Both trained and untrained subjects produced significant EMG reductions but did not differ from each other; nor did a transfer of training effect emerge. No differences resulted between feedback and non-feedback conditions for the other physiological measures or for changes in state anxiety. These data compromise somewhat the previous demonstrations of EMG biofeedback “learning,” and are unsupportive of EMG biofeedback as a general relaxation training technique.     

不同性别口吃患者情绪状态、人格特征及疗效研究

目的：研究不同性别口吃患者的情绪状态、人格特征、治疗效果及其相互关系，为治疗提供依据。方法：采用SAS、SDS、MMPI、EPQ、口吃程度评定表、疗效主观评价表等，测量159名口吃患者，110名正常对照。采用认知治疗、行为治疗、森田疗法、语言流畅训练等方法治疗。结果：口吃组与对照组比较，焦虑、抑郁情绪、人格特点均有显著性差异。治疗前后比较疗效显著。结论：口吃患者存在负性情绪、不良人格，应给予干预。短期、强化、整合性心理治疗治疗口吃有效。     

大学生睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁状况及其相关性分析

目的 分析睡眠障碍与焦虑、抑郁的相关性,以期为改善大学生睡眠质量提供一定参考依据。方法 2018年3月应用匹兹堡睡眠量表（PSQI）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）对我校4个专业827名大学生进行睡眠质量和心理状态评估。结果 827名大学生PSQI平均总分为（5.73±2.41）分,SAS平均总分为（43.83±9.11）分,SDS平均总分为（41.93±7.71）分。高年级学生、医学类大学生PSQI、SAS、SDS总分高于低年级学生、非医学类大学生PSQI、SAS、SDS总分,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;PSQI≥8大学生的SDS得分和SAS得分高于5≤PSQI≤7大学生、高于PSQI≤4大学生,SAS≥50分大学生的PSQI总分高于SAS＜50分大学生的PSQI总分,SDS≥53分大学生的PSQI总分高于SDS＜53分大学生的PSQI总分,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 我校大学生睡眠质量不容乐观,睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪关系密切,应引起学校管理者及老师的重视。